Chapter Notes

Chapter 1

1. Eric Maddox, interview with the author, May 1, 2014.

2. “Eyewitness Misidentification.” The Innocence Project Website. www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php.

3. “How Many Senses Does a Human Being Have?” HowStuffWorks Website. http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/question242.htm.

4. Michael Kimmelman, “ART; Absolutely Real? Absolutely Fake?” The New York Times, August 4, 1991.

5. Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (Little, Brown & Company, 2005), Introduction.

6. Ibid, p. 8.

7. Herbert Spiegel, MD, and David Spiegel, MD, Trance and Treatment, Second Edition (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2004), p. 113.

8. J. Eric Oliver and Thomas J. Wood, “Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion,” American Journal of Political Science, first published online March 5, 2014, DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12084.

9. Shankar Vedantam, “More Americans Than You Might Think Believe in Conspiracy Theories,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 4, 2014, www.npr.org/2014/06/04/318733298/more-americans-than-you-might-think-believe-in-conspiracy-theories.

10. David Major, retired senior FBI supervisory special agent and first director of Counterintelligence, Intelligence and Security Programs at the National Security Council at the White House, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

11. Art Swift, “Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy,” Gallup Politics, November 15, 2013, www.gallup.com/poll/165893/majority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx.

12. Retired Major General Oleg Kalugin, formerly deputy chief of the KGB residency in Washington, DC, interview, June 22, 2014.

13. David Major, retired senior FBI supervisory special agent and first director of Counterintelligence, Intelligence and Security Programs at the National Security Council at the White House, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

14. Boghardt, Thomas. “Active Measures: The Russian Art of Disinformation.” International Spy Museum Website. www.spymuseum.org/education-programs/spy-resources/background-briefings/active-measures/.

15. Shankar Vedantam, “More Americans Than You Might Think Believe in Conspiracy Theories,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 4, 2014, www.npr.org/2014/06/04/318733298/more-americans-than-you-might-think-believe-in-conspiracy-theories.

16. Will Gervais and Ara Norenzayan, “Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief,” Science 336, 493 (2012), DOI: 10.1126/science.1215647, and www.sciencedaily.com/releases12012I04H20426143856.htm.

17. Sam Harris, Jonas Kaplan, Ashley Curiel, Susan Y. Bookheimer, Marco Iacoboni, and Mark S. Cohen, “The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief,” University of California, Los Angeles, October 1, 2009, DOI: 10.137/journal.pone.0007272, www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007272.

18. Wendy R. Aronsson, LCSW, interview with the author, April 20, 2014.

19. Trevor Crow and Maryann Karinch, Forging Health Connections: How Relationships Fight Illness, Aging and Depression (New Horizon Press, 2013), p. 108.

Chapter 2

1. Brian Williams extended interview with Edward Snowden, NBC Nightly News, May 28, 2014, www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/exclusive-edward-snowden-tells-brian-williams-i-was-trained-spy-n115746.

2. Dylan Matthews, “Fact-Checking Obama’s Speech,” The Washington Post, September 7, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/09/07/fact-checking-obamas-speech/.

3. PolitiFact.com Website, www.politifact.com.

4. “Barack Obama Says, ‘We’ve Doubled Our Use of Renewable Energy’,” Politifact.com Website, www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/sep/ll/barack-obama/barack-obama-says-weve-doubled-our-use-renewable-e/.

5. Ibid.

6. Retired Major General Oleg Kalugin, formerly deputy chief of the KGB residency in Washington, DC, interview with the author, June 22, 2014.

7. Jack Devine, Good Hunting (Sarah Crichton, 2014), pp 47-48.

8. David Major, retired senior FBI supervisory special agent and first director of Counterintelligence, Intelligence and Security Programs at the National Security Council at the White House, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

9. “Looking Back at Lance Armstrong’s Many Denials,” Associated Press video, YouTube.com Website, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RBjrLGdw7c.

10. Jack Devine, interview with the author, May 29, 2014.

11. Glenn Kessler, “Do Nine out of 10 New Businesses Fail, as Rand Paul Claims?” Fact Checker, The Washington Post, January 27, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2014/01/27/do-9-out-of-10-new-businesses-fail-as-rand-paul-claims/.

12. Richard Sheldrake, “Richard Dawkins Comes to Call” as quoted by Deepak Chopra in “I Know I’m Right, So Why Be Fair?” The Huffington Post, January 11, 2008, www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/i-know-im-right-so-why-be_b_81095.html.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. William James, Principles of Psychology, pp. 193-195.

16. Lena Sisco, interview with the author, April 14, 2014.

17. Paul Ekman, Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Market Place, Marriage, and Politics, Third Edition (Norton, 2001).

