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13. Let the Innovation Begin: Designing Your Own Circuits

Appendix A: Required Tools and Components

Here, I have listed the most common components and tools you will need for each of the projects in the book. There are suggested design alternatives for some of the projects, so you may want to explore other components. I’ve also given suggested sizes or types for some of the tools, which should be considered as a guide only. It is often a good idea to start with a small set of basic tools and then expand that collection or add better quality tools as you gain more experience.

For the tools, I have listed these in a few groups of tools, which allow you to add to your tools as you progress. For the components, I’ve listed the components for each of the projects, although some of which may have already been used by other projects.

You can buy the components separately, or you can buy a beginner electronics starter kit. The starter kits often come with a breadboard and selection of components for wiring up your first kit, which can then be expanded as you need more specialized components.

Tools Required

Basic Breadboard Circuits

These are the recommended tools for Chapters 1–9:

Raspberry Pi (preferably Raspberry Pi 3B or 4B)
Breadboard (half size)
Side cutters (small wire cutters)
Crocodile clips with wires
Jumper wires and/or solid core wire
Small screwdriver (cross-head and straight, or multi-head)
Board to mount the Raspberry Pi and breadboard (optional)

Crimping and Soldering Tools

A crimping tool is useful for Chapters 8 and 17, and the rest of the tools are used for Chapters 12 and 13:

Wire strippers
Crimp tool SN-48B (for button/micro-switch connections)
Crimp tool SN-2 (for Dupont-style connectors)
Soldering iron with suitable tip (usually a small chisel tip)
Soldering iron stand and cleaner
Solder (normally lead-free)
Stranded wire (not essential, but more flexible than the solid core used for breadboards)
Heat shrink tubing
Stripboard
Spot face/stripboard cutter

Manufacturing Tools for Enclosures

Most of these circuits are designed to be made up and then taken apart. The exception is the arcade game in Chapter 10. You may also find that you do want to make a permanent version of some of the projects such as the True or False game in Chapter 6. Ultimately, these will be useful when you go on to create your own projects in future:

Safety glasses or goggles
Electric drill
Small hacksaw
Small files (needle files)
Permanent marker pen
Rotary tool (optional)

Meters and Test Equipment

Although not essential, an inexpensive multimeter can be very useful for all types of circuits. A BitScope would be considered a luxury at this stage, but may be useful in future. Chapter 12 includes use of these tools:

Multimeter
BitScope (optional)

Components for Each Project

Chapter 1 – Simple LED Circuit

9V PP3 battery
9V battery clip (with wires)
LED (5mm any color)
Miniature push-button switch (SPST)
470Ω resistor

Chapter 3 – LED Circuit

5mm red LED
220Ω resistor

Chapter 3 – Switch Input Circuit

This is required in addition to the parts in the LED circuit:

12mm push-to-make push-button switch
Optional switch cap

Chapter 3 – Robot Soccer

These are a list of all the components needed, excluding those listed in the breadboard list at the start of this appendix:

5mm red LED
5mm green LED
2 x 220Ω resistors
2 x 12mm push-to-make push-button switch
Optional 2 x switch caps

Chapter 4 – Brighter LED

10mm white LED
Transistor – 2n2222 or BC548
82Ω resistor
1kΩ resistor

Chapter 4 – Brighter LEDs with Darlington Transistors

USB LED light
5V USB power supply with suitable connector
BD681 Darlington transistor
220Ω resistor
12mm push-to-make push-button switch

Chapter 4 – Disco Lights

4 x PAR 16 Theatre Lights
4 x MR16 LED bulbs
12V power brick with suitable connector
4 x IRL520 MOSFET transistors
4 x 470Ω resistors
5A fuse with holder or polyfuse

Chapter 5 – PIR Sensor

PIR motion sensor (HC-SR501)

Chapter 5 – Light Sensor with LDR

Light-dependent resistor
1μF capacitor

Chapter 5 – Infrared Transmitter and Receiver

TSOP238 infrared receiver
TSAL6400 infrared emitter
2N2222 transistor
68Ω resistor
100Ω resistor
220Ω resistor
0.1μF capacitor
Infrared color-changing LED and remote control

Chapter 6 – I²C LCD Display True or False Game

Bidirectional level shifter (Adafruit/SparkFun)
LCD display
I²C LCD display backpack
3 x push-to-make switches

