Index

  • A
  • accessibility, of data, 168–170
  • adaptive design, 121
  • aggregation, in maps, 19
  • Aisch, Gregor (author)
    • “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
  • Albert, Amy, 225
  • Alexa Echo, 248
  • alignment, of charts, 142–144
  • alternative text (alt text), 168–169
  • Alteryx, 108
  • Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 25
  • ambiguity
    • around natural language interaction, 214
    • defined, 299
    • in language, 180
    • vagueness and, 71–85
  • American Sign Language (ASL), 58, 79, 80
  • analytical chatbots, 220, 247–249
  • analytical conversation
    • about, 129, 144–145
    • conversational centering, 145–151
    • defined, 299
    • to repair and refine, 217–221
    • text in, 166–168
  • analytical intent, 176–178, 299
  • analyzing, data literacy and, 88
  • annotations
  • area, defined, 115
  • arrows, for directed attention, 14–15
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
    • about, 110–111, 290–291
    • advancements in, 248–249
    • defined, 299
  • 'at-a-glance insight,' 120–121
  • augmented reality (AR), 251, 256–257, 297, 299
  • autocompletion, 210, 211
  • automated caption generation tools, 165
  • B
  • Baeza-Yates, Ricardo
    • Modern Information Retrieval, 204
  • Baker-Shenk, Charlotte, 53–54
  • Benjamin, Asher (craftsman)
    • First American Architectural Handbook, 29–30
  • bent-handshape, 80
  • bento boxes, 28, 35–36, 51, 119, 139
  • The Big Picture (Wexler), 203
  • black-and-white, compared with color, 4–6
  • Bliss, Charles (author), 66–67
  • Blissymbols, 66–67
  • Boolean flags, 108
  • Bottom Up dashboard, 135
  • brain-to-body-mass ratios, 61–62
  • breadcrumbs, 243–244, 299
  • Brinton, Willard Cope (engineer and statistician)
    • Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts, 43
  • British Sign Language (BSL), 79
  • Burn-Murdoch, John (journalist), 64
  • C
  • Cairo, Albert, 88
  • Call to Action (CTA), 15
  • cartographers, 18–20, 21–22
  • casual/informal/conversational register, 192
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 89
  • Chabot, Christian, 220
  • charts
    • agreement of, 163–166
    • alignment of, 142–144
    • art of, 82–85
    • balancing text with, 161–163
    • functional aesthetics for, 189–191
    • as informational units, 24–27
    • natural sizes of, 119–120
    • ordering, 285
    • origins of, 36–40
    • perception in, 21–34
    • register in, 192–193
    • selecting, 284
    • shape of, 139–142
    • text and, 153–171
    • using, 35–56
  • chatbots, analytical, 247–249
  • choices
    • collective, 225–227
    • individual, 224–225
  • cholera map, 41–42
  • CIELAB, 123–124
  • clarification
    • in conversation, 107–108
    • defined, 299
    • of language, 78
  • closure
    • defined, 299
    • as a Gestalt Principle, 12
  • cognitive color space, 7
  • coherence (in conversation), defined, 299
  • cohesion (in conversation)
    • about, 209
    • in data messages, 129–152
    • defined, 299
    • in designing visualizations, 131–144
  • Cohn, Neil (researcher), 67
  • Cokely, Dennis, 53–54
  • cold starts, 214
  • collective choices, 225–227
  • Colonomos model (Integrated Model of Interpreting), 78–79, 179, 300
  • color
    • cohesion and, 132, 133, 134
    • compared with black-and-white, 4–6
    • as a function of size, 123–124
    • in maturity matrix, 284
    • as a semiotic aspect, 69
  • color cognition, 6–10
  • color naming dictionary (ISCC), 8
  • color-naming data, 7
  • column splits, 112–113
  • Common region, as a Gestalt Principle, 12
  • complex charts, in maturity matrix, 285
  • composition, registers in, 194–196
