INDEX
Note to the Reader: Throughout this index boldfaced page numbers indicate primary discussions of a topic. Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations.
A
AbiWord program, 60
absolute file references, 108–110, 109
accounts, 217
creating, 235
network databases, 222
administrative tasks, 227
administrator skill requirements for distributions, 16
administrators. See root users
Advanced Package Tool (APT), 153
algorithms, 35
alpha software, 17
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), 185–186
ampersands (&)
background programs, 105
conditional expressions, 211
redirection operator, 173
scripts, 205
symbolic links, 107
AND operators in conditional expressions, 211
Android operating system, 16, 27, 62–63
angle brackets (<>) in HTML files, 200
Apache licenses, 43
apps, 62
apropos command, 133
APT (Advanced Package Tool), 153
Aqua interface, 10
Arch distribution, 17
archiving data, 176
copying files, 120
Artistic licenses, 43
Artwork program, 60
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 185–186
aspect ratio, 91
assembly language, 70
assignment operator (=) for variables, 209
asterisks (*)
account passwords, 219
case statements, 212
file listings, 108
file manipulation, 123
grep, 169
info pages, 139
passwords, 221
regular expressions, 166
traceroute, 301
ATA Packet interface (ATAPI), 81
Audacity program, 61
Author section in man pages, 135
authors, program, 145
automatic license distribution, 41
availability of distributions, 15
B
background, running programs in, 105–106
backslashes ()
directory separators, 108
backtick characters (`) for commands, 176, 208
base 8 numbers, 264
Base program, 60
bash (Bourne Again Shell), 3
default shell, 100
editing and command history features, 113
scripts, 72
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), 83
basic regular expressions, 166
batch files, 203
Berne Convention, 34
beta software, 17
bg command, 105
binary packages, 150
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), 83
BIOS partitioning, 82
bit depth of CPUs, 77
BitchX IRC client program, 146
Blender program, 61
/boot directory, 274
boot.log file, 160
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), 64
bounties, 45
Bourne Again Shell (bash), 3
default shell, 100
editing and command history features, 113
scripts, 72
brackets (<>, [])
HTML files, 200
regular expressions, 166
wildcards, 123
breaks in connectivity, 300–301
broadband routers, 287
BSD licenses, 42
bug fixes for drivers, 95
Bugs section in man pages, 134
business models, open source, 44–45
C
C language, 71
C++ language, 71
Calc program, 60
cameras, 93
car computers, 28
carats (^)
regular expressions, 166
text editors, 190
case of characters in passwords, 237
case sensitivity of filenames, 123–124
case statement, 212
cat/proc/cpuinfo command, 78
cd command, 108
cdrecord tool, 88
cfdisk tool, 84
cgdisk tool, 84
changing directories, 108
channels in IRC, 146
characters in regular expressions, 166
Chatzilla IRC client program, 146
children processes, 154
chipsets, 79
chmod command, 110
scripts, 204
special execute permissions, 280
symbolic code, 278
Chrome browser, 58
click-through licenses, 36
click-wrap licenses, 36
clock rate, 76
cloud computing, 62
Cocoa interface, 10
code pages, 186
colon commands, 194
command line, 99. See also shells
file manipulation, 106–111, 109
launching terminals, 100–102, 101
remote logins, 103
text-mode console logins, 102–103
comments
accounts, 218
scripts, 204
commercial software, 25
completion of commands, 111–112
Computer category, 55
concatenation, 104
conditional expressions, 210–212
configurability of Linux vs. Windows, 12
configuration directory, 276
connections, network. See network connections
connectors, motherboards, 79
context menus, 52
control characters, 186
cooperative multitasking, 22
copying
directories, 127
copyleft licenses, 37
core Unix tools, 13
costs
Linux vs. Windows, 11
open source software, 26
cpio program, 176
CPUs (central processing units), 75–76
bit depth, 77
distributions, 16
identifying, 78
cron log file, 161
cups directory, 161
curly braces ({}) for functions, 213
cut command, 206
D
daemons, 67
dashes (-) in regular expressions, 166
databases
network account, 222
package, 150
Debian package system, 15, 150–151, 153–154, 154
default permissions, 267
default shells, 219
deleting
groups, 255
denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 68
dependencies in packages, 150–151
deprecated programs, 302
derived works in Open Source Initiative, 41
Description section in man pages, 134
desktop environments, 6–7, 7, 49
launching programs, 52–54, 53–54
productivity software. See productivity software
program suites, 3
Unix, 9
