Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: The Microgrids Concept

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation

1.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept

1.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids

1.5 Market Models for Microgrids

1.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications

References

Chapter 2: Microgrids Control Issues

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Control Functions

2.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology

2.4 Microgrid Control Architecture

2.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control

2.6 Forecasting

2.7 Centralized Control

2.8 Decentralized Control

2.9 State Estimation

2.10 Conclusions

Appendix 2.A Study Case Microgrid

References

Chapter 3: Intelligent Local Controllers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids

3.3 Control Strategies for Multiple Inverters

3.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts

3.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability

3.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Microgrid Protection

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection

4.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids

4.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation

4.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids

4.6 Conclusions

Appendices:

References

Chapter 5: Operation of Multi-Microgrids

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture

5.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support

5.4 Coordinated Frequency Control

5.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start)

5.6 Dynamic Equivalents

5.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe

References

6.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA

References

6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects

6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China

References

6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile

References

Chapter 7: Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation

7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits

7.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study

7.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions

7.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies

7.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy

7.6 Extension to European Scale

7.7 Conclusions

References

Index

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