Index

A

Abaci, 107–108

ABET, Inc., 2

Absorption in separation processes, 67, 69

ACC (American Chemical Council) on chemical industry importance, 52–53

Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology, 2

ACS (American Chemical Society) salary data, 21

Adiabatic conditions in energy balance, 170

Adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 175–181

Adiabatic flash operation simulation, 260–261

Adiabatically operated reactors, 222

Adsorption in separation processes, 69–71

Advanced chemical engineering courses, 63

chemical reaction engineering, 63–66

elective, 76

process control, 73–76

process design, 76–77

separation processes, 66–72

transport phenomena, 72–73

AIChE. See American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

Algebraic equations

linear, 103–104

overview, 92–95

American Chemical Council (ACC) on chemical industry importance, 52–53

American Chemical Society (ACS) salary data, 21

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

chemical engineering definition, 12–13

DIPPR, 249

graduate survey, 19–20

salary data, 21

American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) engineering graduate data, 10

Ammonia

air, methane, and steam requirement, 159–163

production process, 46–47

production volume, 41

synthesis of, 57–61

Ammonium chloride in soda ash production, 48

Analysis of results in simulation software, 268–270

Ancient civilizations, 8

Aqueous solutions, dilution of, 146–147

Archimedes screw, 8–9

Arrhenius, Svante, 220

Arrhenius expression, 220

Aspen Plus software, 113, 260

Average velocity computations, 133–137

Axial velocity in fluid flow, 121

B

Backward difference formulas, 106

Bacon, Francis, 143

Basic inorganic chemicals

description, 29

production volume, 41

Basic operations in mathematical packages, 253–254

Basic organic chemicals and petrochemicals

description, 30–31

production volume, 41

Batch reactors

batch time in, 224, 226

chemical reactions, 221–223, 226

design, 224

Benefit of humanity, engineering for, 2–3

Benzene, 49–50

Bergius, Friedrich, 58

Bernoulli equation for fluid flow, 120

Biomedical industry as career choice, 20

Bosch, Carl, 47, 58

Boundary conditions in ordinary differential equations, 99

Boyle’s law, 202

Bracketing technique, 115

Brown, Gordon Stanley, 1

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 19

C

Calcium oxide in soda ash production, 48

Carbon dioxide

as industrial gas, 30

production, 45–46

soda ash production, 48

Caustic soda, 42–44

Central difference formulas, 106

Charles law, 202

CHEMCAD software, 113, 260

Chemical and allied industries, 27

characteristics, 50–53

chemical industry, 29–34

classification, 27–29

important products. See Important chemical products

related industries, 34–35

top 50 chemical companies, 36–40

Chemical engineering curriculum, 63

advanced courses. See Advanced chemical engineering courses

engineering science courses, 80–84

fundamental chemical engineering courses, 77–80

fundamental science and mathematics courses, 84–86

Chemical engineering profession, 1–2

chemical engineering definition, 12–14

description, 11

employment, 19–22

engineering and engineers, 2–8

engineering disciplines, 8–12

functions, 61–63

graduates, 10

roles and responsibilities, 14–19, 61–63

Chemical industry, 29

basic inorganic chemicals, 29

basic organic chemicals and petrochemicals, 30–31

fertilizer products, 31–32

pharmaceutical products, 34

polymer products, 32–34

Chemical potential in thermodynamics, 197–200

Chemical process plant synthesis of ammonia example, 57–61

Chemical reaction engineering courses, 63–66

Chemistry courses, 84

Chlorine, 42–44

Civil engineering

description, 11

development of, 8

graduates, 10

Classification of industries, 27–29

Clausius, Rudolf, 194

Closed systems in thermodynamics, 192

Coal products, 35

Combustion gases in heat recovery, 181–183

Combustion of natural gas, 152–159

Command Window in MATLAB, 250–251

Commercial benefits of engineering, 3

Commissioning engineers, 17

Communication courses, 86–87

Component material balance, 145–146

Computations in chemical engineering, 91, 107

algebraic equations, 92–95

