- A
- accessibility, of data, 168–170
- adaptive design, 121
- aggregation, in maps, 19
- Aisch, Gregor (author)
- “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
- Albert, Amy, 225
- Alexa Echo, 248
- alignment, of charts, 142–144
- alternative text (alt text), 168–169
- Alteryx, 108
- Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 25
- ambiguity
- around natural language interaction, 214
- defined, 299
- in language, 180
- vagueness and, 71–85
- American Sign Language (ASL), 58, 79, 80
- analytical chatbots, 220, 247–249
- analytical conversation
- about, 129, 144–145
- conversational centering, 145–151
- defined, 299
- to repair and refine, 217–221
- text in, 166–168
- analytical intent, 176–178, 299
- analyzing, data literacy and, 88
- annotations
- area, defined, 115
- arrows, for directed attention, 14–15
- artificial intelligence (AI)
- about, 110–111, 290–291
- advancements in, 248–249
- defined, 299
- 'at-a-glance insight,' 120–121
- augmented reality (AR), 251, 256–257, 297, 299
- autocompletion, 210, 211
- automated caption generation tools, 165
- B
- Baeza-Yates, Ricardo
- Modern Information Retrieval, 204
- Baker-Shenk, Charlotte, 53–54
- Benjamin, Asher (craftsman)
- First American Architectural Handbook, 29–30
- bent-handshape, 80
- bento boxes, 28, 35–36, 51, 119, 139
- The Big Picture (Wexler), 203
- black-and-white, compared with color, 4–6
- Bliss, Charles (author), 66–67
- Blissymbols, 66–67
- Boolean flags, 108
- Bottom Up dashboard, 135
- brain-to-body-mass ratios, 61–62
- breadcrumbs, 243–244, 299
- Brinton, Willard Cope (engineer and statistician)
- Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts, 43
- British Sign Language (BSL), 79
- Burn-Murdoch, John (journalist), 64
- C
- Cairo, Albert, 88
- Call to Action (CTA), 15
- cartographers, 18–20, 21–22
- casual/informal/conversational register, 192
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 89
- Chabot, Christian, 220
- charts
- agreement of, 163–166
- alignment of, 142–144
- art of, 82–85
- balancing text with, 161–163
- functional aesthetics for, 189–191
- as informational units, 24–27
- natural sizes of, 119–120
- ordering, 285
- origins of, 36–40
- perception in, 21–34
- register in, 192–193
- selecting, 284
- shape of, 139–142
- text and, 153–171
- using, 35–56
- chatbots, analytical, 247–249
- choices
- collective, 225–227
- individual, 224–225
- cholera map, 41–42
- CIELAB, 123–124
- clarification
- in conversation, 107–108
- defined, 299
- of language, 78
- closure
- defined, 299
- as a Gestalt Principle, 12
- cognitive color space, 7
- coherence (in conversation), defined, 299
- cohesion (in conversation)
- about, 209
- in data messages, 129–152
- defined, 299
- in designing visualizations, 131–144
- Cohn, Neil (researcher), 67
- Cokely, Dennis, 53–54
- cold starts, 214
- collective choices, 225–227
- Colonomos model (Integrated Model of Interpreting), 78–79, 179, 300
- color
- cohesion and, 132, 133, 134
- compared with black-and-white, 4–6
- as a function of size, 123–124
- in maturity matrix, 284
- as a semiotic aspect, 69
- color cognition, 6–10
- color naming dictionary (ISCC), 8
- color-naming data, 7
- column splits, 112–113
- Common region, as a Gestalt Principle, 12
- complex charts, in maturity matrix, 285
- composition, registers in, 194–196
- computers, data visualization and, 55
- Conceptual Age, 44
- conflict, chart design and, 119
- congestion, chart design and, 119
- consultative register, 192
- container paradigm, 33
- context
- about, 78
- outside guidance for, 94–95
- contraction
- defined, 300
- expansion and, 200–201
- conversation, clarity in, 107–108
- conversational centering, 145–151, 300
- conversational refinement
- analytical conversation for, 217–221
- defined, 303
- repair and, 179–181
- conversational repair, 78–79
- analytical conversation for, 217–221
- defined, 303
- refinement and, 179–181
