Technical Glossary

ambiguity 
The concept that the interpretation of some entity varies by context, person, place, etc. (Chapter 5)
analytical conversation 
The ability to converse with data interactively. (Chapter 5)
analytical intent 
The goal that a consumer or analyst focuses on when performing either targeted or more open-ended data exploration and discovery. (Chapter 11)
annotation 
An in-chart clarifier that identifies salient points such as peaks and troughs within the visualization. (Chapter 10)
artificial intelligence (AI) 
The ability of computers to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making, and object recognition. (Chapter 17)
augmented reality (AR) 
Technology that superimposes a computer-generated image onto a user's view of the real world. (Chapter 15)
breadcrumb 
A navigation path that shows where the user is on a website or app. (Chapter 15)
clarification 
The act of asking follow-up questions if we do not understand what someone is saying. (Chapter 5)
closure 
A sense of completion of a narrative in a conversation. (Chapter 9)
coherence (in conversation) 
The way participants cooperate to maintain a reasonably focused thread of conversation. (Chapter 9)
cohesion (in conversation) 
When parts of a message bind together, making it understandable to the participants. (Chapter 9)
Colonomos model (Integrated Model of Interpreting) 
The model focuses on the cognitive processes and decision making an interpreter experiences while interpreting the meaning and intent behind a speaker's message. (Chapter 5)
contraction 
The act of preserving the same intent but discarding unneeded information. (Chapter 12)
conversational centering 
The context of a conversation adjusts over time to maintain coherence through transitional states that retain, shift, continue, or reset these conversational elements. (Chapter 9)
data dictionary 
A set of information describing the contents, format, and structure of data. (Chapter 7)
data preparation 
A meaning-centered exercise to prepare, clean, and curate data. (Chapter 7)
data shaping 
The building of hierarchical relationships between two or more entities in a dataset. (Chapter 7)
deictic reference 
The use of gestures or other means of pointing to specify a concept, such as pointing at a place on a map and saying “here.” (Chapter 5)
emphasis 
The act of drawing attention to salient points in a visual. (Chapter 14)
endianness 
The bytes in computer memory are read in a certain order. It's commonly used to express date formats. (Chapter 5)
expansion 
The act of providing more detail, sometimes adding in information that is culturally relevant or needed for the person to understand. (Chapter 12)
framing 
A technique of surrounding charts with design elements, often with visual outlines for placing charts. (Chapter 3)
framing text 
Text or sentences that are captions, narratives, and other callouts outside the visualization. (Chapter 10)
functional aesthetics 
The concept of combining perception, semantics, and intent to function together as a whole, creating beauty in meaningful design.
functional text 
Text that provides those consuming a visualization with the necessary information to use or evaluate the limits of the visualization. (Chapter 10)
generalization 
The process of simplifying or eliminating less semantically important features and exaggerating more important ones. (Chapter 1)
Gestalt Principles 
These principles help reason why the human mind has the natural compulsion to find order in disorder. (Chapter 1)
graphicacy 
The ability to understand and present information visually in the form of images, sketches, diagrams, charts, and other non-textual formats. (Chapter 6)
Grice's Cooperative Principle 
A principle that states that participants in a conversation normally attempt to be truthful, relevant, concise, and clear. (Chapter 13)
icon 
A pictorial representation or imagery of a concept or thing (e.g., a shopping cart icon). (Chapter 5)
intent 
A goal or task in mind that a person or computer plans to achieve. (Chapter 5)
Internet of Things (IoT) 
The network of objects, or “things,” in our environment that are embedded with sensors and technology with the goal of connecting and exchanging data with other objects, or “things” (for example, devices). (Chapter 17)
join 
The process of combining data tables based on a common data attribute. (Chapter 7)
key performance indicator (KPI) 
A quantifiable measure of performance over time for a specific objective. Informally, charts using large numbers may be referred to as KPI (charts). (Chapter 2)
literacy (data literacy) 
The ability to read, write, and communicate data in context. (Chapter 6)
medium 
The channel or system through which communications are conveyed. (Chapter 10)
metaphor (visual metaphor) 
A representation of a noun through a visual image that indicates an association between them. (Chapter 12)
mode 
The means of communicating. (Chapter 10)
multimodal (reading) 
Where meaning is communicated through combinations of written language; spoken language; and visual, audio, gestural, tactile, and spatial forms. (Chapter 9)
Natural Language Generation (NLG) 
A software process that automatically transforms structured data into human-readable text. It is a subcategory of NLP. (Chapter 10)
Natural Language Interaction / Interface (NLI) 
The act of applying various NLP techniques to enable people to interact with a computer. (Chapter 10)
Natural Language Processing (NLP) 
A subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence concerned with the interactions between computers and human language. (Chapter 10)
natural size 
The size of a chart that clearly reflects its intended form and function of its message to the reader. (Chapter 8)
numeracy 
The ability to understand and work with numbers. (Chapter 6)
orality (data orality) 
Where the use of charts serves as supplemental to the exposition of data. (Chapter 6)
perception 
The ability to see, hear, and become aware of our environment through the senses. (Chapter 1)
pivot 
The process of summarizing and reorganizing data stored in a table, preserving the data values. (Chapter 7)
pragmatics 
A branch of linguistics and semiotics that deals with the relationship of symbols and linguistic expressions based on the context where they occur. (Chapter 9)
proportional brushing 
A technique where a proportion of the selected data is shown in relation to all the values rather than just filtering to the selection. (Chapter 4)
qualifier 
Text anchored to a quantifier that provides context to the number within the visualization. (Chapter 10)
quantifier 
Text where the visual pattern in a chart is articulated into quantities and mathematically understood. (Chapter 10)
recursive proportions 
The generative approach to architectural design that assembles parts based on established proportions. (Chapter 2)
refinement (conversational refinement) 
An iterative process of updating a response by a series of clarifications and repairs. (Chapter 5)
register 
The degree of formality and familiarity communicated within a visualization or an interaction. (Chapter 5)
repair (conversational repair) 
The process people and computers use to detect and resolve problems of speaking, hearing, and understanding. (Chapter 5)
scaffold 
One or more visual and interactive elements that help with the discoverability of features or functionality in an interface. (Chapter 13)
semantics 
The study of how we draw meaning in communication. (Chapter 4)
semiotics 
The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. (Chapter 4)
Six Sigma 
A set of techniques and tools that provide statistical benchmarks for process improvement. (Chapter 3)
Stroop effect 
Our tendency to experience difficulty naming a physical color when it is used to spell the name of a different color. (Chapter 1)
symbol 
Imagery that need not resemble the concept that the imagery depicts (e.g., a heart symbolizes love). (Chapter 5)
thumbnail 
A very small or concise description, representation, or summary. (Chapter 8)
union 
The process of combining the results of two or more queries into a single result set. (Chapter 7)
vagueness 
A concept that cannot be precisely determined by clear boundaries and properties and often depends on the context. (Chapter 5)
view snapping 
A technique that semantically aligns charts along one or more common axes in a dashboard. (Chapter 14)
visual communication 
The practice of using visual elements to communicate information. (Chapter 12)
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