18. Marc Mehu, et al., “Reliable Facial Muscle Activation Enhances Recognizability and Credibility of Emotional Expression,” Emotion Vol. 12, No. 4 (2012): 701-715, American Psychological Association

19. Michael B. Kelley, “Body-Language Expert: I Would Not Trust Anything Snowden Said to NBC,” Business Insider, May 30, 2014, www.businessinsider.com/body-language-expert-analyzes-snowdens-nbc-interview-2014-5.

20. Janine Driver on Today, March 31, 2014, www.today.com/video/today/54826647#54826647.

21. Ibid.

Chapter 3

1. Elizabeth Bancroft, interview with the author, April 27, 2014.

2. E. Peter Earnest, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

3. Louis Tay and Ed Deiner, “Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 101, No. 2 (2011): 354-365, DOI: 10.1037/a0023779, http://academic.udayton.edu/jackbauer/Readings%20595/Tay%20Diener%2011%20needs%20WB%20world%20copy.pdf.

4. “The WWII Interrogator Who Used Kindness Over Violence,” BBC, October 15, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/19923902.

5. Lena Sisco, interview with the author, April 14, 2014.

6. Ibid.

7. Amy Cuddy, “Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are,” TEDGlobal, filmed June 2012, www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Peter A. Andersen, Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions (McGraw-Hill, 1998).

11. Lena Sisco, interview with the author, April 14, 2014.

12. Michael Reilly, interview with the author, April 5, 2014.

13. Ibid.

14. Julio Viskovich, “How to Build Rapport Quickly,” LinkedIn, April 21, 2014, www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140421142434-14028329-how-to-build-rapport-quickly.

15. “Joining Freemasonry,” Anti-Masonry Points of View Website, www.masonicinfo.com/member.htm.

16. Stephanie Tom Tong, Brandon Van Der Heide, Lindsey Langwell, and Joseph B. Walther, “Too Much of a Good Thing? The Relationship Between Number of Friends and Interpersonal Impressions on Facebook,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Volume 13, Issue 3 (April 2008): 531-549, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/l0.1111lj.l083-6101.2008.00409.x/full#ssl3.

17. Ibid.

18. Benjamin Weiser, A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country (Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 88-89.

Chapter 4

1. E. Peter Earnest, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

2. Including some paraphrasing of FM 34-52, pp. 3-14 to 3-20.

3. George Loewenstein, “The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation,” Psychological Bulletin Vol. 116, No. 1 (1994): 75-98, www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/PsychofCuriosity.pdf.

4. “Study: Brian Battles Itself Over Short-Term Rewards, Long-Term Goals,” Princeton University press release, October 14, 2004, www.princeton.edu/pr/news/04/q4/1014-brain.htm.

5. George Loewenstein, “The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation,” Psychological Bulletin Vol. 116, No. 1 (1994): 75-98, www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/PsychofCuriosity.pdf.

6. Aaron Ben-Zeév, “Are Negative Emotions More Important Than Positive Emotions?” PsychologyToday.com, July 18, 2010, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-the-name-love/201007/are-negative-emotions-more-important-positive-emotions.

7. Ibid.

8. Diana Fosha, Daniel J. Siegel, and Marion F. Solomon (Eds.), The Healing Power of Emotion (W.W. Norton, 2009), which contains articles by Siegel and Schore.

9. Piercarlo Valdesolo, “Flattery Will Get You Far,” Scientific American, January 12, 2010, www.scientificamerican.com/article/flattery-will-get-you-far/.

10. Ibid.

11. Dov Cohen, Richard E. Nisbett, Brian F. Bowdle, and Norbert Schwartz, “Insult, Aggression, and the Southern Culture of Honor: An ‘Experimental Ethnography,’” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 70, No. 5 (May 1996): 945-960, http://mypages.valdosta.edu/mwhatley/7670lactivity/honor.htm.

12. Jean M. Twenge, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Natalie J.Ciarocco, and J. Michael Bartels, “Social Exclusion Decreases Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 92, No. 1 (2007): 56-66.

13. Ibid.

14. Eric Maddox, Mission: Black List #1 (Harper, 2008), p. 229.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid, p. 227.

17. Jim McCormick, interview with the author, July 11, 2014.

18. Kris Kosaka, “Professor Finds Meaning in Silence,” The Japan Times, October 16, 2010.

19. Bruce Fell, “Bring the Noise: Has Technology Made Us Scared of Silence?” The Conversation, December 30, 2012, http://theconversation.com/bring-the-noise-has-technology-made-us-scared-of-silence-10988.