  • computers, data visualization and, 55
  • Conceptual Age, 44
  • conflict, chart design and, 119
  • congestion, chart design and, 119
  • consultative register, 192
  • container paradigm, 33
  • context
    • about, 78
    • outside guidance for, 94–95
  • contraction
    • defined, 300
    • expansion and, 200–201
  • conversation, clarity in, 107–108
  • conversational centering, 145–151, 300
  • conversational refinement
    • analytical conversation for, 217–221
    • defined, 303
    • repair and, 179–181
  • conversational repair, 78–79
    • analytical conversation for, 217–221
    • defined, 303
    • refinement and, 179–181
  • COVID-19 pandemic/infodemic, 47–49, 63–65, 89–90, 96, 99, 127, 131, 187, 197, 239–240, 291
  • Cox, Amanda (author)
    • “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
  • coxcomb chart, 41–42
  • crowdsourcing, 25–26
  • Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (psychologist), 174
  • cues, orientation, 243–244
  • cultural groups, charts and, 54
  • curve, flattening the, 63–65
  • D
  • dashboards
    • about, 119–122
    • commonly used, 134–135
  • data
    • accessibility of, 168–170
    • democratization of, 294
    • enrichment of, 113–115
    • perceptual refinement of, 52–55
    • pictorial representation of, 49–52
    • prevalence of, 288–294
  • data dictionary, defined, 300
  • data discovery, scaffolding, 210–213
  • data initiatives
    • about, 35–36
    • synthesizing, 36
  • data journalism, 127
  • data literacy
    • about, 87–89
    • changing exposition styles, 96–97
    • data orality, 92–95
    • defined, 87, 98, 301
    • democratization of, 97–99
    • impact of writing, 90–91
    • navigating, 89–90
    • societal impacts of, 92–93
  • Data Literacy Project, 98
  • data messages, cohesion in, 129–152
  • data orality, 92–95, 255
  • data preparation
    • about, 101–102
    • clarity in conversation, 107–108
    • common transformations, 103–107
    • data enrichment, 113–115
    • dates, 102–103
    • defined, 300
    • for the future, 110–113
    • shaping for intent, 109–110
    • time-intensive nature of, 110
  • data shaping, 108, 300
  • data visualization
    • cohesion in designing, 131–144
    • computers and, 55
    • maturity in profession of, 49–56
    • organizations for, 46
    • shifting role of, 43–49
    • software for, 95
    • standardizing, 40–43
    • task and, 23–24
  • Data Visualization Society, 49
  • Datawrapper, 95
  • date parsing, 103
  • DATEPARSE calculation, 102
  • dates, data preparation and, 102–103
  • De Data Lit, 98
  • Deaf schools, 58
  • defining
    • about, 175–176
    • analytical intent, 176–178
    • data literacy and, 88
    • practicing intent, 182–185
    • pragmatics, 181–182
    • register, 178–179
    • repair and refinement, 179–181
  • deictic reference, 199–200, 300
  • democratization, of data literacy, 97–99
  • DeVito, Danny (actor), 72
  • digital menus, 240
  • digital spaces, 208
  • digital wayfinding, 244
  • digitized space, 31–34
  • directed attention, 10–11, 14–20
  • donut charts, 26–27
  • dorsal stream (“where” pathway), 5–6
  • The Dragons of Eden (Sagan), 61–62
  • Du Bois, W.E.B. (sociologist), 43, 45, 250
  • E
  • edge lines, 16
  • emphasis
    • about, 223
    • balancing, 223–238
    • collective choices, 225–227
    • correcting common problems, 228–232
    • defined, 300
    • individual choices, 224–225
    • view snapping, 232–237
  • endianness, 77, 300
  • equi-join, 111
  • evaluation, individual, 269–283
  • Evizeon, 167–168, 181–182, 199–200
  • exaggeration, in maps, 18
  • expansion
    • contraction and, 200–201