Chapter 6 – LED Brightness Adjustment

MCP3008 SPI ADC
1μF capacitor
Potentiometer (variable resistor) – 10kΩ or similar
LED
220Ω resistor

Chapter 6 – Motor Controller

SN754410 quad half H-bridge driver IC
DC motor (or two motors)

Chapter 7 – Light Sequences

4 x LEDs
4 x 220Ω resistors

Chapter 7 – Model Train Control

2KBP04 bridge rectifier (or 4 x 1N4002 rectifier diodes)
L289N motor controller board
Reed switch and magnet
Model train set

Chapter 7 – NeoPixels

5V power supply and connector
470Ω resistor
2.2kΩ resistor
2N70000 MOSFET
NeoPixels (2 x breadboard NeoPixels or strip of NeoPixels)

Chapter 8 – Video Capture

Raspberry Pi camera module
Push-button switch
Selection of Lego figures or similar characters
Background pictures

Chapter 8 – Pan and Tilt Camera

Raspberry Pi camera module
Pan and tilt module with HAT
RGBW NeoPixel strip (optional)

Chapter 9 – CamJam Robot

CamJam Education Kit 3 (Robotics)
Raspberry Pi Zero WH (preferable)

Chapter 9 – STS-Pi Robot

STS-Pi robot kit
Explorer HAT or Explorer HAT Pro
USB battery pack

Chapter 9 – T200 Robot

T200 robot chassis
L289N motor controller board
Buck converter

Chapter 9 – Mecanum Robot

3D printed base (or handmade base)
3D printed motor mounts (or bought ones)
Mecanum wheels
Motors with 298:1 ratio gearbox (preferably with headers)
2 x TB6612FNG motor controllers
4 x AA battery holder with wires and batteries
Raspberry Pi Zero WH (preferable)

Chapter 9 – Robot with Ultrasonic Range Sensor

Any of the robot kits listed earlier
Ultrasonic range sensor
39kΩ resistor
68kΩ resistor

Chapter 9 – Robot with Line Following Sensor

Any of the robot kits listed earlier
Three-light line following sensor

Chapter 9 – Robot with Wireless Controller

Any of the robot kits listed earlier
Wireless USB controller

Chapter 10 – Minecraft Hardware

Sturdy box to mount the switches to (such as Really Useful Box 4 liters)
Joystick (micro-switch)
Large button switch
Arcade button switches (five used in example)
2.5mm PCB mounts with screws
Crimp terminals (uninsulated 4.8mm female spades)
Crimp terminals (female Dupont style)

Chapter 11 – Bar Graph Display

TPIC6B595 shift register IC
LED bar graph or 8 x LEDs
220Ω resistor network (or 8 x 220Ω resistors)

Chapter 11 – 7-Segment Display

2 x SN74HC595 shift register ICs
2 x ULN2803 Darlington driver ICs
16 x 220Ω resistors
2 x LED 7-segment displays
X-large breadboard

Chapter 12 – Permanent Circuits

The additional tools required are listed at the top of this appendix:

Perma-Proto Pi HAT or similar Raspberry Pi prototyping board
PCB terminal connectors (optional)

To create a permanent circuit also requires the components listed under any appropriate project earlier in the book. Good examples are the NeoPixel controller and infrared transmitter and receiver circuits.

Chapter 12 – True or False Game

The following are in addition to the components from the True or False game in Chapter 6:

Enclosure/box
PCB mounting screws and spacers

Chapter 13 – Powering the Raspberry Pi

You can use either a buck converter or create your own voltage regulator circuit with the following components.

7805 voltage regulator
330nF capacitor (also known as 0.33μF)
100nF capacitor (also known as 0.1μF)
Heat sink (depending upon the power requirements)

Appendix B: Electronic Components Quick Reference

These are some of the common electronic components provided as a quick reference. Some technical details have been included for the common components, but these depend upon the model. Check the datasheets for more details.

Resistors

A resistor is normally used to reduce the amount of current that can flow through a circuit. This is particularly important to protect a component from being damaged due to too much current flowing through. They can also be used for dropping the voltage at a point in the circuit by creating a voltage divider.

The size of the resistor is measured in ohms “Ω” which is marked on the side of the resistor using a color code (see Appendix C). The resistors are available in certain values (depending upon the resistor series) and so the nearest common value is usually selected.

Variable Resistors

As its name suggests, a variable resistor is a resistor whose value can change. They normally have three terminals, two providing the specified value of the resistance and a third which can be adjusted to provide a resistance value between the other two.

