Index
A
Adaptations, neighborhood
bishopstown adaptation augmentation, 51–53
deciding and acting, 52–53
sensing and understanding, 51–52
challenger adaptation augmentation, 49–51
deciding and acting, 50–51
sensing and understanding, 49
examples in cooperate, 48–53
Advanced modeling and simulation approaches, 271
After action review (AAR), 34
aggrESCo business model, 270
Alternative energy-service supply, 8
Analytical hierarchy process, 28
Ancillary services market, 168
Ashby’s law of requisite variety, 260
Assessment methodology, 36–39
adjustment parameters, 39
baseline
assessment, 38
and reporting period, 38–39
energy data, 39
scope, 38
selection, 36
Automation
barrier, 273
network, 263
B
Balancing market, 167
Batteries, 242
arbitrage opportunities, 242
challenger site of, electrical energy consumption, 243
division of energy consumptions, 243
as PV inverters, 242
Battery planning management, 154
Behavioral barrier
bounded rationality, 258
credible or trustworthy, 258
form of information, 258
inertia, 258
values, 258
Behavior, neighborhood
under an economic objective, typical winter day, 13
with a +1°C flexibility window, 16
with a +2°C flexibility window, 16
under classic energy positivity objective, typical winter day, 12
CO2 minimization case, 23
economic value maximization case, 24
self-sufficiency maximization case, 24
Big data, 258
Boiler, 70
for EHP, 13
electric, 73
gas, 63
Leisureworld boiler schedules, 98
mathematical description, 88
thermal load, 235
Bucket methods, 32
Building energy rating
CIBSE TM46, 38
energy baseline/benchmarking methodologies, 38
energy consumption guide (ECG) 19, 38
energy savings measurement methodology, 38
Building energy simulation tools, 43
Building-level energy optimization scenario, 139
Building management system (BMS), 46
connector service, 136
monitoring and controlling, 51
environment, 51
Building physics, 67
Buildings assessment, key factors, 7
Built environment, 259
community, 36
monitoring and controlling, 51
Business case (BC)
assessment process, 162
commercial arrangements, 175–176
CO2 reduction and low carbon energy integration, 172
liberalized regulation, 173
traditional regulation scenario, 172
definition, 159
determination for EPN, 160
distribution network fees, 173
liberalized regulation, 173
traditional regulation, 173
EPN market participation, 171–172
generic value exchange mapping, 181
investment costs, 218
in liberalized energy systems, 160
markets, 165
characteristics, 165
electricity power market, 166–168
gas market, 168
heat market, 169
quantitative assessment, 176
time value of money principle, 177
regulatory context, 170–171
reliability of supply, 174
liberalized regulation, 174
traditional regulation, 174
resources, 162
consumers, 163
distributed energy storage (DES), 164
distributed generation, 164
distributed heat (and cooling), 164
flexible, 162
static, 162
selection, 41
Business model development, 41
demand-side interventions, 268
energy pricing, 268
incomplete markets, 268
price-signal visibility, 268
C
Capacity market (CM), 165
Carbon market, 21
Case studies, 182
economic assessment, 217
LCI in Ireland, 183
operational cash flows, 189
aggregation effect, 201
business case sensitivity tests, 202–205
central business cases, 195–200
effect of regulatory context, 205–209
EPN, definition, 189
French energy system, value map, 191
RAEPN actor, definition, 189
value map of, Irish energy system, 190
overview of considered cases, 192
price modeling, 182
France, 185–187
Ireland, 183–185
reserve operating time, 184
retailer-aggregator and EPN, splitting of benefits, 209
EPN led, 212–214
RA-Led and EPN-Led methods, 216
retailer-aggregator led, 210–212
CATWOE analysis, 33
Central business cases, 195
France, 198–200
Ireland, 195–197
Centralized neighborhood optimization, 138
Charting capability, 146
CIT NICORE IoT application enablement platform, 135
City of Amsetrdam’s Energy Atlas project, 119
Cloud based neighborhood management systems, 2
NIM as translation service, 134
Cloud hosted compute and services
data tagging service, 143
Cloud management system, 141
Cloud platforms, 46
CO2 emission reduction, 36
electricity generation
under retail and dynamic prices, 20