    • defined, 300
  • expensive, defined, 114
  • experiences, new, 295–297
  • exposition styles, changing, 96–97
  • F
  • fat finger syndrome, 120–123
  • featural elements, 91
  • field typing/renaming, 103, 108, 194
  • Figure and ground, as a Gestalt Principle, 12–13
  • “finger safe” landing zones, 122
  • finger size, screen size and, 120–123
  • First American Architectural Handbook (Benjamin), 29–30
  • Fisher's T-Test, 40
  • fixational reflex, 11
  • flattening the curve, 63–65, 89, 127
  • fluency, 170–171, 209
  • form factor, 122
  • formal register, 192
  • framing text
    • about, 32–33, 175–176
    • analytical intent, 176–178
    • defined, 300
    • practicing intent, 182–185
    • pragmatics, 181–182
    • register, 178–179
    • repair and refinement, 179–181
    • as a text type, 160
  • French press, 16–17
  • frozen register, 192
  • functional aesthetics
    • about, 261–262
    • for charts, 189–191
    • crafting recipes for, 267–285
    • defined, 300
    • paper towel problem, 263–267
    • in the physical world, 27–28
  • functional text
    • defined, 301
    • as a text type, 160–161
  • G
  • Gapminder, 255
  • generalization
    • about, 117–119
    • defined, 301
  • Gestalt Principles, 12, 301
  • Google, 242, 244–245, 256
  • The Grammar of Graphics (Wilkinson), 250–251
  • Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts (Brinton), 43
  • graphicacy, 88, 97, 301
  • graphical scaffold, 203
  • GRaSP, 256, 295, 296
  • Grice's Cooperative Principle, 217–221, 301
  • Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 77
  • gutter, in comics, 131
  • H
  • Halliday, Michael (linguist), 194
  • Hangul, 90–91, 105
  • Hanja, 90
  • harmony, as a principle of beautiful design, 28–29
  • Hillery, Allen (teacher), 97–98
  • histogram, 176
  • Homer
    • Odyssey, 92–93, 94
  • I
  • Ibn Sahl algebra graphics, 39
  • iconic roots, 91
  • iconicity, in linguistics, 80–82
  • iconography, 208
  • icons, 61–63, 301
  • illustrations, for directed attention, 15–16
  • imagery, 3–6
  • Impression, Sunrise (painting), 4–5
  • impressionists, 4–6
  • individual choices, 224–225
  • individual evaluation, 269–283
  • infodemic, 47–49
  • informational units, charts as, 24–27
  • inputs, data literacy and, 88, 89
  • integers, 103
  • intent
    • about, 174
    • analytical, 176–178
    • balancing emphasis, 223–238
    • defined, 301
    • defining and framing, 175–185
    • mode, 239–257
    • practicing, 182–185
    • scaffolds, 203–221
    • shaping for, 109–110
    • strategy and, 227
    • visual communication, 187–201
  • interactivity, in maturity matrix, 285
  • interface design, in maturity matrix, 285
  • International System of Typographic Picture Education (ISOTYPE), 80–82, 83
  • Internet, reading and the, 154–155
  • Internet of Things (IoT), 288–289, 301
  • intimate register, 192
  • intuitive bridges, 205
  • Ishango bone, 36–37
  • Isidore of Seville, 17–18
  • Islamic Golden Age, 39
  • J
  • Joanna, 248
  • Jobs, Steve, 99
  • Johns Hopkins University (JHU), 89
  • join, defined, 301
  • K
  • Kay, Alan (computer scientist), 298
  • Key Performance Indicator (KPI) dashboard, 134, 135
  • key performance indicators (KPIs), 121, 301
  • key point, 228
  • knowledge graphs, 115
  • Koffka, Kurt (psychologist), 12
  • Kohler, Wolfgang (psychologist), 12
  • Korean, 66, 90–91, 105
  • KPI boxes, 33–34
  • L
  • label prominence, 20
  • labels, 61–62
  • landmarks, 242–247
  • language
    • ambiguity of, 76, 180
    • beyond communication, 197–200
    • clarification of, 78
    • directions for, 105
    • models for, 115
    • used for color, 7–8