desktop icons, 52
/dev directory, 275
device names
partitioning, 85
Devices category, 54
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
client programs, 295
description, 286
overview, 288
Digital Video Interface (DVI) cables, 91, 91
digital video recorders (DVRs), 28
directories, 124
changing, 108
creating, 125
managing, 127
permissions, 171
discrimination in Open Source Initiative, 41
Disk Operating System (DOS), 22
diskless configurations, 81
disks, 81
interfaces, 81
USB devices, 93
distribution-specific network scripts, 295–296
distributions
new, 24
DNS (Domain Name System)
port numbers, 64
testing, 302
do command, 213
document properties, 55
document viewer programs, 60
documentation
dollar signs ($)
arguments, 207
exit status variable, 210
prompts, 5
regular expressions, 166
usernames, 218
variables, 208
Domain Name System (DNS)
port numbers, 64
testing, 302
donations in open source business models, 45
DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, 68
DOS (Disk Operating System), 22
dot files, 280
dots (.) in regular expressions, 166
down command, 296
Draw program, 60
drivers
locating and installing, 94–95
open source business models, 44
Wi-Fi, 292
Dropbox cloud provider, 62
dual licensing, 44
DVI (Digital Video Interface) cables, 91, 91
DVRs (digital video recorders), 28
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
client programs, 295
description, 286
overview, 288
dynamic Web-based content, 59
E
Ease program, 60
editing files, 185
editors
conventions, 190
launching, 189
EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface, 81
embedded systems, 17, 22, 27–28
emergency discs, 219
encryption
hashes, 219
passwords, 238
SSH, 103
WiFi, 291
end of line in regular expressions, 166
end-user license agreements (EULAs), 36
Enhanced IDE (EIDE) interface, 81
environments
desktop. See desktop environments
script, 207
variables, 210
equation editor programs, 60
esac statement, 212
escaping regular expressions, 166–167
/etc directory
init.d directory, 67
man.conf file, 132
rc.d directory, 67
/etc/passwd file, 218–222, 276
/etc/resolv.conf file, 295, 297, 302
/etc/rsyslog.conf file, 162
/etc/samba file, 276
/etc/services directory, 63
/etc/shadow file, 218–220, 222, 272
/etc/X11 file, 276
/etc/X11/xorg.conf file, 90, 92
Ethernet network hardware, 286
EULAs (end-user license agreements), 36
Evince program, 60
exclamation marks (!)
account passwords, 219
scripts, 204
executable directories, 276
execute permissions
directory, 265
exit command, 214
experts, consulting, 57, 145–146
expiration of passwords, 219–220
expressions
ext2fs (Second Extended Filesystem), 85
ext3fs (Third Extended Filesystem), 86
ext4fs (Fourth Extended Filesystem), 86
extended partitions, 83
extended regular expressions, 166
Extents File System (XFS), 86
extracting data
F
fair use principle, 34
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions), 144
FAT (File Allocation Table) filesystem, 87, 124
fbdev driver, 91
fdisk tool, 84
FDL (Free Documentation License), 38
fg command, 105
fglrx driver, 91
FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), 273–274, 274
fi keyword, 211
File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem, 87, 124
file managers, 7
for permissions, 266
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 64
files, 117
absolute and relative references, 108–110, 109
creating, 118
in deleted accounts, 250
directories. See directories
editing. See editing files
manipulation commands, 110–111
moving and renaming, 120
security features, 126
wildcards, 123
Files section in man pages, 134
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), 273–274, 274
Filesystem Standard (FSSTND), 273
filesystems, 271
files vs. system files, 271–273
special execute permissions, 279–280
Firefox program, 53–54, 54, 58
firewalls, 304
flexibility of open source software, 26
FLOSS (free/libre open source software), 40
flowcharting programs, 60
for loops, 213
force overwrite option, 119
foreground programs, 105
formats, file, 143
formatted text files, editing, 199–200
FOSS (free and open source software), 40
FOSSFactory site, 45
Fourth Extended Filesystem (ext4fs), 86
free and open source software (FOSS), 40
free command, 104, 155, 159–160
Free Documentation License (FDL), 38
free/libre open source software (FLOSS), 40
free redistribution, 40
Free Software Foundation (FSF), 8, 36–39
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), 144
FSF (Free Software Foundation), 8, 36–39
FSSTND (Filesystem Standard), 273
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 64
G
Galeon program, 58
gateways, 287
gdisk tool, 84
gdm directory, 161
gedit editor, 188
General Public License (GPL), 36, 38