energy meter, increased resolution, 53
generation units, 43
generator, 71
mathematical description, 87
Common information model (CIM), 120
Communication network security, 3
Communication standards, 118
Communication technologies, 107
communication protocol exemplars source the butler project, 108
protocol landscape for iot, 108
Concrete data model, 129
Configurable dashboard of GUI, 145
Constant power load, 81
Consumer demand, 272
Consumer prices, 256
Consumer utility, 9
Consumption awareness, 2
Consumption, energy uses
UC1 real-time monitoring of neighborhood, 230
Consumption forecast vs. real consumption, 153
Control and Optimization for Energy Positive Neighborhoods (COOPERaTE)
energy services, 135
neighborhood information model (NIM), 125
variables, 139
visualization service
challenger consumption and production overview, 153
reference architecture, 122
key challenges
complexity, 265
interoperability, 265
privacy, 265
security, 265
Control service
single multiple ownerships neighborhood scenario, 137
single ownership neighborhood scenario, 136
Cooling system, improvement, 50
Cooperate approach, 121
Cork institute of technology (CIT), 51
Cost benefit analysis (CBA), 25
metrics, 162
Cost-effective energy efficiency technology, 252
Cost-reflective tariffs, 270
Critical-peak pricing, 19
D
Data aggregator management GUI, 141
Data analytics, 112
applications, 112
data analytical infrastructure and frameworks, 113
frameworks, 112
technologies, 112
Data management software, 144
Data metering, 34
Data models, 120
Data privacy, 144
Data security standards, 118
Decarbonization, 252
Decentralized optimizations, 138
approaches, 260
barriers, 254
business cases, 254
capabilities, 254
opportunity space, 150
Demand-side distribution network constraint management
benefits, 256
Demand side interventions, 5
Demand-side management (DSM), 141
Desk based research, 41
Distributed generation, 164
Distribution network constraint management (DNCM), 21
Distribution System Operator (DSO)
trading of energy services, 168
District assessors, 28
Domain Specific Language (DSL), 127
Dynamic phasors, 58
E
Edge based intelligence, 143
Edge compute, 107
communication protocol exemplars source the butler project, 108
protocol landscape for iot, 108
Edge gateway, 109
Edge hardware exemplars, 110
Edge nodes, 107
Electrical line, 77
Electrical storage mathematical description, 88
Electrical system, 64
Electric heat pump (EHP), 9
electricity consumption, 17
heat generation, 17
Electricity demand, 11
Electricity export, 14
Electricity generating devices, 13
Electricity loads, 1
Electricity neighborhood, entire
effect of naive charging, 148
Electricity network, physical
impact, 260
Electricity power market, 166
ancillary services market, 168
balancing market, 167
constraint management market, 168
generation sites, 166
imbalance settlement, 167
retail market, 168
wholesale market, 167
zones of consumption, 166
Electric vehicle (EV)
EMBIX module
batteries set value vs real power, 241
generation of, battery power set values, 241
optimization module, 241
platform of demand response, 242
EMBIX’s platform
connecting to external forecasting module, 151
Emissions/efficiency markets, 169–170
End-to-end reference model, 121
COOPERaTE architecture components, 123
COOPERaTE reference architecture, 122
grouping of components, 122
neighborhood level services, 121
service-oriented system’s approach, 121
End-user mobile application, 144
Energy baseline methodology, 49
Energy conservation measures (ECM), 37
Energy consumption guide (ECG) 19, 38
Energy demand, UC2 and power generation forecasting, 230
barriers
perspective, 254
Energy efficient Building Data Model (eeBDM) community, 121
neighborhoods, 1
Energy exchange, 34
Energy management platforms, 263
Energy modeling
modeling and simulation actions, 44
requirements and modeling environment decision, 42–43
sensing system, 41
system understanding, 42
classification, 61
functional blocks, 59
metering infrastructure, role of, 262
schematic, 60
alternative objectives/criteria, 21–23
delivery, system-of-systems approach, 48
demand response (DR), 163
energy shifting in time, 163
substitution of energy vectors, 163
trading of consumer utility, 163