    • vagueness of, 71–72
  • large, defined, 114
  • Laurio, Lilach Manheim, 194–196, 199, 201, 210–211
  • Likert scales, 112
  • line charts, 26
  • line weights, 16
  • linguistics, iconicity in, 80–82
  • literacy (data literacy)
    • about, 87–89
    • changing exposition styles, 96–97
    • data orality, 92–95
    • defined, 87, 98, 301
    • democratization of, 97–99
    • impact of writing, 90–91
    • navigating, 89–90
    • societal impacts of, 92–93
  • little-endian, 77
  • Livingstone, Margaret (neurophysiologist), 4–5
  • logical models, 104
  • low visual prominence, 165
  • M
  • maps
    • for directed attention, 16–20
    • landmarks and, 242–247
  • Marjanović, Boban (basketball player), 72
  • Marshall Islands stick chart, 38
  • Martin, Kelly (blogger), 34, 68, 132, 134, 142–143, 234–237
  • mathematics, advancements in, 39–40
  • maturity, in data visualization profession, 49–56
  • maturity matrix, 283–285
  • Maxim of Manner, as a Cooperative Principle, 219–220
  • Maxim of Quality, as a Cooperative Principle, 218–219
  • Maxim of Quantity, as a Cooperative Principle, 218
  • Maxim of Relation, as a Cooperative Principle, 219
  • McCann, Adam, 134–135
  • McLuhan, Marshall (communication theorist), 128
  • medium, defined, 301
  • 'the medium if the message,' 128
  • merging, in maps, 19
  • metaphor (visual metaphor)
  • Microsoft's Power BI, 129, 213
  • middle-endian, 76–77
  • minimalism, 52
  • mobile phones
    • about, 295–297
    • designing for, 120–123
    • screens and, 251–255
  • mode
    • about, 194, 239–241
    • analytical chatbots, 247–249
    • defined, 302
    • future digitization and, 255–257
    • navigating, 241–247
    • screens and, 251–255
    • video and, 249–251
  • modelling and prep, data literacy and, 88
  • Modern Information Retrieval (Baeza-Yates & Ribeiro-Neto), 204
  • Monet, Claude (painter), 4–5
  • monochrome design, 132
  • mood, metaphor and, 197
  • Moon, Youngme, 247
  • multimodal reading, 138–139, 302
  • Munroe, Randall, 7
  • Munsell colors, 8
  • N
  • naming conventions, for charts, 54
  • Narrative Science, 170
  • Nass, Clifford, 247
  • Natural Language, scaffolding recommendations for, 213–216
  • Natural Language Generation (NLG), 170, 302
  • Natural Language Interaction/Interface (NLI)
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP), 110–111, 170, 302
  • natural sizes
    • of charts, 119–120
    • defined, 302
  • negative space, 140
  • Nell-Rodriguez, Sarah (educator), 98
  • New York Times You-Draw-It series, 193
  • Nightingale, Florence, 41–43, 250
  • normalization, 104
  • North Central Regional Education Laboratory (website), 205
  • numeracy
    • defined, 302
    • literacy and, 96–97
  • O
  • Odyssey (Homer), 92–93, 94
  • 1-handshape, 79, 80
  • Ong, Walter, 92
  • onomatopeia, 80
  • orality, data, 92–95, 255, 302
  • organizations, for data visualization, 46
  • orientation cues, 243–244
  • output, data literacy and, 88
  • overemphasis, as a common problem, 228–230
  • P
  • paper towel problem, 263–267
  • perception
    • about, 2
    • in charts, 21–34
    • defined, 302
    • science behind, 3–20
  • perceptual color space, 6–7
  • perceptual refinement, of data, 52–55
  • physical world, functional aesthetics in the, 27–28
  • pictorial representation, of data, 49–52
  • pie charts, 26–27
  • Pink, Daniel (author)
    • A Whole New Mind, 43–44
  • pivot, defined, 302
  • place, semantics of, 74–75
  • Playfair, William, 40–41, 250
  • pointing, 79
  • position, as a semiotic aspect, 68
  • positive space, 140
  • practicing intent, 182–185
  • pragmatics, 145–146, 181–182, 302