The variable resistors can be accessible to the user such as the volume control buttons on a speaker or can be small components that are hidden inside an enclosure away from the user. The ones that are accessible to the user often have a control knob and are often called potentiometers. The smaller variable resistors that are not accessible to the user and are often used to calibrate a circuit are commonly called trimmers.

Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A light-dependent resistor or photoresistor is a special type of resistor that changes resistance based on the amount of light received. It is normally cylindrical with a glass window. The more light that enters through the window, the lower the resistor.

This is often used to detect the amount of light in a room or outside to determine if additional lighting should be turned on.

Switches

Switches create a break in a circuit or join two parts of a circuit together. This can be used to turn a circuit off by creating a break in the circuit or to direct the current through a different part of the circuit.

These are most commonly available as push-button switches, toggle or rocker switches, rotary switches (such as a key switch), or micro-switches.

The switches are known by the number of poles (individual switches within the package) and the number of throws (number of positions which are switched by each pole). Common examples are

SPST, single pole single throw – On/off
SPDT, single pole double throw – Switch between A and B outputs
DPST, double pole double throw – Two on/off switches

Push-button switches are also known by whether the switch makes or breaks the circuit. The most common form is the momentary push-to-make where the switch closes (completing the circuit) when it is pressed and then open when the button is released; this is how a doorbell switch works. They are also available as push-to-break which is the opposite or locking/latching where one press closes the switch and a second opens the switch.

Diode

A diode is a component that allows current to flow in one direction, but not in the other. It effectively acts like a one-way valve. There is normally a white line around the body of the diode positioned nearest to the negative end (cathode), and the other end (anode) should be connected at the positive end of the circuit.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

An LED is a specific type of diode that gives out a light when an electric current passes through it. An important thing about an LED is that like any other diode it needs to be inserted the correct way around in the circuit. The diode has an anode which should be connected to the more positive end of the connection and a cathode which goes to the other side.

You can tell which end is the anode (the positive terminal) as it normally has a longer lead. There is often a flat area on the plastic casing which indicates the cathode (negative terminal).

An LED does not limit the current flowing through, so a resistor is normally required to protect the LED.

Bipolar Transistor

A transistor is an electronic component that is used to switch a larger current compared to its input. The bipolar transistor has three connections known as the collector, base, and emitter (represented by the letters C, B, and E on diagrams). When a small current flows between the base and emitter, then it allows a much larger current to flow between the collector and the emitter. The transistor is an analog component; varying the base current changes the corresponding collector current.

The bipolar transistor comes in two types: one called NPN and the other PNP. The name is based upon the way that the transistor is made. The NPN needs an input voltage that is higher than the emitter voltage to allow it to conduct, whereas the PNP needs an input voltage that is lower than the base voltage for it to conduct.

Darlington Transistor

A bipolar transistor increases the amount of current that can flow, but sometimes a second stage is required to increase the current further. This could be achieved by connecting two transistors with the output of the first stage used to drive the input of the second stage. This is known as a Darlington pair.

It is also possible to have both inside a single component, which is usually known as a Darlington transistor . This can be used in place of a standard transistor, but with a much higher gain.

MOSFET Transistor

A MOSFET transistor is different type of transistor which increases the signal based on the input voltage rather than the input current. They have three connections, known as the drain, gate, and source (represented by the letters d, g, and s). MOSFETs are available as an N-channel and a P-channel component. For the N-channel MOSFET, a small voltage at the gate will allow a current to flow from the drain to the source. A P-channel MOSFET works in an opposite manner; when a negative voltage is applied to the gate, a current can flow from the source to the drain.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a device for storing electrical charge. It is a bit like a small rechargeable battery that can charge and discharge while connected in a circuit. The capacitor has a variety of uses in analog circuits, including acting as a filter to remove signals outside of a specific frequency.

In digital circuits, capacitors are often used to smooth a power supply or signal removing any stray electrical noise.

Capacitance is measured in farads (F), but a farad is a really large value, so they are often denoted in microfarads (μF) which is 0.000001 of a farad, nanofarads (0.000000001 of a farad), or picofarads (0.000000000001 of a farad).