20. “John Cage - 4’33”,” YouTube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY7UK-6aaNA.

21. FM 32-52, p. 3-13.

Chapter 5

1. Terry Gross interviewing Joaquin Phoenix, Fresh Air, WHYY/National Public Radio, January 21, 2014, www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=264524233.

2. “Bill O’Reilly Angry At Barney Frank (10-2-08),” YouTube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unj-kcGOe5I.

3. Jeremy Hobson, e-mail to the author, May 22, 2014.

4. Jeremy Hobson, interview with the author, April 25, 2014.

Chapter 6

1. Jack Devine, interview with the author, May 29, 2014.

2. Ray Decker, interview with the author, July 18, 2014.

3. Nicholas D. Kristof, “Why Didn’t We Stop 9/11?” The New York Times, April 17, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/04/17/opinion/why-didn-t-we-stop-9-11.html.

4. “9/11 Was Foreseeable,” Washington’s Blog Website, April 26, 2008, www.washingtonsblog.com/2008/04/911-was-foreseeable.html.

5. Charles Seife, Virtual Unreality: Just Because the Internet Told You, How Do You Know It’s True? (Viking Adult, 2014).

6. Ibid.

7. Jack Devine, interview with the author, May 29, 2014.

8. Ira Flatow’s interview with Charles Seife, “A Web of Doubt,” Public Radio International’s Science Friday, July 4, 2014.

9. Leo Sun, “Twitter’s Very Real Fake Problem,” The Motley Fool Website, April 15, 2014, www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/04/15/twitters-very-real-fake-problem.aspx.

10. Ibid.

11. Heather Kelly, “83 Million Facebook Accounts Are Fakes and Dupes,” CNN.com, August 2, 2012, www.cnn.com/2012/08/02/tech/social-media/facebook-fake-accounts/.

12. Ryan Holiday, e-mail to the author, July 15, 2014.

13. Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford University Press, 1962).

14. Ray Decker, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

15. Ibid.

16. Ray Decker, interview with the author, July 18, 2014.

17. Deborah Schroeder-Saulnier, The Power of Paradox (Career Press, 2014), p. 126.

18. Jack Devine, interview with the author, May 29, 2014.

19. Ibid.

20. Mark Lowenthal, “What Is Intelligence?” from “Lesson 7: The Intelligence Process, Foundations of Geographic Information and Spatial Analysis,” Pennsylvania State University College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/courses/bootcamp/lo07/04.html.

Chapter 7

1. M.F. Mendez and I.A. Fras, “The False Memory Syndrome: Experimental Studies and Comparison to Confabulations,” Medical Hypotheses 76(4) (April 2011): 492-496, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143501/.

2. Dr. Jeremy Dean, “How Memories Are Distorted and Invented: Misattribution,” PsyBlog, www.spring.org.uk/2008/02/how-memories-are-distorted-and-invented.php.

3. D.L. Schacter, J.L. Harbluk, and D.R. McLachlan, “Retrieval Without Recollection: An Experimental Analysis of Source Amnesia,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23 (1984): 593-611.

4. Lyn Goff and Henry Roediger, “Imagination Inflation for Action Events: Repeated Imaginings Lead to Illusory Recollections,” Memory & Cognition 26 (1998): 20-33, http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/Roddy%20article%20PDF’s/Goff%20&%20Roediger%20(1998)_MemCog.pdf.

5. Siri Carpenter citing Richard L. Marsh, “Plagiarism or Memory Glitch?” Monitor, American Psychological Association, Vol. 33, No. 2 (February 2002), p. 25, www.apa.org/monitor/feb02/glitch.aspx.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ian Stevenson, “Cryptomnesia and Parapsychology,” lecture delivered March 19, 1982, London, www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/dr.-stevensons-publications/STE11Stevenson%201983.pdf.

9. Daniel L. Schacter, Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past (Basic Books, 1997).

10. From a 1999 interview with Brian Boitano for Lessons From the Edge (Simon & Schuster/Fireside, 2000), p. 51.

11. M.F. Mendez and I.A. Fras, “The False Memory Syndrome: Experimental Studies and Comparison to Confabulations,” Medical Hypotheses 76(4) (April 2011): 492-496, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3143501/.

12. Harvey Austin, MD, interview with the author, July 15, 2014.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Sue Rotolo, interview with the author, August 14, 2014.

16. M.P. Koss, S. Tromp, and M. Tharan, “Traumatic Memories: Empirical Foundations, Forensic and Clinical Implications,” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2 (2) (1995): 111-132.