  • preattentive visual system, 60–61
  • primary means, 89, 94
  • proportional brushing, 302
  • Proximity (emergence), as a Gestalt Principle, 13
  • Q
  • Qlik, 213
  • QR codes, 239, 256, 291
  • qualifiers
    • defined, 302
    • as a text type, 158–159
  • quantifiers
    • defined, 302
    • as a text type, 157–158
  • Quealy, Kevin (author)
    • “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances,” 31–32
  • Question and Answer (Q&A) dashboard, 134
  • R
  • reading, fluency of, 170–171
  • recursive proportions, 28–31, 303
  • reference lines, 194
  • refinement (conversational refinement)
    • analytical conversation for, 217–221
    • defined, 303
    • repair and, 179–181
  • register
  • repair (conversational repair)
    • analytical conversation for, 217–221
    • defined, 303
    • refinement and, 179–181
  • repetition, as a principle of beautiful design, 28
  • Ribeiro-Neto, Berthier
    • Modern Information Retrieval, 204
  • Rosling, Hans, 194, 255, 256
  • route maps, 20, 21–22
  • S
  • saccades, 10–11
  • Sagan, Carl (author)
    • The Dragons of Eden, 61–62
  • Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 109
  • scaffold paradigm, 204
  • scaffolds
    • about, 203–205
    • analytical conversation to repair and refine, 217–221
    • characteristics of, 205
    • data discovery, 210–213
    • defined, 303
    • Natural Language recommendations, 213–216
    • visualization scaffolding, 206–210
  • scaling down
    • about, 117–118
    • color as a function of size, 123–124
    • generalization, 118–119
    • natural sizes, 119–120
    • screen size, 120–123
    • thumbnails, 124–128
    • visual summaries, 124–128
  • scatterplots, 52–53, 62, 201, 255
  • Scher, Paula, 201
  • screens
    • creating experiences on, 31–34
    • size of, 120–123
    • video and, 251–255
  • Script Code, 105
  • Script Direction, 105
  • Script Family, 105
  • ScriptSource, 104–105, 106, 107–108, 109
  • secondary data, 255
  • Sejong, King of Joseon, 90–91
  • semantic fluency, 67
  • semantic importance, chart design and, 119
  • semantic joins, 111
  • semantic snapping, 234
  • semanticons, 125
  • semantics
    • about, 58–59
    • abstract nature of statistical graphics, 60–63
    • cohesion in data messages, 129–152
    • data literacy, 87–99
    • data preparation, 101–115
    • defined, 303
    • flattening the curve, 63–65
    • of place, 74–75
    • scaling down, 117–128
    • semiotics, 68–69
    • symbolic representations, 65–67
    • text and charts, 153–171
    • vagueness and ambiguity, 71–85
  • semiotics, 68–69, 303
  • senses, 2
  • sequencing
    • about, 203
    • cohesion and, 132–136
  • shape/ing
    • of charts, 139–142
    • of data transformations, 104
    • for intent, 109–110
    • as a semiotic aspect, 69
  • sheet transparency, 122
  • Shepard-Kegl, Judy (doctor), 58
  • Sherwin-Williams red collection, 8
  • sign language, 79–80
  • signage, for directed attention, 14–15
  • Similarity, as a Gestalt Principle, 13
  • simplification, in maps, 19
  • Six Sigma, 49, 303
  • Sketchpad system, 232
  • Slack, 220, 248
  • smart sorts, 112
  • “smart” systems, 181
  • Sneak Pique, 211–213
  • Snow, John, 41
  • Snowy system, 214–216
  • social distancing, arrows and, 14–15
  • social heuristics, 247
  • Socrates (philosopher), 92–93
  • software
    • data literacy and, 98
    • for data visualization, 95
  • spaces
    • digitized, 31–34
    • in maturity matrix, 284
    • notion of, 11–13
    • use of, 139–142
  • spatial cognition, 11–13
  • Spinoff, 64
  • standardizing visualization, 40–43
  • Starbird, Kate (sociologist), 47