Thyristor

A thyristor is a component that only allows current to flow in one direction and only then when it receives a signal on the gate terminal. It is rather like a diode that needs to be turned on first. Once it has been turned on, it then stays on until the power supply is removed or goes negative. They are suitable for use in an AC circuit; as whilst a large reverse voltage would damage a MOSFET or transistor, the thyristor will work with a high reverse voltage. It does only allow for one half of the AC cycle to pass through, which is overcome using a TRIAC.

TRIAC

A TRIAC is effectively two thyristors connected in the opposite polarity but sharing the same three terminals. If a signal is applied to the gate, then it will switch on and allow current to flow. If the signal is removed, then it will stop conducting once the supply voltage reverses (on the opposite phase of the cycle).

Appendix C: Component Labeling

While many components have a part number written on them, some components instead use specific colors or special codes to denote their values. Color codes are often used on small components such as resistors, where it would be very difficult to read the value if it was printed in words. Some common component labels are explained in this appendix.

Resistor Color Codes

Resistors are normally labeled using four colored bands across the body of the resistor. This consists three bands together, indicating the resistance value of the resistor (ohms), and the fourth, further away than the first three, is used to indicate the tolerance (accuracy) of the resistor. This is shown in Figure C-1.

../images/417997_2_En_BookBackmatter_Fig1_HTML.jpg — Figure C-1
Resistor showing the color code

The bands relate to the resistance as follows:

First band – First significant figure of resistor value
Second band – Second significant figure of resistor value
Third band – Decimal multiplier (applied against the first two bands)
Fourth band – Tolerance (if not present, tolerance is 20%)

The first three bands can be one of ten different colors, which represent digits from 0 to 9. The tolerance is normally gold or silver, although other colors are sometimes used. The different colors are listed in Table C-1.

Table C-1

Resistor color code meanings

Color	Significant figures	Multiplier	Tolerance
Black	0	x10⁰	–
Brown	1	x10¹	±1%
Red	2	x10²	±2%
Orange	3	x10³	–
Yellow	4	x10⁴	–
Green	5	x10⁵	±0.5%
Blue	6	x10⁶	±0.25%
Violet	7	x10⁷	±0.1%
Grey	8	x10⁸	±0.05%
White	9	x10⁹	–
Gold	–	x10⁻¹	±5%
Silver	–	x10⁻²	±10%

The preceding example has colors: green, blue, black…gold.

This translates to 5 (green), 6 (blue), and x10⁰ (black), with a tolerance of 5%.

This works out at 56Ω.

The tolerance is not normally a major consideration for most digital circuits, but if the exact value of the resistor is required, then that band should be considered as well.

Resistors are made in certain sizes. Normally, the nearest size can be selected, but in some circumstances, you may need to choose the nearest higher or lower as appropriate. For example, if you are calculating a resistor for the maximum current that can flow, then you should choose the next size up rather than a lower value.

A typical series is the E12 series which uses 12 equally spaced values across every multiple of 10. A common alternative is the E6 series which has six values per multiple of 10. If you intend to have some resistors in stock, then it is useful to have the E6 series as a minimum and then just buying any other specific size as required. The E6 resistor series is shown in Table C-2.

Table C-2

E6 resistor series

10Ω	15Ω	22Ω	33Ω	47Ω	68Ω
100Ω	150Ω	220Ω	330Ω	470Ω	680Ω
1kΩ	1.5kΩ	2.2kΩ	3.3kΩ	4.7kΩ	6.8kΩ
10kΩ	15kΩ	22kΩ	33kΩ	47kΩ	68kΩ
100kΩ	150kΩ	220kΩ	330kΩ	470kΩ	680kΩ
1MΩ

The E12 resistor series with more resistor values is shown in Table C-3.

Table C-3

E12 resistor series

10Ω	12Ω	15Ω	18Ω	22Ω	27Ω	33Ω	39Ω	47Ω	56Ω	68Ω	82Ω
100Ω	120Ω	150Ω	180Ω	220Ω	270Ω	330Ω	390Ω	470Ω	560Ω	680Ω	820Ω
1kΩ	1.2kΩ	1.5kΩ	1.8kΩ	2.2kΩ	2.7kΩ	3.3kΩ	3.9kΩ	4.7kΩ	5.6kΩ	6.8kΩ	8.2kΩ
10kΩ	12kΩ	15kΩ	18kΩ	22kΩ	27kΩ	33kΩ	39kΩ	47kΩ	56kΩ	68kΩ	82kΩ
100kΩ	120kΩ	150kΩ	180kΩ	220kΩ	270kΩ	330kΩ	390kΩ	470kΩ	560kΩ	680kΩ	820kΩ
1MΩ

SMD Resistors

While color codes are used for standard through-hole-technology resistors, surface mount resistors normally have a numeric code instead. There are different codes that are used; the most common code is a three-digit number code. The first two digits indicate the first and second significant figures and the third digit indicates the multiplier.