economic value, 9–21
flexibility, 18–21
economic value objectives, 20–21
further aligning, 20–21
energy baseline approach, 39
energy components, 43
energy positivity, classic definition
economic value, 10–17
led method, 212
RA-Led and, 216
market participation, 171
liberalized regulation, 172
traditional regulation, 171
multicriteria analysis, 25–28
planning phase
intervention suitability assessment
multicriteria analysis, 25
pricing schemes
risk and reward, 19
problem solving, 4
process, 4
definition, 4
real life experience, 5
recommendations, 269–273
comparable means to assess asset based and demand-side based solutions, development of, 271–272
effective interfaces development, 272–273
energy service based business models, 270
markets and charging regimes to district
enabling passing price signals, 270
minimum resource sizes for power system services, existing limits relaxation, 270
support for investments in EPN enabling infrastructure, 272
security considerations, 117
selling/buying price, 17
specific challenges, 261–269
energy modeling and simulation, 261–262
lack of appropriate metering, 261
uncertainty of technology capability, 261
information technology, 265–267
interoperability and complexity, 265–266
security and privacy, 267
performance assessment, 262–264
common use of performance assessment, 264
high-quality data, 263–264
inhabitants and workers empowerment, 264
SUDA process, 36–46
assessment methodology, 36–39
baseline assessment, 38
business model development, 40–41
energy modeling and simulation
core services, 41–45
information technology
systems and services, 45–46
transformation, 4
environmental benefits, 10
Energy services
Bishoptown demo site, energy components, 228
flexible energy generation, 228
in NIMBUS, energy generation, 228
challenger demo site, 229
in COOPERaTE, 227
optimization potential, 229
Energy services company (ESCo), 270
Energy systems
markets liberalization, 252
physical complexity, 261
Energy target, 264
Energy, uses of, 229
Bishoptown campus, 228
building-level demand, 231
in Challenger demo site, 232
in demonstration sites, 229
energy purchased, from Grid, 246
energy sold, 246
implementation of services, 230
integrating platform and services of COOPERaTE, 232
optimization services, 230
prototype optimization, 231
UC4 demand response, 230
UC2 energy demand and power generation forecasting, 230
UC3 optimization of power purchases vs on-site generation, 230
UC1 real-time monitoring of consumption, 230
Enterprise technologies, 112
agile self-service reporting, 116
broader device support, 112
commercial applications, 117
dashboard solutions, 116
improved visualization, 112
programming libraries, 116
Equipment, energy governing characteristics, 39
Evaluation/assessment, 234
application of energy optimization, 237
for CIT Bishopstown demonstration site, 234
contribution of CHP, 237
electric power consumption and generation, 235
heat load and generation for, 235
individual buildings and neighborhood, 234
for LeisureWorld building, 236
on-line optimization of, NIMBUS battery, 234
reporting period for, 234
thermal storage output power and energy stored, 236
Evaluation methodology, 232
COOPERaTE energy KPIs, 233
energy baseline, 233
for Parchment Square data, 233
reporting period, 233
Example neighborhood services, 133–154
commercial energy services, 135–141
demand response service, 140
external data sources interface, 140
forecasting services, 139
optimization service, 139–140
objectives, 139
visualization service, 141
industrial energy services, 149–154
flexibility management service, 154
load and production forecast, 153–154
visualization service, 150
residential energy services, 141–149
user defined data access, 144–149
demand side management services, 144–146
optimization/flexibility service, 147–149
Exported electricity, transport, 18
F
Facility management systems (FMS), 46
markets, 165
shifting, 10
substitution, 10
utility trading, 10
Forecasting and optimization services, 138
Fossil-fuel generation, 85
capacity market, 185
economic assessment, 220–221
electricity, 185
price components, 187
RAEPN electricity prices, 188
EPN led method, 214
price modeling, 185–187
price profiles, 187
G
Gas market, 168