computational machines, 107–110

energy balance. See Energy balance computations

fluid flow. See Fluid flow computations

integral equations, 100–101

kinetics. See Kinetics computations

material balance. See Material balance computations

nature of, 91

ordinary differential equations, 97–99

partial differential equations, 99–100

regression analysis and interpolation, 101–102

simulation software. See Simulation software

software tools, 110–113. See also Mathematical software packages

solution algorithms, 102–107

thermodynamics. See Thermodynamics computations

transcendental equations, 95–97

Computer science

graduates, 10–11

programming courses, 83–84

COMSOL package, 112

Concentrated aqueous solutions, dilution of, 146–147

Conceptualization stage of projects, 15

Conduits

pressure drop across, 122–124

qualitative description of flow in, 117–119

Conservation of energy, 78, 167, 169, 191

Conservation of mass, 78, 144

Contact process for sulfuric acid, 40–41

Continuity of operations, 50–51

Continuous reactors

chemical reactions, 221–223

conversion, 227

Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)

in continuous reactors, 222

conversion, 228, 233–236

design, 224–226

mathematical packages examples, 247–253

Controlled variables in process control, 74

Conversion

in CSTRs, 233–236

kinetics, 227–229

series reaction systems, 236–239

Counting frames, 107–108

Cracking process, 49

Crossflow units in separation processes, 71

CSTRs. See Continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)

Cubic equations, 95, 203

D

Damköhler number, 237

Darcy friction factor, 123n

Data gathering stage of projects, 15

DCDA (double contact double absorption) process, 42

Deflated polynomials, 105

Degree programs, 7

Degrees of freedom analysis, 155n

Denn, Morton M., 13

Department of Labor statistics, 19

Dependent variables in regression analysis, 101

DEQ utility in POLYMATH program, 254

Derivatives and differential equations, 105–106

Design engineers, 17

Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR), 249

Design stage of projects, 16

Dholavira water reservoir, 8–9

Diaphragm cells, 42–43

Differential elements, 97

Differential equations

ordinary, 97–99

partial, 99–100

solution algorithms, 105–106

Diffusion equilibrium in membrane systems, 208–211

Dilution of concentrated aqueous solutions, 146–147

DIPPR (Design Institute for Physical Properties), 249

DIPPR DB option in POLYMATH program, 249

Distillation, separation by, 66, 148–150

Diversification of chemical industry, 40, 51

Double equal-to operator (==) in MATLAB, 251

Drying in separation processes, 71

Dynamic viscosity in fluid flow, 121

E

Ease of use in mathematical software packages, 255–256

Economic evaluation stage of projects, 15

Economic impact of engineering, 2–3

Economics courses, 86–87

Elastomers, 33

Elective courses, 76

Electrical circuits courses, 83

Electrical engineers

description, 11

graduates, 10

Employment of chemical engineers, 19–22

Endothermic reactions, 45, 174

Energy balance

courses, 77–79

for fluid flow, 119–120

Energy balance computations, 167

adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 175–181

enthalpy and heat capacity, 170–173

enthalpy changes in processes, 173–175

forms of energy, 168

generalized, 168–170

heat effects in chemical reactions, 185–186

heat recovery from combustion gases, 181–183

heat transfer area, 183–185

quantitative principles, 167–175

Energy consumption and integration, 51

Energy Information Administration, 51

Engineering and engineers

chemical. See Chemical engineering profession

disciplines, 8–12

overview, 2–8

Engineering science courses, 80

computer programming, 83–84

engineering statics and electrical circuits, 83

engineering thermodynamics, 81–83

fluid mechanics, 80–81

Engineering statics courses, 83

Engineering thermodynamics courses, 81–83

Enthalpies

changes in processes, 173–175

energy balance, 170–173

thermodynamics, 195

Enthalpy of combustion, 174

Enthalpy of mixing, 175

Enthalpy of reaction, 174

Enthalpy of solution, 175

Entropy in thermodynamics, 193–194

Equal-to operator (==) in MATLAB, 251

Equation of state (EOS)