A resistor marked as 180 will be 18Ω, and a resistor marked 221 will be 220Ω.

Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are usually quite large both in physical size and their capacitance. They normally have the value of the capacitor written on them in microfarads (μF). An example of an electrolytic capacitor is shown in Figure C-2.

../images/417997_2_En_BookBackmatter_Fig2_HTML.jpg — Figure C-2
Electrolytic capacitor

As well as showing the capacitance, the capacitor will also have the maximum voltage written on the body, which sometimes merges with the capacitance value. For example, a capacitor labeled

63V1000μF

can be used up to 63V and has a capacitance of 1000μF. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and need to be connected the right way around. The negative terminal is normally denoted by an arrow marked with a 0 pointing toward it.

Polyester Capacitors

Polyester capacitors , such as the one in Figure C-3, normally have the value written directly on them. These may be missing the units, in which case they are normally in μF.

../images/417997_2_En_BookBackmatter_Fig3_HTML.jpg — Figure C-3
Polyester capacitor

For example, a capacitor labeled as

0.01

will be 0.01μF, which is 10nF.

Ceramic Capacitors

Ceramic capacitors are normally the smallest in physical size, so often have a code instead of showing the actual value. A typical ceramic capacitor is shown in Figure C-4.

../images/417997_2_En_BookBackmatter_Fig4_HTML.jpg — Figure C-4
Ceramic capacitor

The most common code is usually three digits. These give the value in pF (picofarads). The first two digits are the significant digits, and then the third digit is a factor of 10 multiplier.

The 104 capacitor is 10 x 10⁴ = 100,000pF which is 100nF.

Some other capacitors are labeled with the letter n or p to denote nanofarads or picofarads, respectively. A capacitor labeled

1n0

has value of 1nF.

Appendix D: GPIO Quick Reference

This is a summary of the information about the GPIO pin layouts, provided for easy reference. The current Raspberry Pi models all use the 40-pin connector; the older 26-pin connectors are included for reference. Pin 1 is located nearest the SD card.

Figure D-1

GPIO port numbers

GPIO Ports with Alternative Functions

A summary of the ports and common alternative functions is provided in Table D-1. This is based on the 40-pin connector.

Table D-1

GPIO pin reference

Pin number	GPIO port	Alternative function	Comments
1		3.3V power supply
2		5V power supply
3	GPIO 2	SDA1 (I2C data)	Changed from revision 1 boards
4		5V power supply
5	GPIO 3	SCL1 (I2C clock)	Changed from revision 1 boards
6		Ground
7	GPIO 4
8	GPIO 14	Serial/console TXD	Serial transmit
9		Ground
10	GPIO 15	Serial/console RXD	Serial receive
11	GPIO 17
12	GPIO 18	PWM	Pulse-width modulation
13	GPIO 27		Changed from revision 1 boards
14		Ground
15	GPIO 22
16	GPIO 23
17		3.3V
18	GPIO 24
19	GPIO 10	MOSI (SPI)	SPI Master Output, Slave Input
20		Ground
21	GPIO 9	MISO (SPI)	SPI Master Input, Slave Output
22	GPIO 25
23	GPIO 11	SCLK (SPI)	SPI clock
24	GPIO 8	CE0 (SPI)	Chip enable (slave select)
25		Ground
26	GPIO 7	CE1 (SPI)	Chip enable (slave select)
27		ID_SD	For HAT EEPROM
28		ID_SC	For HAT EEPROM
29	GPIO 5
30		Ground
31	GPIO 6
32	GPIO 12
33	GPIO 13
34		Ground
35	GPIO 19	SPI1_MISO
36	GPIO 16	CE2 (SPI)	Chip enable (slave select)
37	PIO 26
38	GPIO 20	SPI1_MOSI
39		Ground
40	GPIO 21	SPI1_CLK

For more details, see the schematics of the Raspberry Pi and related documentation at www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/schematics/README.md .