- COVID-19 pandemic/infodemic, 47–49, 63–65, 89–90, 96, 99, 127, 131, 187, 197, 239–240, 291
- Cox, Amanda (author)
- “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
- coxcomb chart, 41–42
- crowdsourcing, 25–26
- Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (psychologist), 174
- cues, orientation, 243–244
- cultural groups, charts and, 54
- curve, flattening the, 63–65
- D
- dashboards
- about, 119–122
- commonly used, 134–135
- data
- accessibility of, 168–170
- democratization of, 294
- enrichment of, 113–115
- perceptual refinement of, 52–55
- pictorial representation of, 49–52
- prevalence of, 288–294
- data dictionary, defined, 300
- data discovery, scaffolding, 210–213
- data initiatives
- about, 35–36
- synthesizing, 36
- data journalism, 127
- data literacy
- about, 87–89
- changing exposition styles, 96–97
- data orality, 92–95
- defined, 87, 98, 301
- democratization of, 97–99
- impact of writing, 90–91
- navigating, 89–90
- societal impacts of, 92–93
- Data Literacy Project, 98
- data messages, cohesion in, 129–152
- data orality, 92–95, 255
- data preparation
- about, 101–102
- clarity in conversation, 107–108
- common transformations, 103–107
- data enrichment, 113–115
- dates, 102–103
- defined, 300
- for the future, 110–113
- shaping for intent, 109–110
- time-intensive nature of, 110
- data shaping, 108, 300
- data visualization
- cohesion in designing, 131–144
- computers and, 55
- maturity in profession of, 49–56
- organizations for, 46
- shifting role of, 43–49
- software for, 95
- standardizing, 40–43
- task and, 23–24
- Data Visualization Society, 49
- Datawrapper, 95
- date parsing, 103
- DATEPARSE calculation, 102
- dates, data preparation and, 102–103
- De Data Lit, 98
- Deaf schools, 58
- defining
- about, 175–176
- analytical intent, 176–178
- data literacy and, 88
- practicing intent, 182–185
- pragmatics, 181–182
- register, 178–179
- repair and refinement, 179–181
- deictic reference, 199–200, 300
- democratization, of data literacy, 97–99
- DeVito, Danny (actor), 72
- digital menus, 240
- digital spaces, 208
- digital wayfinding, 244
- digitized space, 31–34
- directed attention, 10–11, 14–20
- donut charts, 26–27
- dorsal stream (“where” pathway), 5–6
- The Dragons of Eden (Sagan), 61–62
- Du Bois, W.E.B. (sociologist), 43, 45, 250
- E
- edge lines, 16
- emphasis
- about, 223
- balancing, 223–238
- collective choices, 225–227
- correcting common problems, 228–232
- defined, 300
- individual choices, 224–225
- view snapping, 232–237
- endianness, 77, 300
- equi-join, 111
- evaluation, individual, 269–283
- Evizeon, 167–168, 181–182, 199–200
- exaggeration, in maps, 18
- expansion
- contraction and, 200–201
- defined, 300
- expensive, defined, 114
- experiences, new, 295–297
- exposition styles, changing, 96–97
- F
- fat finger syndrome, 120–123
- featural elements, 91
- field typing/renaming, 103, 108, 194
- Figure and ground, as a Gestalt Principle, 12–13
- “finger safe” landing zones, 122
- finger size, screen size and, 120–123
- First American Architectural Handbook (Benjamin), 29–30
- Fisher's T-Test, 40
- fixational reflex, 11
- flattening the curve, 63–65, 89, 127
- fluency, 170–171, 209
- form factor, 122
- formal register, 192
- framing text
- about, 32–33, 175–176
- analytical intent, 176–178
- defined, 300
- practicing intent, 182–185
- pragmatics, 181–182
- register, 178–179
- repair and refinement, 179–181
- as a text type, 160
- French press, 16–17
- frozen register, 192
- functional aesthetics
- about, 261–262
- for charts, 189–191
- crafting recipes for, 267–285
- defined, 300
- paper towel problem, 263–267
- in the physical world, 27–28
- functional text
- defined, 301
- as a text type, 160–161
- G
- Gapminder, 255
- generalization
- Gestalt Principles, 12, 301
- Google, 242, 244–245, 256
- The Grammar of Graphics (Wilkinson), 250–251
- Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts (Brinton), 43
- graphicacy, 88, 97, 301
- graphical scaffold, 203
