Index
Numbers
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), 142–146
4G/LTE. See cellular technologies
6LoWPAN, 109
802.11ah, 56
A
acceleration sensors, 77
access network sublayer (simplified IoT architectural model), 43, 48–54
cellular technologies, 142–146
competitive technologies, 146
LTE Cat 0, 143
standardization and alliances, 142–143
topologies, 146
communications criteria
constrained-node networks, 104–107
data rate and throughput, 104–105
overhead and payload sizes, 106–107
competitive technologies, 133
physical layer, 131
security, 133
standardization and alliances, 130–131
competitive technologies, 117–118
topologies, 116
competitive technologies, 129
standardization and alliances, 125–126
topologies, 128
IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e, 118–124
competitive technologies, 124
security, 123
standardization and alliances, 119–120
topologies, 123
competitive technologies, 140–141
standardization and alliances, 134–135
ACE (Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments) working group, 173
acid gas, 313
acoustic sensors, 78
in agriculture, 83
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), 111
adaptation of IP
adoption of IP, adaptation versus, 152–154
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), 371–372
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 116–117
agriculture
actuators in, 83
AI (artificial intelligence) in machine learning, 212–213
air quality monitoring in smart cities, 409–411
airline industry, data generation of, 206–207
alliances. See standardization
AMI (advanced metering infrastructure), 371–372
analytics applications. See also data analytics
control applications versus, 59–60
data versus network analytics, 60–61
analytics processing unit (APU), core functions, 232–235
antennas
leaky coax, 475
for wireless mesh topologies, 473–474
antivirus (AV) management use case, 341
AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), 111
Apache Spark, 228
application and analytics layer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44, 59–63
application protocols, transport methods
application layer protocol not present, 180–182
categories of, 180
applications layer
IoT Reference Model, 38
oneM2M, 34
applications requirements in mining, 479–480
APU (analytics processing unit), core functions, 232–235
architecture. See network architecture
artificial intelligence (AI) in machine learning, 212–213
Ashton, Kevin, 4
asset inventory use case, 338–339
asset location tracking use case, 334–335
asset monitoring in oil and gas industry, 341–342
ATSM Standard E2213–03, 432
Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) working group, 173
authentication on constrained nodes, 173
automobile racing, edge streaming analytics in, 230–231
AV (antivirus) management use case, 341
availability in OT security, 261
B
backhaul. See gateways and backhaul network sublayer
back-to-back links, 470
BACnet (Building Automation and Control Network), 16
balancing tier (GridBlocks), 353
BAS (building automation system), 16
Bell, Alexander Graham, 356
big data. See also data analytics
challenge of, 23
edge streaming analytics versus, 231–232
biosensors, 78
Bluetooth for roadways, 427–428
Building Automation and Control Network (BACnet), 16
building automation system (BAS), 16
buses. See mass transit; school bus safety
C
cars
connected cars use case, 421–422
connected fleets use case, 422
cellular technologies, 56, 142–146
competitive technologies, 146
LTE Cat 0, 143
for roadways, 428
standardization and alliances, 142–143
topologies, 146
chemical sensors, 78
CIP (Common Industrial Protocol), 293–294
city layer in smart cities, 394–395
city planning. See smart cities
cloud computing
in data center layer (smart cities), 395–397
on-premises versus, 398
relationship with fog and edge computing, 68–70
cluster star topologies, 52
cluster tree topologies, 52
CNG (compressed natural gas), 313
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), 58–59, 191–196
DICE working group, 173
message fields, 193
MQTT versus, 203
collaboration and processes layer (IoT Reference Model), 38
collaboration in mining, 465
Common Industrial Protocol (CIP), 293–294
communication protocols for WSNs, 92–93
communications criteria for smart object connections, 96
constrained-node networks, 104–107
data rate and throughput, 104–105
overhead and payload sizes, 106–107
communications network layer (simplified IoT architectural model), 43, 46–59. See also IP (Internet Protocol)
access network sublayer, 48–54
gateways and backhaul network sublayer, 54–56
IoT network management sublayer, 58–59
network transport sublayer, 56–58
competitive technologies
for cellular technologies, 146
for IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 133