Generation and storage technologies, 42
Geography mark-up language (GML), 120
Grid
behavior, metaheuristic optimization technique, 147
effect of load-optimized charging, 149
efficiency, 18
electricity, 17
fee rebates, 21
security, 18
Grid CO2 emission rates, 22
Grid connection point (GCP), 171
H
Heat exchanger, 74
Heat market, 169
Heat networks, 270
Heat pump, 70
Heterogeneous platforms and services
integration, 135
Human machine interfaces, 112
I
Imperfect competition, 257
Imports and exports prices
difference, 17
Incomplete markets, 257
Incorporating operating reserve, 184
Industrial foundation class (IFC), 120
Infinite power bus, 83
deciding to acting
tasks, tools and outcomes, 48
sensing to understanding
themes, tools and outcomes, 47
system-of-systems (SoS) approach, 45
systems and services
deciding and acting, 46
sensing and understanding, 45
data acquisition, aggregation, and actuation, 46
data interoperability, 46
scalability, 45
security and privacy, 46
service development, 46
voice of the customer, 46
Integrated access devices (IADs), 109
Internal rate of return, 178
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 120
adjustments, 39
protocol, 263
purpose, 37
Internet of things (IoT)
alliance round-up, 266
Investment option weights
analytical hierarchy process, 28
economic assessment, 218–219
electricity, 183
price components, 183
EPN led method, 213
gas price, 184
components, 184
operating reserve, 184
price modeling, 183–185
price profiles, 185
reserve operating time, 184
Irish RAEPN electricity prices, 186
K
batteries, 242
arbitrage opportunities, 242
challenger site of, electrical energy consumption, 243
division of energy consumptions, 243
as PV inverters, 242
challenger demo site
demand response, 241
local resources utilization, 245
total energy savings, 245
CIT Bishopstown Neighborhood
comparison of baseline and reporting period, 240
cooling system consumption, before and after fine regulation, 241
EMBIX module
batteries set value vs real power, 241
generation of, battery power set values, 241
optimization module, 241
platform of demand response, 242
evaluation and assessment, 234
application of energy optimization, 237
for CIT Bishopstown demonstration site, 234
contribution of CHP, 237
electric power consumption and generation, 235
heat load and generation for, 235
individual buildings and neighborhood, 234
for LeisureWorld building, 236
on-line optimization of, NIMBUS battery, 234
reporting period for, 234
thermal storage output power and energy stored, 236
LeisureWorld
comparison of baseline and reporting period, 238
electrical and thermal demand and generation for, 238
levels of consumption
per day, 244
per month, 244
local PV energy generation, 245
NIMBUS
comparison of baseline and reporting period, 236
overview of, 244
Parchment Square buildings
baseline and reporting period, comparison of, 240
electrical load and electrical storage power, 239
electricity generation, 237
Kolb’s learning cycle, 31
L
Lagrangian relaxation, 260
LeisureWorld
comparison of baseline and reporting period, 238
electrical and thermal demand and generation for, 238
Local electricity distribution network, 16
Local flexible generating plant, 18
Low carbon electricity generators, 8
Low carbon generation, 17
Low carbon incentive regimes, 19
M
Market barriers
access to capital, 257
hidden costs, 257
value, 257
Market price signals, 256
Markets, flexibility, 165
Measurement and verification (M&V)
plan, 37
calibration, 38
maintenance, 38
meter installation, 38
protocol, 37
Metering infrastructure, 270
Metropolitan area network (MAN), 109
Microgrid principles, 16
Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming formulations, 88
Modelica-based library, 58
Modeling language, 62
Modeling tools, 57
Model library, 67
electrical components, 76
constant power load, 81
electrical line, 77
EV charger, 81
infinite power bus, 83
PV module, 78
simplified battery storage system, 79
transformer, 82
wind turbine, 84
thermal components, 67
boiler, 70
building physics, 67
CHP generator, 71
heat exchanger, 74
heat pump, 70
pump, 76
radiator, 75
solar thermal panel, 72
thermal storage, 73
thermal zone model, 67
three-way valves, 76