getent passwd command, 221
gibibytes (GiB), 84
GID (group ID) numbers, 223
accounts, 218
cross-installations, 258
displaying, 224
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), 61
Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT), 83
globbing, 123
GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment), 3
Office applications, 60
GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), 61
Gnumeric program, 60
GNU's Not Unix (GNU) project, 8, 23, 36
Google Apps cloud provider, 62
GPL (General Public License), 36, 38
GPT (Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table), 83
GPUs (graphics processing units), 76
graphical user interface (GUI) tools and programs
accounts
network connections, 293–295, 293–294
running, 105
graphics processing units (GPUs), 76
graphics programs, 61
greater than signs (>) for redirection operator, 173
grep utility
with redirection, 174
scripts, 206
group ID (GID) numbers, 223
accounts, 218
cross-installations, 258
displaying, 224
groupdel command, 255
groupmod command, 254
groups, 217
deleting, 255
managing
permissions, 263
groupware programs, 60
growisofs tool, 88
GTK+ widget sets, 50
guides, 144
GUIs. See graphical user interface (GUI) tools and programs
H
HandBrake program, 61
hardware, 75
disks. See disks
Linux vs. Windows compatibility, 11
power supplies, 80
hash marks (#)
scripts, 204
hashbangs, 204
hashes for passwords, 219
hashplings, 204
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface), 91
head command, 111
header files, 71
headers, email, 187
help, 131
man pages. See man pages
productivity software, 57
program documentation, 141–143
HFS (Hierarchical File System), 87
HFS+ (Mac OS Extended) filesystem, 87–88, 124
hidden bit, 280
Hierarchical File System (HFS), 87
hierarchy of processes, 154–155, 155
High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), 91
history command, 114
History section in man pages, 134–135
home directories, 273
description, 218
in File Managers, 55
purpose, 275
HOWTO documents, 144
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 199–200
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 65
HTTPS, 66
human interface devices, 93
HURD kernel, 8
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 199–200
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 65
I
id command, 224
IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) interface, 81
identifying
CPU, 78
processes, 157
identity, discovering, 224
ifconfig program, 295
ImageMagick graphics programs, 61
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), 65
inetd daemon, 67
info pages, 138
init process, 154
Inkscape program, 60
installers for distributions, 13–14
installing
server programs, 67
Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) interface, 81
interfaces
disks, 81
network, 302
user
Linux vs. Windows, 12
Internet, defined, 286
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), 65
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) tool, 146
internets, defined, 286
interpreted languages, 9, 69–70
inventions, 35
IP masquerading, 303
IPv4 addresses, 286
IPv6 addresses, 286
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) tool, 146
Irssi IRC client program, 146
Itanium CPU, 77
iwconfig utility, 292
iwlist command, 291
J
Java language, 71
Joliet filesystem, 87
Journaled File System (JFS), 86
journals, 85
K
Kate editor, 188
KCells program, 60
KDE (K Desktop Environment), 7, 7
Kicker, 57
kernels
development, 8
distributions, 13
improvements, 24
process hierarchy, 154
kibibytes (KiB), 83
Kivio program, 60
klog daemon, 162
klogd daemon, 162
KMail program, 59
KOffice office suite, 60
Konqueror file manager, 54, 58
ksh shell, 100
L
last program, 245
LaTeX format, 61
launching
editors, 189
server programs, 67
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 65
LDP (Linux Documentation Project), 144–145
less than signs (<) for redirection operator, 173
levels of info pages, 138
/lib directory, 275
libparted library, 84
libraries
overview, 3
packages, 150
library directories, 276
LibreOffice office suite, 60
licensing
Linux vs. Windows, 11
software. See software licensing
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 65
Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment (LXDE), 50–51
links, 117
Linus's Law, 26
Linux Documentation Project (LDP), 144–145
Linux overview, 21
changes over time, 23
as software integrator, 27
listing files, 5
load averages, 158
local experts, 145
locations, 54
locked account state, 243
log files, 160
creating, 162
verbose entries, 162
logged-in users, checking for, 245
logical operators in conditional expressions, 211
logical partitions, 83
logins