Index

Symbols

↗

all_off function

all_on function

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

Bar graph display

Batteries

Bidirectional level shifter

Bipolar transistor

BitScope

Breadboard

Fritzing

half-size

ICs

initials LED

jump wires

plugboard

push-on battery connector

Raspberry Pi

resistor value

selection

SPST push-to-make switch

Breadboard circuits

Breadboard layout

battery

circuit diagram

crossing/connecting wires

diode

Fritzing

ICs

inverting/non-inverting buffer

MOSFET

resistor

Robot Soccer game

symbols

transistor

US ANSI symbol

Bridge rectifier

Brighter LEDs

GPIO ports

resistor sizes

transistor

Buck converter

Camera connector

CamJam Education Kit

CamJam kit

Capacitor

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

CCTV-style web interface

Ceramic capacitors

chaser function

Chip enable (CE)

Chip select (CS)

Choose exit (Ctrl-x)

Controlling motors

DC motor

H-bridge motor control

servo motor

stepper motor

control_train() function

Crimp connectors

Crimping/soldering tool

Darlington transistors

circuit diagram

LED timer

light

light circuit

multimeter

pair

pin-out

Raspberry Pi GPIO ports

switch

USB connector

USB lights

wait_for_press() method

Datasheets

DC-DC converter

DC switching regulator

Designing circuits

Design Rules Check (DRC)

D flip-flop

Digital logic

DigitalOutputDevice

Digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

LED brightness adjustment

PWM

Diode

Distance sensor

Dupont-style connector

8-bit latch

8-bit register

Electrolytic capacitors

Electronic circuit

analog vs. digital

current

definition

Ohm’s law

resistance

safety

switch/buzzer

voltage

Energenie Pi-Mote IR control board

ExecStart option

Field-effect transistor (FET)

Flip-flop

basic

D flip-flop

logic levels

7-segment LED displays

shift register

shift register LED circuit

SR flip-flops

Fritzing

breadboard layout

circuit diagram/schematic

CORE tab

inspector panel

LED circuit

NeoPixels

PCB

rules

stripboard layout

Full adder circuit

Full-wave rectifier

Fume disperser

Game console

arcade button

joystick

Python

switches

world message

General-purpose input/output (GPIO)

getch() function

GPIO pin layouts

port numbers

references

GPIO ports

I2C

PCM

pin layouts

processor

PWM

serial communication/UART

SPI

1-Wire

gpiozero library

GPIO Zero module

Graphical buttons

Hardware Attached on Top (HATs)

HC-SR501 sensor

I, J, K

I²C LCD display backpack

Infrared receiver

output

pins

TSOP2438

voltage

Infrared remote control

Infrared transmitter

configuration

GPIO connector

infrared emitting diode

pigpio

Python

receiver circuit

Infrared transmitter/receiver

Install section

Integrated circuits (ICs)

Internet of Things (IoT)

Inverter

iot-train.py

IRL520 MOSFET

L298N-based motor controller

LCD display

bidirectional

character

communication

configuration changes

disadvantage

file format

I²C backpack

I²C display

I2CDisplay.py

I²C secondary devices

lcd_string function

quiz.txt

Raspberry Pi versions

scary warning message

serial communication protocol

SMBus

true/false game circuit

true/false game program

vending machines

voltages

wait_for_press method

LED Circuit

LED disco light circuit

LED_PIN

Light-dependent resistor (LDR)

Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

Light Sequences

Logic circuits

Logic gates

adder

AND gate

half adder

NAND/NOR gate

NOT gate

OR gate

XOR gate

Manufacturing tools, enclosures

MCP3004 analog-to-digital integrated circuit

mcpi.block module

Mecanum robot

SeeMecanum wheels

Mecanum wheels

feature

functionality

GPIO ports

keyboard control

pulse-width modulation

3D printed

Micro-switch joysticks

Minecraft

building a house

hardware

location

move around, joystick

Python

Minecraft hardware

minecraft-house.py

Model Train Control

Model trains

AC to DC

@app.route

bridge rectifier

feedback loop

HTML code

IoT

JavaScript

jQuery file

motor control

reed switch

software

web page

MOSFET

AC/DC

Darlington transistor

disco lights

FET

GPIO ports

PAR 16 spotlights

potential energy

switch circuit

transistor

MotionSensor

Multimeter

continuity

current

measurements

resistance

voltage

Multi-stranded wire

NeoPixel controller

NeoPixel light

NeoPixel MOSFET circuit

NeoPixels

num_sequences function

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

Ohm’s law

Open-drain output

OpenShot video editor

Oscilloscope

Pan and tilt module

Pan-tilt module

Passive infrared (PIR)sensor

female-to-female jumper leads

GPIO port

GPIO Zero

import function

motion sensor

pir-test.py.

