Notes

1.   Booher Research Institute study, completed in partnership with the Social Research Lab at the University of Northern Colorado, September 2018. A scientifically representative sampling of 311 knowledge workers among all age groups in the workforce, across 10 industries in the United States. Respondents can be further categorized as follows: 37.7 percent management, 28.8 percent have some management responsibilities, 33.4 percent have no management responsibilities.

2.   Carleton Newsroom, “Carleton Study Finds People Spending a Third of Job Time on Email,” Carleton Newsroom, April 20, 2017, https://newsroom.carleton.ca/archives/2017/04/20/carleton-study-finds-people-spending-third-job-time-email/; The Radicati Group, Inc. Email Statistics Report, 2017–2021, Executive Summary, www.Radicati.com; Dani-Elle Dubé, “This Is How Much Time You Spend on Work Emails Every Day, According to a Canadian Survey,” Global News, April 21, 2017, https://globalnews.ca/news/3395457/this-is-how-much-time-you-spend-on-work-emails-every-day-according-to-a-canadian-survey/; Microsoft, The Cost of Email Use in the Workplace: Lower Productivity and Higher Stress, 2016, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-cost-of-email-use-in-the-workplace-lower-productivity-and-higher-stress/; Michael Chui, James Manyika, Jacques Bughin, et al., “The Social Economy: Unlocking Value and Productivity Through Social Technologies,” McKinsey Global Institute Report, July 2016, http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-social-economy/.

3.   J. Smallwood and J. W. Schooler, “The Restless Mind,” Psychological Bulletin 132 (2006): 946-958, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946.

4.   Sandy Yu, “Engagement Woes? Try Improving How You Communicate with Workers,” TLNT.com, July 5, 2018, https://www.tlnt.com/engagement-woes-try-improving-how-you-communicate-with-workers/.