thermodynamics, 203

virial, 209

Equation solving in mathematical software packages, 254

Equilibrium

membrane systems, 208–211

thermodynamics, 79, 197–200

Equilibrium moisture content of exhaust gases, 207–208

Ethylene, 30, 49

Evaporation and drying in separation processes, 71

Excel program

adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 178–179

conversion in series reaction systems, 237, 239

diffusion equilibrium in membrane systems, 210–211

equation solving, 254

flow rate, average velocity, and Reynolds number, 134–135

friction factor for pipe flow, 124–126

natural gas combustion, 156–157

rate constant determination, 230–231

shear force on pipe walls, 138–139

viscosity of fluids, 128–130

Exhaust gases

adiabatic flame temperature, 175–181

equilibrium moisture content, 207–208

Exothermic processes, 174

Extensive properties

enthalpies, 171

thermodynamics, 193

F

Fanning friction factor, 123n

Feed in separation processes, 66–67

Fertilizer products

overview, 31–32

production volume, 41

First law of thermodynamics, 167

First-order reactions, 220

Fischer-Tropsch process, 46

Flame temperature of exhaust gases, 175–181

Flash drums, 92

FLOTRAN/ANSYS software, 113

Flow characteristics analysis, 65–66

Flow rates

computations, 133–137

methane, 206–207

Fluid dynamics, 81

Fluid flow

mechanical energy balance for, 119–120

Reynolds number, 122

viscosity, 120–121

Fluid flow computations, 117

flow rate, average velocity, and Reynolds number, 133–137

friction factor for pipe flow, 124–127

qualitative description of flow in conduits, 117–119

quantitative analysis, 119–124

shear force on pipe walls, 137–140

viscosity of fluids, 127–132

Fluid mechanics courses, 80–81

Fluid statics, 81

Food production, fertilizer products for, 32

Fortran programming language, 83, 110–111

Forward difference formulas, 106

Frequency factor in reaction rate, 221

Friction factor

Nikuradse equation, 96

for pipe flow, 123–127

Fugacities in equilibrium, 197–200

Fundamental chemical engineering courses, 77

chemical engineering thermodynamics, 79–80

material and energy balance, 77–79

Fundamental science and mathematics courses, 84

chemistry, 84

general education, 86–87

mathematics, 85–86

physics, 85

G

Gas absorption/stripping in separation processes, 67, 69

Gases

adiabatic flame temperature, 175–181

combustion, 152–159, 181–183

equilibrium moisture content, 207–208

industrial, 29–30

Gauss elimination technique, 103

Gauss-Seidel method, 103

Gay-Lussac law, 202

General education courses, 86–87

Gibbs, J. Willard, 191

Gibbs energy in thermodynamics, 195

Global top 50 chemical companies, 36–40

Goal Seek function in Excel, 124–126, 254

Graduates, engineering, 10–11

Graphing utilities in mathematical software packages, 254

Growth of chemical business, 52–53

H

Haber, Fritz, 47, 58

Haber-Bosch process, 58

Hagen, G., 123

Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 123

Heat capacity in energy balance, 170–173

Heat effects in chemical reactions, 185–186

Heat of combustion, 174

Heat of reaction, 174

Heat of solution, 175

Heat recovery from combustion gases, 181–183

Heat transfer area calculations, 183–185

Helmholtz, Herrmann, 195n

Helmholtz energy, 195

Heterogeneous reactions, 219

High productivity in chemical industries, 51

Higher-order differential equations, 98

Homogeneous reactions, 219

Hoover Dam, 4–5

Hydrogen

production, 45–46

synthesis of ammonia, 57–61

Hydrogenation, 46

I

Ideal behavior in simulation software, 269–270

Ideal gas law, 202

Important chemical products, 40

ammonia, 46–47

benzene, toluene, and xylenes, 49–50

caustic soda and chlorine, 42–44

ethylene and propylene, 49

hydrogen and carbon dioxide, 45–46

nitrogen and oxygen, 44–45

soda ash, 48

sulfuric acid, 40–42

Independent variables

ordinary differential equations, 99

regression analysis, 101

