Index

Page numbers in italics denote figures and in bold denote tables.

absorption

light 121

radiation 6

sound 108–9, 109, 111

absorptivity 6

ach see air changes per hour (ach)

acoustic performance of buildings 105–6

acoustic vents 68, 113

active radon protection measures 58–60, 59

ADF see average daylight factor (ADF)

admittance 28, 28, 29

advection 6

Aerogel 10, 11

air changes per hour (ach) 50, 54

air conditioning 47, 82

air infiltration 8, 14, 24, 48–51, 49

assessing 50, 50

and energy efficiency 48, 50, 50

minimising 18, 23, 24, 51

and moisture 52, 53, 78

air permeability 50, 50

air spaces

and air infiltration 51

beneficial air currents in 52

heat transfer 7–8, 8, 19, 19

moisture in 52, 53

thermal resistance 8, 8, 19, 19

air supply

for combustion 56

for health and comfort 53–6, 54, 60

for moderating temperature 57

for radon protection 57–60, 59

see also ventilation

air temperature 3

airborne sound transmission 104, 104

measuring 107

reducing 110, 111, 112, 112, 113

aircrete blocks 3, 5, 27

aluminium 5

ambient noise 110

argon-filled glazing 20, 21

artificial lighting 129–31

atmosphere 43

atmospheric pressure 42, 43

atriums 64, 64

attenuating ductwork 68

autoclaved aerated concrete blocks 3, 5, 27

average daylight factor (ADF) 128, 129, 129

background ventilation 60, 62, 63

badgir 65, 65

balanced flue appliances 56

balanced ventilation systems 66, 67, 86

becquerel 57

boilers 56

breather membranes 51

brick 3, 5, 27, 79, 102, 108

British Geological Survey 58

building elements

heat transfer at surfaces 9, 9

heat transfer through 13–14, 13

cancer 57, 125

candela 122

capillary action 78, 83

carbon dioxide 54, 54, 56, 60

carbon monoxide 54, 55, 56

cavities see air spaces

centre pane U-value 16

CFLs see compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)

changeover ventilation 67

Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) 92

circadian systems 125

climate 43

climatic data 92

closed-cell insulants 10, 11, 11, 17, 18

cochlea 103, 103, 109

colour 123–4, 124

colour blindness 125

colour rendering 124, 127, 129, 131

colour rendering index (CRI) 124

colour temperatures 123, 124

combined method 14, 15, 15

communication, and noise 105, 110, 114–15, 114, 115

compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) 131

complementary ventilation 67

computer modelling

linear thermal transmittance 16

thermal transmittance 14

ventilation design 61

whole building energy performance 37

concrete 5, 28, 79, 108

concrete blocks 3, 5, 27, 79, 108

condensation 76, 83

assessing risk 90–2

interstitial 52, 88–98, 90

and night radiative cooling 9, 86, 93

preventing 86–7, 87, 92–6, 95, 97

surface 84–8, 85, 87

temperature factor 86, 88

and thermal bridging 12

conduction 4, 7, 10, 16

conductivities see thermal conductivities

convection 5–6, 5, 7–8, 9, 10, 16

convection currents 7–8, 9

cookers 56

cool roofs 35

cooling

night radiative 9, 86, 93

reducing demand 34–6, 34, 36

and thermal mass 35, 57, 65, 65

and ventilation 57, 60

CRI see colour rendering index (CRI)

cross-ventilation 62, 63

cylindrical illuminance 127, 131

damp-proof courses 83

damp-proof membranes 83

day length 121, 122

daylighting 35, 127–9, 128, 129

decrement delay 29, 29, 30, 35

decrement factor 29, 29

density 3, 3

design temperature 3

dew point temperature 76, 84–5, 85, 89, 90

diffuse lighting 127, 131

diffusion 51, 78–9, 89–90, 90

directional lighting 127, 131

Door Energy Rating 16

double glazing 20, 21, 21, 111

draughts 48, 68

dry bulb thermometers 76

dynamic insulation systems 52

dynamic simulation modelling (DSM) 37

dynamic stiffness 111, 111

dynamic thermal mass analysis 27–30, 27, 28, 29, 30

ear, human 103, 103, 109

electromagnetic radiation (EMR) 6, 120, 120, 121

emissivity 6, 19, 19

energy efficiency

and air infiltration 48, 50, 50

see also whole building energy performance

enthalpy 76

environmental hazards 48

equivalent area 56

evaporation 76

expanded polystyrene (EPS) 10, 11, 79

external pressure coefficient 45

extract-only ventilation systems 66, 67

extraction 56, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 86, 87, 93, 96, 97