wait_for_motion method

wait_for_no motion method

Perfboard

Permanent circuits

enclosure

soldering

Perma-Proto Pi HAT

Picade

picamera object

Pi NoIR camera

PIR motion sensor

PixelStrip configuration

pixel-test.py

Pi Zero

Polyester capacitors

Potentiometer

Power supply

batteries

5V DC power adapter

GPIO pins

mains

Raspberry Pi

USB

wall warts

Printed circuit boards (PCB)

Professional circuit design

Professional printed circuit board (PCB)

Prototyping board

Pull-up resistor

Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

Pygame Zero

Python

GPIO ports

LED

loops

Mu editor

print statement

REPL

text-based language

while loop

Python Bottle module

Python programs

command-line arguments

controlling RGB LED

create function

decision

elif statement

else statement

functions

GPIO output

if statement

LED timer circuit

light sequences

Linux

main function

NeoPixel circuit

NeoPixel color LEDs

powering RGB LED

print statement

Pygame Zero

Python module

Raspberry Pi

RGB LEDs

running with cron

sequences

Service section

shebang entry

startup

sys module

variables

qjoypad

for range loop

Raspberry Pi

dynamic IP address

GPIO pins

HATS

Linux-based operating system

SSH

VNC

Wi-Fi status message

Raspberry Pi camera

configuration

film creation

motion

motion videos

SeeStop motion videos

pan-tilt module

saving photos

test

video creation

video edit

web interface

Raspberry Pi Desktop menu launcher

Raspberry Pi OS

Raspberry Pi Zero

repeat_sequence function

Resistor-capacitor (RC)

Resistors

color code

definition

E6 series

E12 series

LDR

variable

RetroPie

Robot chassis

caterpillar tracks

four wheels

Mecanum wheels

omnidirectional wheel

steer wheels

two motors

Robot kits

CamJam kit

direction keys

line sensor

Mecanum wheels

motion

motor controller

advantage

GPIO connector

micro-USB connector

Raspberry Pi

USB power bank

python

STS-Pi kit

T200 tank

ultrasonic range sensor

varieties

wireless keyboard

wireless USB controller

Robot Soccer

adding background

circuit

code

creating variable

game

playing game

programming

scripts tab

sprite

Scratch

connecting LED

costumes tab

GPIO pins

GPIO program

LED

Raspberry Pi

resistor

stage area

visual-based programming language

Secondary select (SS)

Segment display

Sensing light

analog value

ADC

circuit diagram

GPIO pin

GPIO Zero

ldr-pir-light.py

ldr-test.py

light_threshold

RC timing technique

resistance

capacitor

LDR

sequence function

Serial peripheral interface bus (SPI)

analog-to-digital converter

bidirectional communication protocol

bus connections

potentiometer

python

Raspberry Pi

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

Servo motor

setBlocks method

7-segment LED displays

shebang entry

shift_byte function

SMD resistors

Soldering

adult supervision

cutting wires

iron

joint

leads/wires

LED

PCB

precautions

eye protection

fumes

hot iron

iron stand

live circuit

side cutters

tips

SparkFun Third Hand

SR flip-flops

start_preview method

Static sensitive devices

Stepper motor

Stop motion videos

crimp connectors

program code

strftime method

string.format method

Stripboard

STS-Pi kit

STS-Pi robot kit

Surface mount device (SMD)

Switch

adding circuit

digital input

push-to-make push-button

Switches

Switching AC lights

DC power supply

optoisolator

thyristor

TRIAC

System Management Bus (SMBus)

T200 Robot

Through-hole technology (THT)

Thyristor

time.gmtime() method

traincontrol.py file

train_set_speed() function

TRIAC

True/False game

Truth table

AND gate

full adder

half adder

NOT gate

OR gate

XOR gate

Ultrasonic distance sensor

circuit diagram

code

controlling robot

Ultrasonic range sensor

updseq function

USB power bank

User option

Voltage

approaches

bidirectional level shifter

circuits

components

divider circuit

electronic circuits

protocols

Raspberry Pi GPIO ports

sensors

unidirectional level shift buffer

Voltage divider circuit

7805 voltage regulator circuit

W, X, Y, Z

while True loop

Wireless USB controller

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