Model Management component, 132
Monitoring and energy optimization systems, 39
Multicriteria analysis
basic technique
direct analysis, 26
linear additive model, 26
Multicriteria performance criteria
CO2 emissions, 25
internal rate of return (IRR), 25
net present value (NPV), 25
payback time, 25
Multicriteria performance matrix, 25
Multiowner situation, 4
Multiplatform services enabled, via NIM, 135
N
National sustainable building energy test-bed (NSBET), 51
Near-real-time (NRT), 133
cloud strike-through icon, 145
monitoring capability, 146
notifications icon, 145
Neighborhood energy manager (NEM), 57
Neighborhood energy optimization algorithms, 85
centralized optimization, single ownership neighborhood, 89
hierarchical two-level optimization, 93
mathematical notations and definition, 85
boiler mathematical description, 88
combined heat and power mathematical description, 87
electrical storage mathematical description, 88
thermal storage mathematical description, 88
Neighborhood energy optimization scenario, 139
Neighborhood energy system, 58
Neighborhood information model (NIM), 52
Neighborhood integration, 3
Neighborhood-level objective, 57
optimization using building schedules flexibility, 99
Neighborhood optimization, with energy price/grid CO2 emission rates, 22
Neinghborhood information model (NIM), 125
claimed adaptability and extensibility, 131
concept of DSLs, 127
design of, 128
forecast data model, 130
MontiCore framework, 128
overview, 125
plugin based implementation of, 132
types of data, 127
UML class diagram detailing generic NIM, 130
Net cost minimization objective, 19
Net electricity import, under various objective
with different heating technologies, 14
net total energy cost under various objectives
with different heating technologies, 15
for BCs relative to the load, 219
payback periods-EPN led method, 219
Networked interactions, 179
energy system actors, 179
distribution network operator (DNO), 180
gas shipper, 180
gas supplier, 180
government, 180
producers, 180
transmission system operator (TSO), 179
energy system actors/roles, 181
ETSO actor and roles, 181
representation of actors, 182
energy system flows, 182
flow types in external EPN mapping, 182
value mapping methodology, 180
generic value exchange mapping, 181
Network reinforcement, 8
Net-zero-energy buildings (NZEB), 7
NIM data format (NDF), 131
adapters containing new transformation code, 132
definition of, hierarchical data types, 132
textual syntax, 132
O
Ontologies of interest, 120
Operational cash flows, 189
aggregation effect, 201
business case sensitivity tests, 202–205
France, 204–205
Ireland, 202–204
central business cases, 195–200
France, 198–200
Ireland, 195–197
commercial definition of EPN, 189
effect of regulatory context, 205–209
EPN, definition, 189
French energy system, value map, 191
France, 195
Ireland, 194
RAEPN actor, definition, 189
regulatory context, effect, 205
CO2 reduction, 206–208
reliability of supply, 208–209
value map
French energy system, 191
Irish energy system, 190
value map of, Irish energy system, 190
Optimization algorithm, 59
Optimization result, neighborhood 2, 23
Organizational barrier
organizational culture, 257
power, 257
P
Pairwise comparison approach, 26
investment options, 27
pairwise weights, 27
weights for each criterion, 27
Parchment square buildings
baseline and reporting period, comparison of, 240
electrical load and electrical storage power, 239
electricity generation, 237
Payback time, 178
Performance assessment, key elements methodology
assessment protocol and adjustments, 262
baseline and reporting period definition, 262
key performance indicator (KPI) definition, 262
parameters listing, 262
PEST analysis, 33
Price modeling, 182
France, 185–187
Ireland, 183–185
Price variability, 41
Primary operating reserve (POR), 184
Programmable logic controllers, 112
Project management life cycle, 35
Pump, 76
Q
Qualitative interviews, 41
R
Radiator, 75
Rational behavior, definition, 258
Rational investors, 177
Real-time energy prices, 140
Real-time information system, 2
Real-time monitoring and actuation
building management system (BMS) connector service, 136
core control service, 138
data aggregator service, 136