for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 117–118
for IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 129
for IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 124
for LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 140–141
compressed natural gas (CNG), 313
condensate, 313
confidentiality in OT security, 261
connected buildings use case, 15–19
connected cars use case, 421–422
connected environment use case, 409–411
connected factory use case, 12–15
business improvements, 281
IoT technologies in, 279
network architecture
CPwE (Converged Plantwide Ethernet) reference model, 284–293
IACS (Industrial Automation and Control Systems) reference model, 282–284
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
NAT (Network Address Translation), 300–302
software, ubiquity of, 279–281
connected fleets use case, 422
connected oil field use case, 323–324
connected pipeline use case, 324–325
connected refinery use case, 326
control room networks, 327
wired networks, 328
connected roadways. See roadways
connected stations use case, 446–447
connected street lighting use case, 401–404
connecting smart objects
access technologies
cellular technologies, 142–146
IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e, 118–124
communications criteria, 96
constrained-node networks, 104–107
data rate and throughput, 104–105
overhead and payload sizes, 106–107
connections to IoT, statistics for, 7–8
connectivity challenges in mining, 457–459
connectivity layer (IoT Reference Model), 36–37. See also IP (Internet Protocol)
Connectivity phase, 5
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), 58–59, 191–196
DICE working group, 173
message fields, 193
MQTT versus, 203
constrained nodes, 90
authentication and encryption, 173
IP optimization, 155
constrained-node networks, 104–107. See also LLNs (low-power and lossy networks)
authentication and encryption, 173
constraints
control applications, analytics applications versus, 59–60
control room networks in oil and gas industry, 327
conventional oil and natural gas, 310
Converged Plantwide Ethernet (CPwE) reference model, 284–286
resilient network design, 286–289
convergence in security, 272–273
Core IoT Functional Stack, 43–63
application and analytics layer, 59–63
communications network layer, 46–59
access network sublayer, 48–54
gateways and backhaul network sublayer, 54–56
IoT network management sublayer, 58–59
network transport sublayer, 56–58
cows, sensors on, 19
CPwE (Converged Plantwide Ethernet) reference model, 284–286
resilient network design, 286–289
CSMA/CA (Collision Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance), 108
current differential protection, 364–365
D
DAG (directed acyclic graph), 168–169
daisy-chaining links, 470
data abstraction layer (IoT Reference Model), 38
data accumulation layer (IoT Reference Model), 38
data aggregation in WSNs, 90–91
big data
challenge of, 23, 30, 32, 206–207, 211–212
data in motion versus data at rest, 209
distributed analytics systems, 235–236
edge streaming analytics
machine learning, 212
artificial intelligence in, 212–213
unsupervised learning, 214–215
network analytics versus, 60–61
in oil and gas industry, 341–342
predictive analysis, 220
structured versus unstructured data, 207–208
data at rest, 209
data center layer in smart cities, 395–397
data in motion, 209
data management. See IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
data rate
of access technologies, 104–105
DataNodes, 225
dedicated security appliances, deploying, 269–272
dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), 54–55, 428–434
deep learning, 218
demand response use case, 372–375
demilitarized zone (DMZ), 272
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
descriptive data analysis, 210
destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG), 168–170
device mounting factors for smart objects, 48
diagnostic data analysis, 210
in school bus safety, 511
DICE (DTLS in Constrained Environment) working group, 173
digitization
in oil and gas industry
directed acyclic graph (DAG), 168–169
discrete manufacturing, 281
distributed analytics systems, 235–236
Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3), 183–185, 252
distribution automation use case, 374–376
distribution stage (power utilities), 347
distribution tiers (GridBlocks), 352
DMZ (demilitarized zone), 272
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol), 183–185, 252
DODAG (destination-oriented directed acyclic graph), 168–170
driver behavior monitoring in school bus safety, 510–511
driver safety in mining, 460–461
drivers of network architecture, 29–30
constraints, 32
data analytics, 32
scale, 30
security, 31
dry gas, 313
DSRC (dedicated short-range communication), 54–55, 428–434
