Those are variables that are set when the call is authenticated, typically when is originated by a registered phone. Some of the Caller Profile fields are filled by the values coming from the User Directory. Please check Chapter 4, User Directory, SIP, and Verto.

You set a variable in User Directory:

<user id="1011">
  <variables>
    <variable name="myvariable" value="1234"/>
  </variables></user>

And then you use it in dialplan:

 <extension name="check_caller_profile" continue="true">
      <condition field="${myvariable}" expression="1234">
            <action application="log" data="ERR myvariable exists 
and is 1234"/>
            <anti-action application="log" data="ERR myvariable 
has NOT been set or is NOT 1234"/>
      </condition>
  </extension>