- GRaSP, 256, 295, 296
- Grice's Cooperative Principle, 217–221, 301
- Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 77
- gutter, in comics, 131
- H
- Halliday, Michael (linguist), 194
- Hangul, 90–91, 105
- Hanja, 90
- harmony, as a principle of beautiful design, 28–29
- Hillery, Allen (teacher), 97–98
- histogram, 176
- Homer
- I
- Ibn Sahl algebra graphics, 39
- iconic roots, 91
- iconicity, in linguistics, 80–82
- iconography, 208
- icons, 61–63, 301
- illustrations, for directed attention, 15–16
- imagery, 3–6
- Impression, Sunrise (painting), 4–5
- impressionists, 4–6
- individual choices, 224–225
- individual evaluation, 269–283
- infodemic, 47–49
- informational units, charts as, 24–27
- inputs, data literacy and, 88, 89
- integers, 103
- intent
- about, 174
- analytical, 176–178
- balancing emphasis, 223–238
- defined, 301
- defining and framing, 175–185
- mode, 239–257
- practicing, 182–185
- scaffolds, 203–221
- shaping for, 109–110
- strategy and, 227
- visual communication, 187–201
- interactivity, in maturity matrix, 285
- interface design, in maturity matrix, 285
- International System of Typographic Picture Education (ISOTYPE), 80–82, 83
- Internet, reading and the, 154–155
- Internet of Things (IoT), 288–289, 301
- intimate register, 192
- intuitive bridges, 205
- Ishango bone, 36–37
- Isidore of Seville, 17–18
- Islamic Golden Age, 39
- J
- Joanna, 248
- Jobs, Steve, 99
- Johns Hopkins University (JHU), 89
- join, defined, 301
- K
- Kay, Alan (computer scientist), 298
- Key Performance Indicator (KPI) dashboard, 134, 135
- key performance indicators (KPIs), 121, 301
- key point, 228
- knowledge graphs, 115
- Koffka, Kurt (psychologist), 12
- Kohler, Wolfgang (psychologist), 12
- Korean, 66, 90–91, 105
- KPI boxes, 33–34
- L
- label prominence, 20
- labels, 61–62
- landmarks, 242–247
- language
- ambiguity of, 76, 180
- beyond communication, 197–200
- clarification of, 78
- directions for, 105
- models for, 115
- used for color, 7–8
- vagueness of, 71–72
- large, defined, 114
- Laurio, Lilach Manheim, 194–196, 199, 201, 210–211
- Likert scales, 112
- line charts, 26
- line weights, 16
- linguistics, iconicity in, 80–82
- literacy (data literacy)
- about, 87–89
- changing exposition styles, 96–97
- data orality, 92–95
- defined, 87, 98, 301
- democratization of, 97–99
- impact of writing, 90–91
- navigating, 89–90
- societal impacts of, 92–93
- little-endian, 77
- Livingstone, Margaret (neurophysiologist), 4–5
- logical models, 104
- low visual prominence, 165
- M
- maps
- for directed attention, 16–20
- landmarks and, 242–247
- Marjanović, Boban (basketball player), 72
- Marshall Islands stick chart, 38
- Martin, Kelly (blogger), 34, 68, 132, 134, 142–143, 234–237
- mathematics, advancements in, 39–40
- maturity, in data visualization profession, 49–56
- maturity matrix, 283–285
- Maxim of Manner, as a Cooperative Principle, 219–220
- Maxim of Quality, as a Cooperative Principle, 218–219
- Maxim of Quantity, as a Cooperative Principle, 218
- Maxim of Relation, as a Cooperative Principle, 219
- McCann, Adam, 134–135
- McLuhan, Marshall (communication theorist), 128
- medium, defined, 301
- 'the medium if the message,' 128
- merging, in maps, 19
- metaphor (visual metaphor)
- Microsoft's Power BI, 129, 213
- middle-endian, 76–77
- minimalism, 52
- mobile phones
- about, 295–297
- designing for, 120–123
- screens and, 251–255
- mode
- about, 194, 239–241
- analytical chatbots, 247–249
- defined, 302
- future digitization and, 255–257
- navigating, 241–247
- screens and, 251–255
- video and, 249–251
- modelling and prep, data literacy and, 88
- Modern Information Retrieval (Baeza-Yates & Ribeiro-Neto), 204
- Monet, Claude (painter), 4–5
- monochrome design, 132
- mood, metaphor and, 197
- Moon, Youngme, 247
- multimodal reading, 138–139, 302
- Munroe, Randall, 7
- Munsell colors, 8
- N
- naming conventions, for charts, 54
- Narrative Science, 170
- Nass, Clifford, 247