date and time display, 225
remote, 103
as root, 227
logout options, 7
loopback devices, 297
lossless compression, 180
lossy compression, 180
ls command, 5, 106–108, 111, 281–282
lscpu command, 78
LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment), 50–51
Lynx program, 58
LyX program, 60
M
Mac OS Extended (HFS+) filesystem, 87–88, 124
Mac OS X operating system, 10
mail command, 206
mail spool files, 243
mailing lists, 145
mainboards, 79
make tool, 118
malware
Android apps, 63
dynamic Web content, 59
network connections, 304
searching, 133
Market app, 62
masks
network, 286
user, 267
masquerade information, 303
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) licenses, 43
master boot record (MBR), 82–83
Math program, 60
maximum display resolution, 92
MBR (master boot record), 82–83
mebibytes (MiB), 84
/media directory, 275
memory leaks, 159
memory use by processes, 159–160
messages log file, 161
metacharacters, 190
Metro interface, 12
microkernels, 23
Microsoft Office Web Apps cloud provider, 62
Minix OS, 23
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) licenses, 43
mkfs command, 230
mkisofs tool, 88
/mnt directory, 275
mode command, 125
more pager, 135
mount command, 88
mount points, 85
mounted partitions, 85
moving
directories, 127
files, 120
Mozilla Public License (MPL), 43
MS-DOS partitioning, 82
multi-core CPUs, 78
multimedia applications, 61
multiple desktops, 7
multitasking, 22
music players, 93
mutt email reader, 59
N
Name section in man pages, 134
names
files, 120
groups, 223
nano editor, 5, 5, 187–193, 188
Nautilus file manager, 54, 55–56
ndiswrapper package, 292
NEdit editor, 188
Netscape Public License (NPL), 43
network account databases, 222
network appliances, 16
Network category, 55
network connections, 285
DHCP, 288
Network File System (NFS), 66
Network Information System (NIS), 222
network masks, 286
Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon, 198
networks
new hardware, drivers for, 94
New Technology File System (NTFS), 87, 124
newgrp command, 223
news reader programs, 146
NFS (Network File System), 66
NIS (Network Information System), 222
nodes for info pages, 138
nouveau driver, 91
NPL (Netscape Public License), 43
nslookup program, 302
NTFS (New Technology File System), 87, 124
NTP (Network Time Protocol) daemon, 198
numbers in passwords, 237
nvidia drivers, 91
O
object-oriented features, 71
octal code for permissions, 264–265
modes, 125
special execute, 280
sticky bits, 278
ODF (OpenDocument Format), 60
open ports, 303
Open Source Initiative (OSI), 39–41, 40
open source software, 24
defined, 10
OpenDocument Format (ODF), 60
OpenOffice.org office suite, 60
OpenWrt distribution, 16
Opera browser, 58
operating systems
Linux vs. Mac OS X, 10
optimum display resolution, 92
Options section in man pages, 134
OR operators in conditional expressions, 211
OSI (Open Source Initiative), 39–41, 40
owner permissions, 263
ownership, 257
copied files, 120
file managers for, 259–260, 260
overview, 258
UIDs and GIDs, 258
P
package databases, 150
package management, 149
distributions, 15
pagers, 135
paid consultants, 145
Parallel ATA (PATA) interface, 81
parameters in scripts, 207–208
parent directories, 125
parent process ID (PPID) numbers, 155
parent processes, 154
parentheses () in regular expressions, 167
partitioning disks, 81–85, 82, 85
passwords
groups, 223
network connections, 304
remote logins, 103
servers, 68
text-mode consoles, 102
web sites, 59
PATA (Parallel ATA) interface, 81
patents, 35
path command, 104
pattern matches in case statements, 212
Perens, Bruce, 39
Perl language, 71
permissions, 257
copied files, 120
default, 267
directories, 171
file managers for, 266
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) language, 71
PID (process ID) numbers, 155–157
ping utility, 208–209, 299–300
plus signs (+) in regular expressions, 167
ports for server programs, 63–66
Post Office Protocol (POP), 65
pound bang lines, 204
power supplies, 80
PowerPC CPU, 77
PPID (parent process ID) numbers, 155
preemptive multitasking, 22
presentation programs, 60
principles
fair use, 34
printers, 93
privileges of root users, 227–229, 229
process ID (PID) numbers, 155–157
process tables, 155
processes, 149
processors. See CPUs (central processing units)
choosing, 57
cloud computing, 62
multimedia applications, 61
overview, 3
Unix, 9
program authors, 145
program launchers, 7
programming languages, 69
compiled vs. interpreted, 69–70
programs
productivity. See productivity software
project groups, 236
prompts
properties of documents, 55
proprietary drivers, 95
protocols for server programs, 63–66
punctuation in passwords, 237
Q
Qt widget sets, 50
question marks (?)