DTLS in Constrained Environment (DICE) working group, 173
E
EBRs (enhanced beacon requests), 122
EBs (enhanced beacons), 122
economic impact of smart cities, 386–388
edge computing, 68
in connected factories, 304–306
relationship with fog and cloud computing, 68–70
edge computing layer (IoT Reference Model), 37–38
edge streaming analytics
Edison, Thomas, 356
efficiency
electric utilities. See utilities
electrical actuators, 82
electromagnetic actuators, 83
electromechanical actuators, 82
emergency response IoT architecture, 493–494
mobile command center, 494–501
compute and applications services, 499–501
network and security services, 495–499
mobile vehicles (land, air, sea), 501–506
compute and applications services, 504–506
network and security services, 502–504
encryption on constrained nodes, 173
Enhanced Acknowledgement frame, 122
enhanced beacon requests (EBRs), 122
enhanced beacons (EBs), 122
environmental factors
environmental monitoring in mining, 463–464
ERPS (Ethernet Ring Protection Switching), 289
Ethernet, 56
evolutionary phases of the Internet, 5–6
examples
CoAP URI format, 194
decoding temperature and relative humidity sensor data, 181
show wpan <interface> rpl tree command from Cisco CGR-1000, 172
Extensible Messaging and Presence (XMPP), 58, 190
external vendor dependence, 255–256
F
factories. See also connected factory use case, sensors in, 13–14
FAIR (Factor Analysis of Information Risk), 265–266
FAN (field area network), 49
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), 371–372
benefits of, 370
demand response use case, 372–375
distribution automation use case, 374–376
FFDs (full-function devices), 52
fleets
challenges in, 419
use case, 422
Flexible NetFlow (FNF), 238–242
Flex-LSP, 368
flow analytics
benefits of, 238
Flexible NetFlow (FNF), 238–242
flow records, 240
flow sensors, 77
FNF (Flexible NetFlow), 238–242
FNF Exporter, 240
FNF Flow Monitor, 240
distributed analytics and, 236
relationship with cloud and edge computing, 68–70
in smart cities, 398
force sensors, 77
forwarding in 6TiSCH, 167
fossil fuels. See oil and gas industry
Fragment Forwarding (FF), 167
fragmentation for 6LoWPAN, 162–163
frameworks. See network architecture
frequency bands of access technologies, 98–101
full mesh topologies, 54
full-function devices (FFDs), 52
G
G3-PLC, 129
gas. See oil and gas industry
gas monitoring, economic impact of, 387
gateways and backhaul network sublayer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44, 54–56
generation stage (power utilities), 347
global strategies for smart cities, 389–390
GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), 253, 359, 359–360
GridBlocks reference model, 350–352
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), 371–372
benefits of, 370
demand response use case, 372–375
distribution automation use case, 374–376
primary substation GridBlock, 356–362
resilient network design, 362
system control GridBlock, 363–368
current differential protection, 364–365
H
HAN (home area network), 49
hazardous gas detection in mining, 462
HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System), 224
header compression for 6LoWPAN, 161–162
heavy oils, 311
High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR), 362–363
history
of IoT (Internet of Things), 4–6
of public safety technology adoption, 488–489
home area network (HAN), 49
hop-by-hop scheduling, 166
HSR (High-Availability Seamless Redundancy), 362–363
humidity sensors, 78
hydraulic actuators, 83
I
IACS (Industrial Automation and Control Systems) reference model, 282–284, 286–289
ICCP (Inter-Control Communications Protocol), 252
identity services in connected factories, 303–304
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
IDS/IPS (intrusion detection/prevention systems), 269–270
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) protocols, 253
migration to, 361
IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks
in oil and gas industry, 328–329
IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 130–133
competitive technologies, 133
physical layer, 131
security, 133
standardization and alliances, 130–131
IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 108–118
competitive technologies, 117–118
in mining, 476
in oil and gas industry, 329–332
topologies, 116
IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technology, 118–124
competitive technologies, 124
security, 123
standardization and alliances, 119–120
topologies, 123
IEEE 802.15.4g wireless access technology, 118–124
competitive technologies, 124
security, 123
standardization and alliances, 119–120
topologies, 123
IEEE 802.15.4u wireless access technology, 119
IEEE 802.15.4v wireless access technology, 119
IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 124–130