extreme weather events 48

extruded polystyrene (XPS) 10, 11, 11, 18, 79

eye, human 125

fibrous insulants 3, 10, 11, 11, 18, 27, 79

and moisture 17, 89

sound absorption 111, 111

flanking sound transmission 104, 104, 111, 112–13

floor coverings, sound absorption 108

floors

heat loss 14, 14, 16

k-values 25

sound transmission 111, 112, 112, 113

thermal insulation 18

fluorescent lamps 131

foamed glass insulation 10

free area of vent 56

frequency 102, 105–6, 106

g-values 21

gas laws 42

gases 42–3, 43

Glaser method 91

glazing

condensation 86

double or triple 20, 21, 21, 111

light transmittance 21

low-emissivity coatings 20, 21, 22

solar gain 21–2

sound absorption 108

sound transmission 111

spectrally selective coatings 22

speed of sound in 102

thermal conductivity 5

thermal performance 16, 20–1, 21

granite 5

graphite-enhanced polystyrene insulation 10, 11

green roofs 113

ground

heat transfer 14, 14, 16

moisture 83

‘guarded hot box’ techniques 14

halogen lamps 131

health and comfort

air supply 53–6, 54, 60

and light 125

and moisture 56, 81–2, 82

and noise 109

radon gas 57–60, 58, 59

hearing 103, 103, 109

heat

definition 2

latent 2, 35, 76

sensible 2

see also temperature

heat capacity 3, 3

heat exchangers 69

heat recovery 61

heat transfer

advection 6

air spaces 7–8, 8, 19, 19

in building elements 13–14, 13

conduction 4, 7, 10, 16

convection 5–6, 5, 7–8, 9, 10, 16

ground 14, 14, 16

junctions 16, 22–3, 22, 23

openings 16, 20–2, 21

party walls 24, 24

radiation 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 20

in solids 6, 7

at surfaces of building elements 9, 9

thermal bridging 12, 12, 15, 18, 19, 19, 23, 88

and ventilation 69

heating demand, reducing 32–3, 33, 50, 50

horizontal illuminance 131

house dust mites 84

House of Commons 47

hydrostatic forces 78

illuminance 122, 123

cylindrical 127, 131

horizontal 131

lighting 126, 130, 131, 136–7

impact sound transmission 104, 104

measuring 107

reducing 110, 111, 111, 112, 112, 113

incandescent lamps 131

infiltration see air infiltration

infrared 9, 120, 121

insulation

sound 111, 111, 112, 112, 113

see also thermal insulation

internal pressure coefficient 45

interstitial condensation 52, 88–98, 90

assessing risk 90–2

preventing 92–6, 95, 97

ionising radiation 57

junctions

and air infiltration 23, 51

heat transfer 16, 22–3, 22, 23

moisture penetration 83

sound transmission 112–13

surface condensation 86

temperature factor 86, 88

k-values 25, 25, 26

latent heat 2, 35, 76

latitude 121, 122

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) 131

light 120, 120

absorption 121

colour 123–4, 124

and health 125

intensity 122–3, 123

and materials 121

physiological effects of 125

psychological effects of 125

transmission 121

ultraviolet 9, 120, 121, 125

wavelength 120, 120, 123

see also solar radiation

light reflectance values (LRV) 127

light transmittance 21

lighting

artificial 129–31

colour rendering 127, 129, 131

daylighting 35, 127–9, 128, 129

diffuse 127, 131

directional 127, 131

illuminance 126, 130, 131, 136–7

modelling 127, 129, 131

and reflectance 127, 129

visual contrast of surfaces 127

linear thermal transmittance 16

lintels 23

loudness 105–7, 106

low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 58

low-emissivity coatings 20, 21, 22

low-emissivity surfaces 19, 19

LRV see light reflectance values (LRV)