- Natural Language, scaffolding recommendations for, 213–216
- Natural Language Generation (NLG), 170, 302
- Natural Language Interaction/Interface (NLI)
- Natural Language Processing (NLP), 110–111, 170, 302
- natural sizes
- of charts, 119–120
- defined, 302
- negative space, 140
- Nell-Rodriguez, Sarah (educator), 98
- New York Times You-Draw-It series, 193
- Nightingale, Florence, 41–43, 250
- normalization, 104
- North Central Regional Education Laboratory (website), 205
- numeracy
- defined, 302
- literacy and, 96–97
- O
- Odyssey (Homer), 92–93, 94
- 1-handshape, 79, 80
- Ong, Walter, 92
- onomatopeia, 80
- orality, data, 92–95, 255, 302
- organizations, for data visualization, 46
- orientation cues, 243–244
- output, data literacy and, 88
- overemphasis, as a common problem, 228–230
- P
- paper towel problem, 263–267
- perception
- about, 2
- in charts, 21–34
- defined, 302
- science behind, 3–20
- perceptual color space, 6–7
- perceptual refinement, of data, 52–55
- physical world, functional aesthetics in the, 27–28
- pictorial representation, of data, 49–52
- pie charts, 26–27
- Pink, Daniel (author)
- pivot, defined, 302
- place, semantics of, 74–75
- Playfair, William, 40–41, 250
- pointing, 79
- position, as a semiotic aspect, 68
- positive space, 140
- practicing intent, 182–185
- pragmatics, 145–146, 181–182, 302
- preattentive visual system, 60–61
- primary means, 89, 94
- proportional brushing, 302
- Proximity (emergence), as a Gestalt Principle, 13
- Q
- Qlik, 213
- QR codes, 239, 256, 291
- qualifiers
- defined, 302
- as a text type, 158–159
- quantifiers
- defined, 302
- as a text type, 157–158
- Quealy, Kevin (author)
- “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
- Question and Answer (Q&A) dashboard, 134
- R
- reading, fluency of, 170–171
- recursive proportions, 28–31, 303
- reference lines, 194
- refinement (conversational refinement)
- analytical conversation for, 217–221
- defined, 303
- repair and, 179–181
- register
- repair (conversational repair)
- analytical conversation for, 217–221
- defined, 303
- refinement and, 179–181
- repetition, as a principle of beautiful design, 28
- Ribeiro-Neto, Berthier
- Modern Information Retrieval, 204
- Rosling, Hans, 194, 255, 256
- route maps, 20, 21–22
- S
- saccades, 10–11
- Sagan, Carl (author)
- The Dragons of Eden, 61–62
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 109
- scaffold paradigm, 204
- scaffolds
- about, 203–205
- analytical conversation to repair and refine, 217–221
- characteristics of, 205
- data discovery, 210–213
- defined, 303
- Natural Language recommendations, 213–216
- visualization scaffolding, 206–210
- scaling down
- about, 117–118
- color as a function of size, 123–124
- generalization, 118–119
- natural sizes, 119–120
- screen size, 120–123
- thumbnails, 124–128
- visual summaries, 124–128
- scatterplots, 52–53, 62, 201, 255
- Scher, Paula, 201
- screens
- creating experiences on, 31–34
- size of, 120–123
- video and, 251–255
- Script Code, 105
- Script Direction, 105
- Script Family, 105
- ScriptSource, 104–105, 106, 107–108, 109
- secondary data, 255
- Sejong, King of Joseon, 90–91
- semantic fluency, 67
- semantic importance, chart design and, 119
- semantic joins, 111
- semantic snapping, 234
- semanticons, 125
- semantics
- about, 58–59
- abstract nature of statistical graphics, 60–63
- cohesion in data messages, 129–152
- data literacy, 87–99
- data preparation, 101–115
- defined, 303
- flattening the curve, 63–65
- of place, 74–75
- scaling down, 117–128
- semiotics, 68–69
- symbolic representations, 65–67
- text and charts, 153–171
- vagueness and ambiguity, 71–85
- semiotics, 68–69, 303
- senses, 2
- sequencing
- about, 203
- cohesion and, 132–136
- shape/ing
- of charts, 139–142
- of data transformations, 104
- for intent, 109–110
- as a semiotic aspect, 69
- sheet transparency, 122
- Shepard-Kegl, Judy (doctor), 58
- Sherwin-Williams red collection, 8