case statements, 212
exit status variable, 210
filenames, 123
regular expressions, 167
R
ranges in regular expressions, 166
reading
recursive acronyms, 9
recursive copies, 120
Red Hat distribution, 24
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) distribution, 15
redirecting input and output, 172–176
redistribution of open source software, 40
refresh rate, 92
ReiserFS filesystem, 86
relative file references, 108–110, 109
release cycles for distributions, 15–17
remote host field for who command, 225
remote logins, 103
renaming files, 120
repetition in regular expressions, 166–167
repositories for packages, 151
Request for Comments (RFC) documents, 63
resolution, display, 91–92, 92
return values, 210
RFC (Request for Comments) documents, 63
RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) distribution, 15
rlogin program, 103
Rock Ridge filesystem, 87
rolling release cycles, 17
file references, 109
root users, 226
permissions, 265
and system files, 273
working as, 227
/root/xorg.conf.new file, 90
rotated log files, 161
routers, 287
routing information, 303
routing tables, 299
RPM Package Manager (RPM) system, 15, 150–153
runlevels, 122
running processes, identifying, 155–160, 157
S
SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) software, 93
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) interface, 81
SATA (Serial ATA) interface, 81
saving
nano changes, 193
vi changes, 197
/sbin directory purpose, 275–276
/sbin/init program, 154
Scanner Access Now Easy (SANE) software, 93
scanners, 93
scripts, 203
beginning, 204
conditional expressions, 210–212
distributions, 13
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) interface, 81
searching
for data
man pages, 133
for programs, 52
Second Extended Filesystem (ext2fs), 85
section numbers in man pages, 132–133
sectors, 81
secure log file, 161
Secure Shell (SSH) protocol
port numbers, 64
remote logins, 103
security
files, 126
Linux vs. Windows, 12
servers, 68
web sites, 59
sed command, 206
See Also section in man pages, 134
semicolons (;) in case statements, 212
seq command, 213
Serial ATA (SATA) interface, 81
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) interface, 81
Server Message Block (SMB)/Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocols, 65
servers, 63
installing and launching, 67
securing, 68
shutting down, 303
Unix, 9
service set identifiers (SSIDs), 289
services in open source business models, 44
set group ID (SGID) permissions, 257, 280
set user ID (SUID) permissions, 257, 279–280
sfdisk tool, 84
sgdisk tool, 84
SGID (set group ID) permissions, 257, 280
shareware software, 25
shebangs, 204
shells, 2–3. See also command line
accounts
scripting. See scripts
shortcut lists for text editors, 190
shortcuts to files, 121
Showcase program, 60
shrink-wrap licenses, 36
shutting down unused servers, 303
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 64
site licenses, 36
size of passwords, 237
Slackware distribution, 15, 24
slashes (/)
absolute references, 109
HTML files, 200
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) interface, 81
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 64
software availability in Linux vs. Windows, 11
software integration, 27
software licensing
Free Software Foundation, 36–39
Open Source Initiative, 39–41, 40
source code, 71
availability, 41
integrity, 41
source packages, 150
special execute permissions, 279–280
spreadsheet programs, 60
SQL (Structured Query Language), 65
regular expressions, 166
wildcards, 123
SSH (Secure Shell) protocol
port numbers, 64
remote logins, 103
SSIDs (service set identifiers), 289
Stallman, Richard, 36
standard error, 173
standard output, 173
start of line in regular expressions, 166
startup scripts for distributions, 13
status bars in text editors, 190
Structured Query Language (SQL), 65
subexpressions, 167
substituted commands, 176, 208
sudo command, 228
SUID (set user ID) permissions, 257, 279–280
summary searches for man pages, 133
super servers, 67
superusers. See root users
supplemental software in distributions, 13
support
improved and new tools, 24
open source business models, 44
SUSE distribution, 15
suspending programs, 105
symbolic code
special execute permissions, 280
sticky bits, 278