Indus Valley Civilization water reservoir, 8–9

Industrial gases

overview, 29–30

production volume, 41

Initial conditions in ordinary differential equations, 99

Inorganic chemicals

description, 29

production volume, 41

Integral equations, 100–101

Integration, 106–107

Intensive properties

enthalpies, 171

thermodynamics, 193

Internal energy (U)

description, 168

in thermodynamics, 193–194

International Labor Organization, 27

Interp function in Mathcad, 131–132

Interpolation, 101–102

Intrinsic kinetics

chemical reaction engineering, 64

reaction rate parameters, 219–221

Irreversible processes in thermodynamics, 196

Isobaric processes, 82

Isochores in P-T diagrams, 202

Isochoric processes, 82

Isolated systems in thermodynamics, 192

Isothermal processes, 82

Isothermally operated reactors, 221–222

Isotherms in P-V diagrams, 201

Iterative successive substitution method, 105

K

Keypunch machines, 110–111

Kinetic energy (KE), 168

Kinetics computations, 217

batch and continuous reactors, 221–223

concepts, 218–219

considerations, 229

conversion, 227–229

conversion in CSTRs, 233–236

conversion in series reaction systems, 236–239

intrinsic kinetics and reaction rate parameters, 219–221

rate constant, 230–233

reactor design, 224–227

L

Laminar flow reactors (LFRs), 223

Laminar flows, velocity profiles in, 118–119

Landis, R. B., 2

Large-scale engineering activities, 4

Latent heat, 172

Laws of thermodynamics, 82

Least squares regression formulas, 106

LeBlanc process, 48

Lee, Yuan T., 217

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 91

Leiden form, 214

LEQ solver in POLYMATH program, 254

Levenspiel plots, 227

Limiting reactants, conversion of, 227–228

Linear algebraic equations, 92, 103–104

Linear regression, 101–102

Liquid-liquid extraction in separation processes, 69–70

Log tables, 108–109

Logarithms, 108–109

lsolve function in Mathcad, 156

M

Mainframe computers, 110

Maintenance engineers, 18

Manipulated variables in process control, 74

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Surveys (MECS), 51

Manufacturing/production engineers, 17–18

Maple computing package, 112, 254

Marketing engineers, 18

Mass basis in computations, 150

Material and energy transfer equipment design and operation, 62

Material balance computations, 143

algebraic equations, 93

multiple process units, 159–163

nonreacting systems, 146–151

quantitative principles, 143–146

reacting systems, 151–159

Material courses, 77–79

Mathcad computing package, 112

adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 179–181

comparisons with other packages, 253–257

conversion in CSTRs, 234–236

conversion in series reaction systems, 237–239

flow rate, average velocity, and Reynolds number, 135–137

friction factor for pipe flow, 126–127

natural gas combustion, 156, 158–159

rate constant determination, 231–232

shear force on pipe walls, 139–140

viscosity of fluids, 130–132

Mathematica computing package, 112, 254

Mathematical software packages, 247

comparisons, 253–257

CSTR example, 247–253

equation solving, symbolic computations, plots, and regression, 254

programming, 255

user interface and ease of use, 255–256

variables and operations, 253–254

Mathematics courses, 84–86

MATLAB computing package, 112

comparisons with other packages, 253–257

CSTR example, 250–253

Maturity of chemical industry, 40

Mean residence time in batch reactors, 226

Measured variables in process control, 75

Mechanical energy, 168

Mechanical energy balance, 119–120, 169

Mechanical engineering

description, 11

graduates, 10

MECS (Manufacturing Energy Consumption Surveys), 51

Membrane cells, 42–43

Membrane separations, 71

Membrane systems, diffusion equilibrium in, 208–211

Mercury cells, 42

Methane

ammonia synthesis, 159–163

combustion, 152–159

volumetric flow rate, 206–207

MFRs (mixed flow reactors)