lumen method 130

luminaires 130, 131

luminous efficacy 130, 131

luminous flux 122

luminous intensity 122

lung cancer 57

lux 122

manufactured homes 93

mass-enhanced U-values 30

mechanical ventilation 60, 61, 64, 66–9, 66

melanoma 125

metals 3, 5, 27, 79, 102

mineral fibre insulation see fibrous insulants

mixed-mode ventilation 60, 61, 67–8

mobile homes 93

moisture

in air spaces 52, 53

bulk air movement 78, 90

capillary action 78, 83

dew point temperature 76, 84–5, 85, 89, 90

diffusion 51, 78–9, 89–90, 90

extraction 56, 62, 64, 66, 67, 86, 87, 93, 96, 97

ground 83

and health and comfort 56, 81–2, 82

house dust mites 84

moisture content 74

mould growth 83–4, 89

penetration 83

percentage saturation 75, 81

psychrometric charts 76–7, 77, 81, 82, 82

relative humidity 74–5, 75, 76, 77, 84

saturation vapour pressure (SVP) 74–5, 75, 89, 91

sources of in buildings 80–1, 81

and temperature 74–5, 75, 76, 77

and thermal insulation 11, 17, 89

vapour control layers (VCLs) 79–80, 79, 95–6, 95

vapour pressure 74, 75, 76, 78, 91

vapour resistance 78–80, 79, 89–90, 90, 94–6

see also condensation

mould growth 83–4, 89

mucous membrane irritation 55, 56

natural ventilation 44, 60, 61–4, 62

negative pressure ventilation 66, 67

night radiative cooling 9, 86, 93

nitrogen oxide 55

no-sky line 128, 128

noise

ambient 110

and communication 105, 110, 114–15, 114, 115

and health 109

nuisance 109

reducing 110–13, 111, 112

ventilation systems 68

Noise Criteria (NC) curves 107

noise curves 107

Noise Rating (NR) curves 107

numerical modelling

linear thermal transmittance 16

thermal transmittance 14

octave bands 105–6, 106

odours 55, 56, 60

openings

daylight penetration 128, 128

heat transfer 16, 20–2, 21

shading 32, 32

solar gain 21–2, 32, 32, 35

operative temperature 3

orientation, and solar gain 31, 31, 32

oriented strandboard (OSB) 79, 95

overheating, mitigating 32, 32, 34–6, 36

oxygen 54

ozone 54, 55

partial pressure 43

party walls

heat transfer 24, 24

sound transmission 111

passive radon protection measures 58, 59

Passivhaus standard 50

peak velocity pressure 45

percentage saturation 75, 81

phase change materials (PCMs) 35–6, 36, 57

phenolic insulation 10, 11

photometric data sheets 130

physiological effects of light 125

PIR see polyisocyanurate (PIR)

plaster 3, 27, 28

plasterboard 3, 5, 27, 79, 108

plywood sheathing 79

pollutants 54–5, 55, 60, 61

polyisocyanurate (PIR) 3, 10, 11, 11, 27, 79

polyurethane (PU) 10, 11

positive pressure ventilation 60, 66, 67

pressure 42–3, 43

atmospheric 42, 43

partial 43

peak velocity 45

saturation vapour 74–5, 75, 89, 91

sound 102, 103

vapour 74, 75, 76, 78, 91

wind loads 44, 44, 45, 45

pressure testing 50

privacy 109, 110

psychological effects of light 125

psychrometric charts 76–7, 77, 81, 82, 82

PU see polyurethane (PU)

purge ventilation 60

qanat 65, 65

radiation heat transfer 6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 20

radiative temperature 3

radioactivity 57

radon gas 57–60, 58, 59

radon-resistant membranes 58, 59, 60

radon sumps 59, 60

reflectance 34–5, 121, 127, 129

reflection 121

reflective solar coatings 34–5

Reid, David 47

relative humidity 74–5, 75, 76, 77, 84

respiration 54, 54

retina 125

reverberation see sound reverberation

rigidity 111, 111

rising damp 83

rooflights 129

roofs

cool 35

green 113

heat loss 9

k-values 25

moisture penetration 83

reflective solar coatings 35

sound transmission 113

Room Criterion (RC) curves 107

sandstone 5

saturation vapour pressure (SVP) 74–5, 75, 89, 91

seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 125

sensible heat 2

service penetrations

air infiltration 51

sound transmission 113

shading 32, 32

silencers 68

single-sided ventilation 46, 47, 62, 63

skin cancer 125

skylight 128

smoking 55–6

snow 83

solar gain 9–10, 31–2

and condensation 92

minimising 32, 32, 34–6, 36

openings 21–2, 32, 32, 35

and orientation 31, 31, 32

reflective solar coatings 34–5

and shading 32, 32

trombe walls 52

solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) 21

solar radiation 9–10, 20, 21–2, 31–2, 31, 32, 52, 121

see also daylighting

sound

absorption 108–9, 109, 111

ambient noise 110

and communication 105, 110, 114–15, 114, 115

frequency 102, 105–6, 106

and health 109

loudness 105–7, 106

nuisance 109

pressure 102, 103

privacy 109, 110

speed 102, 102

waves 102, 103

sound insulation 111, 111, 112, 112, 113

sound pressure level (SPL) 105, 106

sound reverberation 104, 105, 110

measuring 108–9

reducing 111, 114–15, 114, 115

sound transmission 104, 104

measuring 107–8

reducing 110–13, 111, 112

ventilation systems 68, 113

spalling 83

specific heat capacity 3, 3

spectrally selective coatings 22

SPL see sound pressure level (SPL)