symbolic links, 107, 121–122, 265
Synopsis section in man pages, 134
syslog daemon, 162
syslog log file, 161
syslogd daemon, 162
system accounts, 217
system-config-users command, 239, 245, 251
system log daemons, 162
system messaging, 162
T
tables of equivalents, 57
tablet computers, 28
tabs for terminal programs, 102
tags for HTML files, 200
Tanenbaum, Andrew, 23
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) standards, 287
tcsh shell, 100
tebibytes (TiB), 84
technology neutrality in Open Source Initiative, 41
telnet protocol
limitations, 103
port numbers, 64
terminal identifiers for who command, 225
terminal programs, 6, 52, 99–102, 101
test keyword, 211
testing network connections, 299–303
text-based tools for network connections, 295–299
text mode
running programs, 104
Third Extended Filesystem (ext3fs), 86
thorough searches of man pages, 133
Thunar file manager, 54
Thunderbird email program, 59
tilde (~) character for home directory references, 100, 109, 218
title bars for text editors, 190
Tomato distribution, 16
touch program, 118
trademarks, 35
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) standards, 287
tunnels in SSH, 103
U
Ubuntu distribution, 16
UDF (Universal Disk Format) filesystem, 87
UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface), 83
UID (user identification) numbers
accounts, 218
cross-installations, 258
displaying, 224
umasks, 267
umount command, 88
uname command, 78
uncompressing files, 182
uncompression programs, 179
UNetbootin tool, 14
Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, 186
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), 83
Unity desktop environment, 50
Universal Disk Format (UDF) filesystem, 87
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface
disks, 81
Unix operating system
unprivileged accounts, 227
unshareable files, 273–274, 274
until loops, 213
unused servers, shutting down, 303
unusual hardware, drivers for, 95
unzip command, 182
update copies, 120
upgrading package systems, 153
USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface
disks, 81
User Accounts tool, 220–221, 221
user identification (UID) numbers
accounts, 218
cross-installations, 258
displaying, 224
user interfaces
Linux vs. Windows, 12
User Manager utility, 239–240, 240
user masks, 267
user productivity programs. See productivity software
user tasks, 227
usermod program
groups, 254
usernames
login, 4
text-mode consoles, 102
who command, 225
users
accounts. See accounts
groups. See groups
root. See root users
/usr/bin directory, 276
/usr/lib directory, 276
/usr/sbin directory, 276
UTF (Unicode Transformation Format) schemes, 186
utility programs, 3
V
values in configuration files, 198
/var/log directory, 160
variables
configuration files, 198
vector graphics programs, 60
vendor lock-in, 26
vertical bars (|)
conditional expressions, 211
pipes, 175
regular expressions, 167
vesa driver, 91
VGA (Video Graphics Array) cables, 91, 91
saving changes, 197
text-editing procedures, 194–197, 194
video cards, 91
Video Graphics Array (VGA) cables, 91, 91
virtual desktops, 7
Virtual Memory System (VMS), 22
Virtual Network Computing (VNC), 103
virtual terminals (VTs), 102, 225
W
WAPs (wireless access points), 291
web forums, 145
Web searches for help, 146
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) protocol, 291
whatis command, 133
whereis program, 143
which command, 205
while loops, 213
whitespace in configuration files, 198
whoami command, 224
Wi-Fi, 287
drivers, 292
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) security, 291
wildcards
case statements, 212
directories, 281
window controls, 7
window managers, 90
Windows operating system, 11–12
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol, 291
wireless access points (WAPs), 291
word processor programs, 60
workstations, 28
world permissions, 263
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) security, 291
WPA2 security, 291
write permissions, 265
Writer program, 60
X
Xfce desktop environment, 50–51
XFS (Extents File System), 86
Xft library, 90
XHTML, 200
xinetd daemon, 67
xman program, 135
Xorg.0.log file, 161
Xorg-X11 system, 9
Y
Yumex tool, 153
yumremove command, 153
Z
Zettabyte File System (ZFS), 9
zgrep utility, 179
zsh shell, 100