enabling prototype services, 136
Remote terminal units, 112
Reserve operating time, 184
Resource description framework (RDF), 120
Retailer-aggregator and EPN, splitting of benefits, 209
EPN led, 212–214
RA-Led and EPN-Led methods, 216
retailer-aggregator led, 210–212
Retailer-aggregator led, 210
France, 212
Ireland, 210
Retail market, 168
S
SCADA systems, See Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
Security and privacy, 117
in COOPERaTE project, 120
Enterprise Privacy Authorization Language, 119
Open Authorization (OAuth), 119
Open Web Application Security Project, 119
privacy by design, 119
protocol allowing websites, 119
XACML, 119
Self-sufficiency, 9
Self-sufficiency maximization, 23
SEMANCO data model, 129
Semantic senor network (SSN) ontology, 120
Semantics of interest, 120
Semantic web rule language (SWRL), 120
Settlement period, 11
Simplified battery storage system, 79
Simulation models, 60
electrical system, 64
for energy positive neighborhoods, 60
modeling language, 62
model library, 67
thermal system, 62
time constants, 61
Simulation tools, 57
Single electricity market operator (SEMO), 140
Smart city concept model (SSCM), 120
Smart, demand-side interventions
general barriers, 252–260
economic, 256–257
market barriers, 257
market failures, 256–257
political/regulatory barriers, 255–256
social, 257–258
behavioral, 258
organizational, 257
technological, 258–260
Smart district interventions, 269
Smart grid energy services, 36
Smart grid projects, 264
Sociotechnical change, 253
Software-as-a-service (SaaS), 112
Solar thermal panel, 72
Stakeholder analysis, 41
Stakeholder analysis matrix, 33
Standardized assessment and valuation protocols, 271
Standards of interest, 106
IIC 3-tier reference architecture, 107
STEEPLE analysis, 34
SUDA (Sensing, Understanding, Deciding, and Acting)
framework, 32
loop
act phase, exemplar tools and methods, 36
deciding phase, exemplar tools and methods, 35
understanding phase, exemplar tools and methods, 34
methodology overview, 31–35
acting, 35
deciding, 35
ideation, 35
solution selection, 35
sensing, 33–34
problem/opportunity statement identification, 33
understanding, 34
phases, 32
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, 112
human machine interfaces, 112
programmable logic controllers, 112
remote terminal units, 112
telemetry systems, 112
SWOT analysis, 33
System-of-systems approach, 124
definition, 125
to EPN, 126
hybrid-cloud landscape, 124
neinghborhood information model (NIM) and, 125–128
red dashed line, 125
System-to-system service, 267
T
Technologies of interest, 106
IIC 3-tier reference architecture, 107
Telemetry systems, 112
Thermal/electrical part, neigborhood, 251
CO2 emission, 251
degree of positivity, 36
KPIs list, 37
modeling tools, 43
building energy simulation tools, 43
modelica, 43
TRNSYS, 43
two-level optimization framework, 45
centralized optimization, 44
decentralized optimization, 44
Thermal storage, 73
mathematical description, 88
Thermal system, 62
Thermal zone model, 67
Three-way valves, 76
Time constants, 61
Time value of money principle, 177
cash flow, expression, 177
internal rate of return, 178
net present value, 178
payback time, 178
rational investors, 177
Transformer, 82
Transmission System Operator (TSO), 179
Typical winter energy prices vs. temperatures, 12
U
Urban power
energy consumption per building
data collected, 50
UrbanPower architecture, 151
Urban power platform (UPP), 50
User awareness, 247
in Challenger demo site, 247
improved neighborhood energy visualization platform, 247
EMBIX designed, 247
User defined data access service, system overview, 143
Utility trading, 14
V
Value flow mapping, 41
Visualization, with tool visualization box, 152
Voice of the customer (VoC), 32
W
Water heaters, day view parchment square, 150
Weather analytics services (SEMO), 140
Weather data
direct solar irradiation, 261
test reference year, 261
wind speed, 261
5W1H
exemplar scoping method, 33
methodology, 52
Wholesale energy price, 148
Wholesale market, 167
Wide area network (WAN), 109
Wind turbine, 84
Wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN), 111
Z
Zero-energy buildings (ZEB), 7
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