stack effect 46, 46, 48, 56, 63, 65, 65

stack ventilation 62, 62, 63–4, 64, 65, 65

standard temperature and pressure (STP) 42

steady state analysis 37

interstitial condensation 91, 92

thermal mass 25, 25, 26

steel 3, 5, 27, 102

steradian 122

structural insulated panels (SIPs) 51

sun 121, 122

sun pipes 129

sunlight 128

see also daylighting; solar radiation

supply-only ventilation systems 66, 67

surface condensation 84–8, 85, 87

surface delay 30

surface factor 30

surface resistances 9, 9

SVP see saturation vapour pressure (SVP)

swing psychrometers 76

temperature 2–3

colour 123, 124

and comfort 81–2, 82

dew point 76, 84–5, 85, 89, 90

dry bulb 76

and relative humidity 74–5, 75, 76, 77

and surface condensation 84–5, 85

wet bulb 76

temperature factor 86, 88

thermal analysis software 14

thermal bridging 12, 12, 15, 18, 19, 19, 23, 88

thermal conductivities 4, 5

and thermal bridging 18

thermal insulation 4, 5, 10, 11, 11, 12

water 11

thermal diffusivity 27, 27

thermal effusivity 27, 27

thermal insulation

admittance 28

compressive strength 18

dynamic thermal performance 27

heat capacity 3

installation 18

and moisture 11, 17, 89

selection 17–18

structural insulated panels (SIPs) 51

thermal conductivities 4, 5, 10, 11, 11, 12

types 10

U-values 28

vapour resistivity 79

thermal mass 3

and condensation 86, 93

and cooling 35, 57, 65, 65

dynamic analysis 27–30, 27, 28, 29, 30

and heating 33

steady state analysis 25, 25, 26

trombe walls 52

thermal resistance 6, 7, 15

of air spaces 8, 8, 19, 19

thermal transmittance 13, 13, 14, 15

linear 16

timber-framed walls

condensation 89–90, 90, 94, 95

k-values 25

timber/wood 3, 5, 27, 102

time factor 30

tobacco smoke 55–6

transient analysis of interstitial condensation 91–2

transmission

light 121

see also sound transmission

transpired solar collectors 52

trickle vents 47, 62, 63

triple glazing 20, 21, 21, 111

trombe walls 52

troposphere 43

tympanic membrane 103, 103

U-values 13, 13, 28

calculation 14, 15

direct measurement 14

glazing 16, 21

mass-enhanced 30

ultraviolet light 9, 120, 121, 125

vapour control layers (VCLs) 79–80, 79, 95–6, 95

vapour open membranes 79–80, 79

vapour permeability 78, 79

vapour permeance 78

vapour pressure 74, 75, 76, 78, 91

vapour resistance 78–80, 79, 89–90, 90, 94–6

vapour resistivity 78–9, 79

VCLs see vapour control layers (VCLs)

ventilation 48, 60–1

background 60, 62, 63

cross-ventilation 62, 63

design considerations 68–9

draughts 68

for health and comfort 53–6, 54, 60

heat loss 69

mechanical 60, 61, 64, 66–9, 66

mixed-mode 60, 61, 67–8

moisture extraction 56, 62, 64, 66, 67, 86, 87, 93, 96, 97

natural 60, 61–4, 62

negative pressure 66, 67

noise 68

positive pressure 60, 66, 67

purge 60

for radon protection 57–60, 59

single-sided 46, 47, 62, 63

sound transmission 68, 113

stack 62, 62, 63–4, 64, 65, 65

wind towers 65, 65

vision 125

volatile organic compounds 54, 55, 55

walls

heat transfer in party walls 24, 24

k-values 25

sound transmission 111

trombe 52

see also thermal mass; timber-framed walls

water

speed of sound in 102

thermal conductivity 11

water vapour see moisture

wavelength of light 120, 120, 123

weather 43

weather station data 92

weighted normalised impact sound pressure level 107

weighted sound reduction index 107

weighted standardised impact sound pressure level 107

weighted standardised level difference 107

wet bulb thermometers 76

whole building energy performance modelling 37

reducing cooling demand 34–6, 34, 36

reducing heating demand 32–3, 33

solar gain 31–2, 31, 32

wind 9, 43, 44–5, 44, 45

loads 44, 44, 45, 45

and natural ventilation 44, 62, 62, 63

speed 44–5

structural effects of 48

wind towers 65, 65

Window Energy Rating 16

windows

cross-ventilation 63

g-values 21

light transmittance 21

solar gain 21–2

sound transmission 111

thermal performance 16, 20–1, 21

see also glazing

World Health Organization 58

XPS see extruded polystyrene (XPS)

zoned ventilation 68