in continuous reactors, 222

design, 224–225

Microchips, 5

Microelectronics industry as career choice, 20

Minimization of the sum of squared errors, 106

MINVERSE function in Excel, 156

Mixed flow reactors (MFRs)

in continuous reactors, 222

design, 224–225

MMULT function in Excel, 156

Modelica software, 113

Models, 91

Moisture content in exhaust gases, 207–208

Molar basis in computations, 150

Molar flow rates

algebraic equations, 93

reactor design, 226

Molar volume in methane flow rate, 206–207

Mole fractions in algebraic equations, 92–93

Multiple process units, material balances over, 159–163

Multiple regression, 101

N

NAICS (North American Industry Classification System), 28–29

National Science Foundation statistics, 19

Natural gas

adiabatic flame temperature, 175–181

combustion of, 152–159

Natural laws, 6

Nernst, Walther, 58

Newton-Raphson technique, 104–105

Newtonian fluids, 121

Newton’s law of viscosity, 121

Nikuradse equation

fluid flow calculations, 95–96

fluid flow friction factor, 123

Nitrogen

fertilizer products, 32

as industrial gas, 30

production, 44–45

synthesis of ammonia, 57–61

NLE solver in POLYMATH program, 249, 254

No-slip condition in fluid flow, 120

Non-Newtonian fluids, 121

Nonideality in thermodynamics, 203–204

Nonlinear regression, 101

Nonreacting systems, material balance computations in, 146–151

Nth-order polynomials, 105

O

Occupational Outlook Handbook, 19

Oil companies, 40

Open systems in thermodynamics, 192

Operations in mathematical packages, 253–254

Orders in reaction rate, 220

Ordinary differential equations

mathematical software packages, 254

overview, 97–99

Organic chemicals

description, 30–31

production volume, 41

Ostwald, Wilhelm, 58

Overall energy balance, 169

Overall material balance, 144–145

Oxygen

as industrial gas, 30

production, 44–45

synthesis of ammonia, 59

P

P-T (pressure-temperature) diagrams, 201–202

P-V (pressure-volume) diagrams, 196–197, 201

Packed bed reactors (PBRs)

description, 223

design, 225

Paper products, 34–35

Partial differential equations, 99–100

Path functions in thermodynamics, 196

Pauling, Linus, 57

PBRs (packed bed reactors)

description, 223

design, 225

Peclet number (Pe), 243

Personal computers (PCs), 110

Petrochemicals, 30–31

Petroleum products, 35

PFRs (plug flow reactors)

conversion, 228

design, 225–227

uses, 222–223

Pharmaceutical industry as career choice, 20

Pharmaceutical products, 34

Phase equilibrium in thermodynamics, 198–200

Phosphatic fertilizers, 32

Phosphorus in fertilizer products, 32

Physical separations in chemical engineering definition, 14

Physics courses, 85

Pilot plant engineers, 16–17

Pipe flow

friction factor for, 124–127

shear force on walls, 137–140

Plant engineers, 18

Plastic products, 32–35

PLOT command in MATLAB, 251–252

Plots in mathematical software packages, 254

Plug flow reactors (PFRs)