competitive technologies, 129
standardization and alliances, 125–126
topologies, 128
IEEE P1556 standards, 432
IEs (information elements), 122
IIRA (Industrial Internet Reference Architecture), 40
IMA (Intersection Movement Assist), 10–11
Immersive Experiences phase, 5, 6
Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) reference model, 282–284, 286–289
industrial demilitarized zone (IDMZ), 302–303
Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA), 40
industrial protocols
CIP (Common Industrial Protocol), 293–294
Modbus, 298
MRP (Media Redundancy Protocol), 297–298
Industrial Revolutions, 14
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
NAT (Network Address Translation), 300–302
information elements (IEs), 122
information sharing in public safety, 485–486
inter-agency collaboration, 491–493
public-private partnership in, 486–487
information technology. See IT (information technology)
inherited learning, 218
integrity in OT security, 261
intelligent devices. See smart objects
intelligent nodes. See smart objects
intelligent products. See smart objects
intelligent things. See smart objects
inter-agency collaboration, 491–493
interchange tier (GridBlocks), 353
Inter-Control Communications Protocol (ICCP), 252
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) protocols, 253
Internet, evolutionary phases of, 5–6
Internet of Everything (IoE), 7
Internet of Things. See IoT (Internet of Things)
Internet of Things-Architecture (IoT-A), 40
nternet Protocol. See IP (Internet Protocol)
Internet Protocol for Smart Objects (IPSO) Alliance, 174
interoperability, challenge of, 24
Intersection Movement Assist (IMA), 10–11
intra-control center/intra-data center tier (GridBlocks), 352
intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), 269–270
IoE (Internet of Everything), 7
impact of
smart connected buildings, 15–19
as Internet evolutionary phase, 5, 6
network architecture
constraints of, 32
Core IoT Functional Stack, 43–63
data analytics in, 32
IIRA (Industrial Internet Reference Architecture), 40
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack, 63–70
IoT-A, 40
IT network architecture versus, 28–30
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 40. See also Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy
scale of, 30
security of, 31
simplified IoT architecture, 40–43
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack, 63–70
edge computing, 68
relationship among cloud, edge, fog computing, 68–70
IoT devices. See smart objects
IoT network management sublayer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44, 58–59
IoT World Forum (IoTWF), 35–39
IoT-A (Internet of Things-Architecture), 40
IoTWF (IoT World Forum), 35–39
adoption versus adaptation, 152–154
optimization, 154
constrained nodes, 155
constrained-node networks, 156–157
IPSO (Internet Protocol for Smart Objects) Alliance, 174
IPv6 Forwarding (6F), 167
IPv6 Ready Logo, 175
ISA100.11a, 109
convergence with OT (operational technology), 21–22
device mounting factors, 48
in mobile command center, 499–501
network architecture, IoT network architecture versus, 28–30
power sources, 48
responsibilities in IoT Reference Model, 38–39
K
L
LAN (local area network), 50
last-mile connectivity, 153–154
latency of access technologies, 105–106
leaky coax, 475
legacy device support
security challenges, 250
lifecycle of mines, 450
light sensors, 78
lighting systems
connected street lighting use case, 401–404
lightning monitoring in mining, 461
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 313
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 313
living things, sensors on, 19–21
LLNs (low-power and lossy networks), 104. See also constrained-node networks
data rate and throughput, 104–105
overhead and payload sizes, 106–107
SCADA transport with MAP-T, 188–189
LNG (liquefied natural gas), 313
local area network (LAN), 50
local learning, 218
location of bus in school bus safety, 508–509
location services in mining, 461–464
long range technologies, 98
LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 134–142
competitive technologies, 140–141
standardization and alliances, 134–135
low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). See LLNs (low-power and lossy networks)
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), 313
LPWA (Low-Power Wide-Area), 134, 140–141
LTE Cat 0, 143
LTE variations. See cellular technologies
M
M2M (machine-to-machine) communications, 33
MAC layer
for IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 131–132
for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 114–116
for IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 127–128
for IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 121–123
for LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 136–138
machine learning (ML), 212
artificial intelligence in, 212–213
unsupervised learning, 214–215
machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, 33
MANET (mobile ad hoc network), 496
manufacturing industry
connected factory use case, 12–15
business improvements, 281
CPwE (Converged Plantwide Ethernet) reference model, 284–293
IACS (Industrial Automation and Control Systems) reference model, 282–284
IoT technologies in, 279
software, ubiquity of, 279–281
industrial protocols
CIP (Common Industrial Protocol), 293–294
Modbus, 298
MRP (Media Redundancy Protocol), 297–298
Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), 253, 359
MAP-T (Mapping of Address and Port using Translation), 158, 188–189
market forces in mining, 456
mass transit, 414
challenges in, 416–417, 419–420
security, 441
South American bus example, 420–421
massively parallel processing (MPP) databases, 222–223
master/slave relationships, 184
maximum transmission unit (MTU), 162
mechanical actuators, 82
Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP), 297–298
medium range technologies, 97–98
MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems), 83–84
Mesh Access Point (MAP), 470
mesh addressing for 6LoWPAN, 163–164
mesh topologies, 53–54, 102–103
for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 116
for IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 128
for IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 123
in oil and gas industry, 328–329
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), 59, 196–203
CoAP versus, 203
microactuators, 83
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), 83–84
migration to IEC 61850, 361
mining industry
challenges in
environmental factors, 455, 457–459
OT (operational technology) roles, 456–457
safety, 455
security, 456
volatile markets, 456
lifecycle of mines, 450
applications requirements, 479–480
cellular technologies, 474–475
core network deployment, 478–479
IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks, 468–474
IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 476
isolated versus connected networks, 476–478
in underground mining, 475
security, 466
use cases, 459
collaboration, 465
efficiency improvements, 464–465
mission continuum in public safety, 489–490
mission fabric in public safety, 490–491
mist computing, 68
MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification), 253, 359
mobile ad hoc network (MANET), 496
mobile command center in emergency response architecture, 494–501
compute and applications services, 499–501
network and security services, 495–499
mobile process control network operator use case, 332
mobile vehicles (land, air, sea) in emergency response architecture, 501–506
compute and applications services, 504–506
network and security services, 502–504
motion sensors, 77
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 365–368
MPLS-TE (MPLS Traffic Engineering), 368
MPLS-TP (MPLS Transport Profile), 367
MPP (massively parallel processing) databases, 222–223
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport), 59, 196–203
CoAP versus, 203
MRP (Media Redundancy Protocol), 297–298
mTLS (mutual Transport Layer Security), 401
MTU (maximum transmission unit), 162
multipath fading, 108
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), 365–368
multiservice IoT networks, FNF in, 241–242
mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS), 401
N
NameNodes, 225
NAN (neighborhood area network), 49, 369
nanoactuators, 83
NAT (Network Address Translation) in connected factories, 300–302
natural gas. See oil and gas industry
natural gas liquids (NGL), 313
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT), 142–146
NB-PLC (Narrowband Power Line Communication), 124–130
neighborhood area network (NAN), 49, 369
neighbor-to-neighbor scheduling, 166
NetFlow cache, 240
Network Address Translation (NAT) in connected factories, 300–302
network analytics, 212, 236–238
Flexible NetFlow (FNF), 238–242
flow analytics, benefits of, 238
in connected factories
CPwE (Converged Plantwide Ethernet) reference model, 284–293
IACS (Industrial Automation and Control Systems) reference model, 282–284
constraints, 32
data analytics, 32
scale, 30
security, 31
GridBlocks reference model (for utilities), 350–352
primary substation GridBlock, 356–362
system control GridBlock, 363–368
IIRA (Industrial Internet Reference Architecture), 40
IoT-A, 40
IT versus IoT network architectures, 28–30
applications requirements, 479–480
cellular technologies, 474–475
core network deployment, 478–479
IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks, 468–474
IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 476