  • statistical graphics, abstract nature of, 60–63
  • storage, data literacy and, 88
  • storytelling, 255
  • strategy, intent and, 227
  • Stroop effect, 8–9, 228, 303
  • structured frameworks, 51
  • Structured Query Language (SQL), 108
  • style guides, 136–139
  • subsystems, building, 55–56
  • Sutherland, Ivan, 232
  • Swift, Jonathan
    • Gulliver's Travels, 77
  • symbolic representations, 65–67
  • symbols, 59, 303
  • synthesizing data, 36
  • T
  • Tableau Desktop, 109
  • Tableau Public, 47, 54, 75, 77, 102, 108, 163, 213
  • Tableau's Ask Data, 114, 129, 176–177
  • tables, as details and experiences, 93–94
  • “tall” concept, 71–72
  • tasks, visualization and, 23–24
  • television, changes in, 250
  • tenor, 194
  • text
    • agreement of, 163–166
    • in analytical conversation, 166–168
    • balancing with charts, 161–163
    • charts and, 153–171
    • for supporting reading fluency, 170–171
    • types of, 155–161
  • themes, outside guidance for, 94–95
  • 3D human anatomy model, 256
  • thumbnails, 124–128, 303
  • titles
    • in maturity matrix, 284
    • as a text type, 157
  • T-O map, 17–18
  • tools, new, 295–297
  • Top Down dashboard, 134, 135
  • Trachinger, Mia (artist), 22
  • transformations
    • common, 103–107
    • rules for, 29
  • Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO), 197
  • Turin Papyrus Map, 37–38
  • Tversky, Barbara (doctor), 14
  • typification, in maps, 19
  • U
  • union, defined, 303
  • US National Bureau of Standards, 8
  • user supports, in maturity matrix, 285
  • V
  • vagueness
    • ambiguity and, 71–85
    • defined, 303, 187–189
  • variety, as a principle of beautiful design, 29
  • ventral stream (“what” pathway), 5–6
  • Victor, Bret (computer scientist), 180
  • video, mode and, 249–251
  • view snapping, 232–237, 303
  • virtual reality (VR), 297
  • Visfer, 256
  • Vistry, 291
  • visual alignment, in maturity matrix, 284
  • visual communication
    • about, 187–189
    • beyond language communication, 197–200
    • defined, 303
    • expansion and contraction, 200–201
    • functionally aesthetic charts, 189–191
    • mood and metaphor, 197
    • registers in charts, 192–193
    • registers in composition, 194–196
  • visual contrast, 11
  • visual metaphor
  • visual summaries, 124–128
  • visual supports
    • about, 136–139
    • in maturity matrix, 284
  • visual systems, 5–6
  • visualization scaffolding, 206–210
  • vowels, 91
  • Vox, 64
  • W
  • Walker, George (woodworker), 29–31
  • websites
    • Alteryx, 108
    • Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 25
    • Data Literacy Project, 98
    • De Data Lit, 98
    • Gapminder, 255
    • Kay, Alan (computer scientist), 298
    • North Central Regional Education Laboratory, 205
    • ScriptSource, 104
    • Tableau Desktop, 109
    • Tableau Public, 108
    • 3D human anatomy model, 256
    • Vistry, 291
    • Wolfram Alpha, 113
  • Wertheimer, Max (psychologist), 12
  • Wexler, Steve (author)
    • The Big Picture, 203
  • “what” pathway (ventral stream), 5–6
  • “where” pathway (dorsal stream), 5–6
  • A Whole New Mind (Pink), 43–44
  • Wiles, Siouxsie (doctor), 64
  • Wilkinson, Leland (author)
    • The Grammar of Graphics, 250–251
  • Wine Points attribute, 176
  • Wolf, Maryanne, 171
  • Wolfram Alpha, 113
  • World Health Organization (WHO), 89
  • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 169
  • writing, impact of, 90–91
  • Y
  • yangban, 90
  • “You Draw It: How Family Income Predicts Children's College Chances” (Aisch, Cox and Quealy), 31–32
  • Z
  • ZombieRunner Coffee, 14–15, 187, 197
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