conversion, 228

design, 225–227

uses, 222–223

Poise unit of viscosity, 121

Poiseuille, J. L., 123

Polyesters, 30

POLYMATH program

comparisons with other packages, 253–257

CSTR example, 248–250

Polymer products, 30, 32–34

Polynomial equations, 94–95, 104–105

Pont du Gard bridge, 8

Potash, 32

Potassium in fertilizer products, 32

Potential energy (PE), 168

Power-law model, 220–221

Pressure

drop across flow conduits, 122–124

enthalpies, 171

Pressure differential in fluid flow, 121

Pressure-temperature (P-T) diagrams, 201–202

Pressure-volume (P-V) diagrams, 196–197, 201

PRO-II software, 113, 260, 263–268

Process control

chemical engineer responsibilities, 62–63

courses, 73–76

Process design courses, 76–77

Process design engineers, 17

Process engineers, 19

Processes

enthalpy changes in, 173–175

simulation software. See Simulation software

Procurement and construction stage of projects, 16

Product diversity in chemical industries, 51

Product properties and uses in chemical industries, 51

Production capacity in chemical industries, 50

Programming

courses, 83–84

languages, 110–111

mathematical software packages, 255

Project stages, 15–16

Properties

in chemical industries, 51

enthalpies, 171

thermodynamics, 192–193, 195–197

Propylene, 30, 49

ProSimPlus software, 113, 260

Punched cards, 111

Q

Quadratic formula, 104

Qualitative description of flow in conduits, 117–119

Quantitative analysis of fluid flow, 119–124

Quantitative principles

energy balance, 167–175

material balance, 143–146

R

R&D (research and development) engineers, 16

Rankine, William John Macquorn, 167

Rankine cycle, 167n

Rate constant determination, 230–233

Rate processes in chemical engineering definition, 13

Reacting systems, material balance computations in, 151–159

Reaction rate

chemical reaction engineering, 64

kinetics parameters, 219–221

Reactions in chemical engineering definition, 14

Reactor design and operation

batch and continuous reactors, 221–223

chemical engineer responsibilities, 61, 64–65

considerations, 229

conversion, 227–229

overview, 224–227

Reactor volume in integral equations, 100–101

Reference state in energy balance, 170–171

Regress function in Mathcad, 131

Regression analysis

mathematical software packages, 254

overview, 101–102

solution algorithms, 106

Research and development (R&D) engineers, 16

Residence time distribution, 243

Resin products, 32–34

Responsibilities and functions of chemical engineers, 14–19, 61–63

Reversible processes in thermodynamics, 196

Reynolds, Osborne, 122

Reynolds number

computations, 133–137

fluid flow, 122

Nikuradse equation, 96

Rhizobia family, 58

Richardson, Lewis Fry, 117

Roles and responsibilities of chemical engineers, 14–19, 61–63

Roots of equations, 104–105

Rubber products, 32–35

S

Salary and benefits data, 21–22

Sales engineers, 18–19

Saturation pressure, 208

Scale of engineering activities, 4

Science courses. See Engineering science courses; Fundamental science and mathematics courses