isolated versus connected networks, 476–478
underground mining, 475
in oil and gas industry, 326–327
control room networks, 327
wired networks, 328
for public safety, 489
inter-agency collaboration, 491–493
mobile command center, 495–499
mobile vehicles (land, air, sea), 502–504
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 40. See also Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy
security
simplified IoT architecture
Core IoT Functional Stack, 43–63
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack, 63–70
on-premises versus cloud, 398
in transportation industry, 427
network characteristics, OT security and, 259–261
network layer (oneM2M), 35. See also IP (Internet Protocol)
network resiliency. See resilient network design
network security monitoring (NSM), 273
network transport sublayer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44, 56–58. See also IP (Internet Protocol)
NGL (natural gas liquids), 313
NSM (network security monitoring), 273
O
OAuth, 401
objective function (OF), 170
occupancy sensors, 77
OCTAVE (Operationally Critical Threat, Asset and Vulnerability Evaluation), 262–265
office buildings. See buildings
control room networks, 327
wired networks, 328
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 321–323
security
reference architecture, 337–338
requirements, 337
risk control framework, 335–337
use cases
oil sands, 311
oil shales, 311
on-premises, cloud computing versus, 398
OPC (OLE for Process Control), 252
open systems, static systems versus, 61–62
operational technology. See OT (operational technology)
Operationally Critical Threat, Asset and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE), 262–265
optimization in IP, 154
constrained nodes, 155
constrained-node networks, 156–157
convergence with IT (information technology), 21–22
device mounting factors, 48
in mobile command center, 499–501
power sources, 48
responsibilities in IoT Reference Model, 38–39
security
external vendor dependence, 255–256
lack of security knowledge, 256
legacy device support, 250
network architecture, erosion of, 249–250
network characteristics and, 259–261
priorities, 261
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 257–259
risk assessment frameworks, 262–266
outstations, 184
overhead of access technologies, 106–107
P
PAN (personal area network), 49
Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), 361–362
parking. See smart parking
partial mesh topologies, 54
passive defense, 341
patch management use case, 340
payload sizes of access technologies, 106–107
PCNs (process control networks). See oil and gas industry
peer-to-peer topologies, 52, 102–103
personal area network (PAN), 49
personnel safety use case, 334
phased approach to OT security, 266–273
physical layer. See also actuators; sensors; smart objects
for IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 131
for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 113–114
for IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 126–127
for IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 120–121
IoT Reference Model, 36
for LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 135–136
simplified IoT architectural model, 43, 44–46
plant turnaround use case, 333
pneumatic actuators, 83
point-to-multipoint topologies, 52
point-to-point topologies, 51
population growth statistics for cities, 385–386
position sensors, 77
power sources
of access technologies, 101–102
for smart objects, 48
power utilities. See utilities
predictive asset monitoring in oil and gas industry, 341–342
prescriptive analysis, 210
pressure sensors, 77
primary substation GridBlock, 356–362
migration to, 361
resilient network design, 362
PRIME, 129
priorities of OT security, 261
privacy, challenge of, 23
process bus, IEC 61850, 360–361
process control networks (PCNs). See oil and gas industry
process manufacturing, 281
PROFINET (Process Field Net), 294–296
prosumer tier (GridBlocks), 352
protection, 364
protocol stacks for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 108–112
PRP (Parallel Redundancy Protocol), 361–362
public safety, 484
emergency response IoT architecture, 493–494
mobile command center, 494–501
mobile vehicles (land, air, sea), 501–506
framework for, 489
inter-agency collaboration, 491–493
history of technology adoption in, 488–489
information sharing in, 485–486
public-private partnership in, 486–487
school bus safety, 508
bus and student location, 508–509
diagnostic data analysis, 511
driver behavior monitoring, 510–511
push-to-talk communication, 513
Wi-Fi availability, 513
public-private partnership in public safety, 486–487
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 40, 257–259
in oil and gas industry, 321–323
push-to-talk communication in school bus safety, 513