- sign language, 79–80
- signage, for directed attention, 14–15
- Similarity, as a Gestalt Principle, 13
- simplification, in maps, 19
- Six Sigma, 49, 303
- Sketchpad system, 232
- Slack, 220, 248
- smart sorts, 112
- “smart” systems, 181
- Sneak Pique, 211–213
- Snow, John, 41
- Snowy system, 214–216
- social distancing, arrows and, 14–15
- social heuristics, 247
- Socrates (philosopher), 92–93
- software
- data literacy and, 98
- for data visualization, 95
- spaces
- digitized, 31–34
- in maturity matrix, 284
- notion of, 11–13
- use of, 139–142
- spatial cognition, 11–13
- Spinoff, 64
- standardizing visualization, 40–43
- Starbird, Kate (sociologist), 47
- statistical graphics, abstract nature of, 60–63
- storage, data literacy and, 88
- storytelling, 255
- strategy, intent and, 227
- Stroop effect, 8–9, 228, 303
- structured frameworks, 51
- Structured Query Language (SQL), 108
- style guides, 136–139
- subsystems, building, 55–56
- Sutherland, Ivan, 232
- Swift, Jonathan
- symbolic representations, 65–67
- symbols, 59, 303
- synthesizing data, 36
- T
- Tableau Desktop, 109
- Tableau Public, 47, 54, 75, 77, 102, 108, 163, 213
- Tableau's Ask Data, 114, 129, 176–177
- tables, as details and experiences, 93–94
- “tall” concept, 71–72
- tasks, visualization and, 23–24
- television, changes in, 250
- tenor, 194
- text
- agreement of, 163–166
- in analytical conversation, 166–168
- balancing with charts, 161–163
- charts and, 153–171
- for supporting reading fluency, 170–171
- types of, 155–161
- themes, outside guidance for, 94–95
- 3D human anatomy model, 256
- thumbnails, 124–128, 303
- titles
- in maturity matrix, 284
- as a text type, 157
- T-O map, 17–18
- tools, new, 295–297
- Top Down dashboard, 134, 135
- Trachinger, Mia (artist), 22
- transformations
- common, 103–107
- rules for, 29
- Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO), 197
- Turin Papyrus Map, 37–38
- Tversky, Barbara (doctor), 14
- typification, in maps, 19
- U
- union, defined, 303
- US National Bureau of Standards, 8
- user supports, in maturity matrix, 285
- V
- vagueness
- ambiguity and, 71–85
- defined, 303, 187–189
- variety, as a principle of beautiful design, 29
- ventral stream (“what” pathway), 5–6
- Victor, Bret (computer scientist), 180
- video, mode and, 249–251
- view snapping, 232–237, 303
- virtual reality (VR), 297
- Visfer, 256
- Vistry, 291
- visual alignment, in maturity matrix, 284
- visual communication
- about, 187–189
- beyond language communication, 197–200
- defined, 303
- expansion and contraction, 200–201
- functionally aesthetic charts, 189–191
- mood and metaphor, 197
- registers in charts, 192–193
- registers in composition, 194–196
- visual contrast, 11
- visual metaphor
- visual summaries, 124–128
- visual supports
- about, 136–139
- in maturity matrix, 284
- visual systems, 5–6
- visualization scaffolding, 206–210
- vowels, 91
- Vox, 64
- W
- Walker, George (woodworker), 29–31
- websites
- Alteryx, 108
- Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 25
- Data Literacy Project, 98
- De Data Lit, 98
- Gapminder, 255
- Kay, Alan (computer scientist), 298
- North Central Regional Education Laboratory, 205
- ScriptSource, 104
- Tableau Desktop, 109
- Tableau Public, 108
- 3D human anatomy model, 256
- Vistry, 291
- Wolfram Alpha, 113
- Wertheimer, Max (psychologist), 12
- Wexler, Steve (author)
- “what” pathway (ventral stream), 5–6
- “where” pathway (dorsal stream), 5–6
- A Whole New Mind (Pink), 43–44
- Wiles, Siouxsie (doctor), 64
- Wilkinson, Leland (author)
- The Grammar of Graphics, 250–251
- Wine Points attribute, 176
- Wolf, Maryanne, 171
- Wolfram Alpha, 113
- World Health Organization (WHO), 89
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 169
- writing, impact of, 90–91
- Y
- yangban, 90
- “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances” (Aisch, Cox and Quealy), 31–32
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