17. Sue Rotolo, interview with the author, August 14, 2014.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. “Building Trust With Cooperative Witnesses in a Crime Investigation,” article on the Science Daily Website, March 1, 2011, profiling results of a study done by Jonathan P. Vallano, published in Applied Cognitive Psychology (March 2011), www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110301122227.htm.

21. Jonathan P. Vallano and Nadja Schriber Compo, “A Comfortable Witness Is a Good Witness: Rapport-Building and Susceptibility to Misinformation in an Investigative Mock-Crime Interview,” Applied Cognitive Psychology (2011), DOI: 10, 1002/acp. 1789.

22. Ibid.

23. Ronald P. Fisher and R. Edward Geiselman, “The Cognitive Interview Method of Conducting Police Interviews: Eliciting Extensive Information and Promoting Therapeutic Jurisprudence,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 33 (2010): 321-328, www.how2ask.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Fisher_2010_International-Journal-of-Law-and-Psychiatry.pdf.

24. Ibid.

25. Dean Hohl and Maryann Karinch, Rangers Lead the Way: The Army Rangers’ Guide to Leading Your Organization Through Chaos (Adams Media, 2003), pp. 170-171.

Chapter 8

1. David Major, retired senior FBI supervisory special agent and first director of Counterintelligence, Intelligence and Security Programs at the National Security Council at the White House, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

2. Peter Earnest and Maryann Karinch, Business Confidential (AMACOM Books, 2001), p. 170.

3. T. Evan Schaeffer, Deposition Checklists and Strategies (James Publishing, 2012), pp. 1-34.

4. “GPO Nara Part 1: Nixon’s Grand Jury Testimony Taken on June 23, 1975,” available online at www.scribd.com/doc/72357126/GPO-Nara-Part-1-Nixon-s-grand-jury-testimony-taken-on-June-23-1975.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. “Armstrong Denies New Doping Allegations,” Associated Press video, YouTube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSwStl7X--4.

9. “Deception,” Radiolab, Season 4, Episode 2, www.radiolab.org/story/91612-deception/.

10. “Dynamic Facial Expressions of Emotion Transmit Hierarchical Information Over Time,” Rachael E. Jack, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, January 14, 2014, available online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNWMO7GkgOk.

11. Aleix Martinez, Shichuan Du, “A Model of the Perception of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Humans: Research Overview and Perspectives,” Journal of Machine Learning Research 13 (2012): 1589-1609, http://jmlr.org/papers/volumel3lmartinezl2almartinez12a.pdf.

12. Rachael E. Jack, Oliver G.B. Garrod, and Philippe G. Schyns, “Dynamic Facial Expressions of Emotion Transmit an Evolving Hierarchy of Signals Over Time,” Current Biology (2014): 5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.064.

13. Lena Sisco, interview with the author, April 14, 2014.

14. David Major, retired senior FBI supervisory special agent and first director of Counterintelligence, Intelligence and Security Programs at the National Security Council at the White House, interview with the author, June 2, 2014.

15. Yaling Yang, et al., “Localisation of Increased Prefrontal White Matter in Pathological Liars,” British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (February 2007): 174-175, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376803/.

Chapter 9

1. Eric Maddox, interview with the author, May 1, 2014. All subsequent quotes from Maddox in this chapter are also taken from this interview.

2. William Henry Hills and Robert Luce, The Writer: A Monthly Magazine for Literary Workers, Volume 15 (The Writer Publishing Company, 1902), p. 4. The entirety of the publication has been digitized by Google and is freely available at books.google.com.

3. Allyson J. Horgan, Melissa B. Russano, Christian A. Meissner, and Jacqueline R. Evans, “Minimization and Maximization Techniques: Assessing the Perceived Consequences of Confessing and Confession Diagnosticity,” Psychology, Crime & Law (January 2011), http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=christian_meissner.

4. Ibid.

Chapter 10

1. Jodi Picoult, Vanishing Acts (Washington Square Press, 2005), p. 125.

2. Trevor Crow, e-mail to the author, August 4, 2014.

3. Kat McGowan, “Living a Lie,” Psychology Today, January 2, 2013, www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201212/living-lie.

4. Joanna Starek, interviewed for “Deception” by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, Radiolab, Season 4, Episode 2, www.radiolab.org/story/91612-deception/.

5. Ruben Gur and Harold Sackeim, “Self-Deception: A Concept in Search of a Phenomenon,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 147-169, http://bigfatgenius.com/3180/Self_Deception_Questionnaire.pdf.

6. Joanna Starek, interviewed for “Deception” by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, Radiolab, Season 4, Episode 2, www.radiolab.org/story/91612-deception/.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, Reprint Edition (Washington Square Press, 1993).