Q
QoS (quality of service) in MQTT, 201–202
R
radiation sensors, 78
rail, 414
security, 447
topologies versus, 54
rank, 170
real-time asset inventory use case, 338–339
real-time data analysis
challenge of, 30
real-time location systems (RTLS), 14
in connected factories, 292–293
reduced-function devices (RFDs), 52
reference models. See network architecture
refineries. See connected refinery use case
remote access control use case, 339
remote expert use case, 333–334
remote learning, 218
remote monitoring and scheduling management, 166
remote terminal units (RTUs), 186
REP (Resilient Ethernet Protocol), 287–289
in connected factories, 286–289, 298
in substation automation, 362
REST (representational state transfer), 190
RFC (Request for Comments), 159
RFDs (reduced-function devices), 52
risk assessment frameworks, 262–266
in oil and gas industry, 335–337
reference architecture, 337–338
requirements, 337
road pricing, economic impact of, 388
roadways, 414
cellular technologies, 428
security, 439
RoLL (Routing over Low-Power and Lossy Networks) working group, 156
Root Access Point (RAP), 469–470
RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks), 167–172
RTLS (real-time location systems), 14
in connected factories, 292–293
RTUs (remote terminal units), 186
S
safety in mining, 455, 459–461
SANETs (sensor/actuator networks)
advantages/disadvantages of wireless, 88
communication protocols, 92–93
WSNs (wireless sensor networks), 88–91
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), 153, 182–189
in substation automation, 356–358
scale
scheduling in 6TiSCH, 166
school bus safety, 508
bus and student location, 508–509
diagnostic data analysis, 511
driver behavior monitoring, 510–511
push-to-talk communication, 513
Wi-Fi availability, 513
authentication and encryption on constrained nodes, 173
in connected factories, 299–304
IDMZ (industrial demilitarized zone), 302–303
NAT (Network Address Translation), 300–302
for IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 133
for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 116–117
for IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 128–129
for IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 123
for LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 139–140
for mass transit, 441
in oil and gas industry
reference architecture, 337–338
requirements, 337
risk control framework, 335–337
OT security
external vendor dependence, 255–256
lack of security knowledge, 256
legacy device support, 250
network architecture, erosion of, 249–250
network characteristics and, 259–261
priorities, 261
Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy, 257–259
risk assessment frameworks, 262–266
in public safety
mobile command center, 495–499
mobile vehicles (land, air, sea), 502–504
for rail, 447
for roadways, 439
security intelligence and anomaly detection use case, 341
semi-structured data, 208
sensor/actuator networks. See SANETs (sensor/actuator networks)
for air quality monitoring, 410–411
application layer protocol not present, 180–182
classifications of, 44–45, 76–78
defined, 76
number of, 80
in physical layer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44–46
in street layer (smart cities), 391–394
serial backhaul, 470
services layer in smart cities, 397–398
services layer (oneM2M), 34
shale oil, 311
short range technologies, 97
siloed strategies for smart cities, 389–390
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 190
simplified IoT architecture
Core IoT Functional Stack, 43–63
access network sublayer, 48–54
application and analytics layer, 59–63
communications network layer, 46–59
gateways and backhaul network sublayer, 54–56
IoT network management sublayer, 58–59
network transport sublayer, 56–58
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack, 63–70
edge computing, 68
relationship among cloud, edge, fog computing, 68–70
Six Sigma, 281
slope monitoring in mining, 461
smart buildings, economic impact of, 387
global versus siloed strategies, 389–390
on-premises versus cloud, 398
population growth statistics, 385–386
use cases. See also public safety; transportation industry
connected environment, 409–411
connected street lighting, 401–404
smart traffic control, 407–409
smart connected buildings use case, 15–19
smart devices. See smart objects
smart farming
actuators in, 83
smart grid. See utilities
smart material actuators, 83
smart objects. See also actuators; sensors
access technologies
cellular technologies, 142–146
IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e, 118–124
communications criteria, 96
constrained-node networks, 104–107
data rate and throughput, 104–105
overhead and payload sizes, 106–107
device mounting factors, 48