Science for common man, engineering for, 6

Scientific knowledge in engineering, 3–4

Second-order ordinary differential equations, 99

Second-order reactions, 220

Selectivity in series reaction systems, 236–239

Semibatch mode reactions, 223

Sensible heat change, 172

Separation

in chemical engineering definition, 14

courses, 66–72

by distillation, 148–150

equipment design and operation, 61–62

Series reaction systems, conversion and selectivity in, 236–239

Setpoints in process control, 74–75

Shear stress

fluid flow, 121

on pipe walls, 137–140

Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 50

SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) system, 28

Silicon wafers, 4–5

Simulation software, 259–260

adiabatic flash operation, 260–261

analysis of results, 268–270

overview, 113

solution procedure, 263–268

theoretical background, 261–263

Slide rules, 108, 110

Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation, 261–262, 268–269

Society-at-large benefits of engineering, 3

Soda ash, 48

Sodium carbonate, 48

Sodium sesquicarbonate in soda ash production, 48

Software, 110–111

computing packages, 112

COMSOL package, 112

mathematical packages. See Mathematical software packages

process simulation software, 113

spreadsheets, 111–112

Solution algorithms, 102

adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 176–178

conversion in series reaction systems, 237

derivatives and differential equations, 105–106

flow rate, average velocity, and Reynolds number, 133–134

integration, 106–107

linear algebraic equations, 103–104

polynomial and transcendental equations, 104–105

regression analysis, 106

shear force on pipe walls, 137–138

simulation software, 263–270

Solvay process, 48

Solver utility in Excel, 124n, 254

Species transformation in chemical engineering definition, 13–14

Specific volume in thermodynamics, 193

Spreadsheet programs, 111–112

adiabatic flame temperature of exhaust gases, 178–179

conversion in series reaction systems, 237, 239

diffusion equilibrium in membrane systems, 210–211

flow rate, average velocity, and Reynolds number, 134–135

friction factor for pipe flow, 124–126

natural gas combustion, 156–157

rate constant determination, 230–231

shear force on pipe walls, 138–139

viscosity of fluids, 128–130

SRK (Soave-Redlich-Kwong) equation, 261–262, 268–269

SSE (sum of squared errors), 106

Standard enthalpy change, 174

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, 28

Standard state in energy balance, 170–171

Start-up engineers, 17

State, in thermodynamics, 192–193, 196–197

Steady-state continuous reactors, 222

Steam cracking, 49

Steam in ammonia synthesis, 159–163

Steam pipes temperature, 98–99

Stoichiometric tables, 228

Stripping in separation processes, 67, 69

Substances, volumetric behavior of, 200–203

Sulfuric acid, 40–42

Sum of squared errors (SSE), 106

Surroundings in thermodynamics, 192

Survey of Industrial Chemistry, 50

Symbols in mathematical packages, 254

Syntax in computational packages, 112, 253–254

Synthesis gas (syngas), 46

Synthesis of ammonia, 57–61

Systems in thermodynamics, 192–193

T

Technical sales engineers, 18

Technical services engineers, 18

Technicians, 7–8

Technologists, 7

Technology, engineering for, 6–7

Temperature

enthalpies, 171

heat capacity, 172

process control, 75

reaction rate, 220

steam pipes, 98–99

Theoretical background in simulation software, 261–263

Thermodynamics computations, 191–192

basic problems, 204–205

chemical potential and equilibrium, 197–200

concepts, 192

diffusion equilibrium in membrane systems, 208–211

equilibrium moisture content of exhaust gases, 207–208

internal energy and entropy, 193–194

nonideality, 203–204

property changes in transformations, 195–197

system definition, properties, and state, 192–193

volumetric behavior of substances, 200–203

volumetric flow rate of methane, 206–207

Thermodynamics courses, 79–83

Thermoplastics, 33

Thiele modulus, 242

Toluene, 49–50

Top 50 chemical companies, 36–40

Total volume in thermodynamics, 193

Transcendental equations, 95–97, 104–105

Transfer functions in process control, 74

Transformation content, 194

Transformations

in chemical engineering definition, 13–14

thermodynamics computations, 195–197

Transport phenomena courses, 72–73

Trendlines in Excel program, 129

Tubular reactors, 222

Turbulent flows, velocity profiles in, 118–119

U

U.S. News & World Report survey, 1

Uniform product functionality, 51

User interface in mathematical software packages, 255–256

V

van der Waals equation

cubic equation, 95

thermodynamics, 203

Variables

mathematical packages, 253–254

ordinary differential equations, 99

POLYMATH program, 249

process control, 74

regression analysis, 101

VBA (Visual Basic–based) environments, 255

Velocity profiles in laminar and turbulent flows, 118–119

Virial EOS, 209

Viscosity

computations, 127–132

fluid flow, 120–121

Volume in reactor design, 225

Volumetric behavior

substances, 200–203

thermodynamics, 79, 193

Volumetric flow rate of methane, 206–207

Volumetric properties in thermodynamics, 193

W

Water-gas shift reaction, 45

Water reservoir in Dholavira, 8–9

What-if Analysis in Excel, 124

X

Xylenes, 49–50

Z

Zero-order reactions, 220–221