in physical layer (simplified IoT architectural model), 44–46
power sources, 48
trends in, 87
economic impact of, 387
smart phones, sensors in, 79–80
smart sensors. See smart objects
smart services, efficiency of, 62–63
smart things. See smart objects
smart traffic control use case, 407–409. See also roadways
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), 190
software in connected factories, 279–281
sour gas, 313
South American bus example (mass transit), 420–421
Spark, 228
cellular technologies, 142–143
IEEE 802.11ah wireless access technology, 130–131
IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 108–112
IEEE 1901.2a wired access technology, 125–126
IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e wireless access technologies, 119–120
LoRaWAN wireless access technology, 134–135
star topologies, 52–53, 102–103
IEEE 802.11ah, 132
static scheduling, 166
static systems, open systems versus, 61–62
station bus, IEC 61850, 359–360
street layer in smart cities, 391–394
student onboarding/offboarding in school bus safety, 508–509
substation automation, 356–362
migration to, 361
resilient network design, 362
substation tier (GridBlocks), 353
current differential protection, 364–365
supervisory control and data acquisition. See SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)
synchrophasors, 359
system control GridBlock, 363–368
current differential protection, 364–365
system control tier (GridBlocks), 352
T
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 178–179
technology adoption in public safety, 488–489
current differential protection, 364–365
temperature sensors, 78
things. See smart objects
“things” layer. See physical layer
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 142–146
throughput of access technologies, 104–105
tight oils, 311
Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH), 121
of access technologies, 102–103
cellular technologies, 146
IEEE 802.15.4, 116
IEEE 1901.2a, 128
IEEE802.15.4g/IEEE 802.15.4e, 123
ranges versus, 54
Track Forwarding (TF), 167
trains. See mass transit; rail
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 178–179
transmission stage (power utilities), 347
transport layer protocols, TCP versus UDP, 178–179
transport methods for application protocols
application layer protocol not present, 180–182
categories of, 180
transportation industry. See also school bus safety
mass transit
challenges in, 416–417, 419–420
security, 441
South American bus example, 420–421
operator and user challenges, 418–420
rail
security, 447
roadways
security, 439
smart traffic control use case, 407–409
use cases
connected fleets, 422
trans-regional-trans-national tier (GridBlocks), 353
TSCH (Time-Slotted Channel Hopping), 121
tunneling SCADA over IP, 185–187
U
ubiquitous things. See smart objects
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 178–179
unconventional oil and natural gas, 310
underground mining, wireless communications in, 475
unsupervised learning, 214–215
urban development. See smart cities
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 178–179
GridBlocks reference model, 350–352
primary substation GridBlock, 356–362
system control GridBlock, 363–368
importance of, 345
utility tier (GridBlocks), 354
V
value chain in oil and gas industry, 313–314
variety in big data, 221
velocity in big data, 221
velocity sensors, 77
video surveillance in school bus safety, 511–513
volatile markets in mining, 456
volume in big data, 221
W
WAMCS (wide area measurement and control system) tier (GridBlocks), 356
water management, economic impact of, 387–388
WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments), 428–434
weather monitoring in mining, 461
WebSocket, 58
wet gas, 313
WFNs (wireless field networks) in oil and gas industry, 329–332
wide area measurement and control system (WAMCS) tier (GridBlocks), 356
in school bus safety, 513
wired access technologies. See access technologies
wired networks in oil and gas industry, 328
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), 428–434
wireless access technologies. See access technologies
wireless field networks (WFNs) in oil and gas industry, 329–332
wireless networks
applications requirements, 479–480
cellular technologies, 474–475
core network deployment, 478–479
IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks, 468–474
IEEE 802.15.4 wireless access technology, 476
isolated versus connected networks, 476–478
underground mining, 475
in oil and gas industry, 328–332
wireless SANETs. See WSNs
WirelessHART, 109
Wi-SUN Alliance, 120, 174, 374
Workgroup Bridge (WGB), 470
WSNs (wireless sensor networks), 88–91, 92–93
X
XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence), 58, 190
Y
YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), 226–227