Index

  • a
  • aberrant gene expression 135
  • adenovirus human serotype 5 (HAdV5) 154
  • ADMINPEN 600Liquid Injection System 148
  • ALA‐ester derivatives 238
  • all‐solid‐state sodium ion‐selective electrode system 217
  • ALZA Corporation 21
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) 107
  • 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 180, 236
  • anthrax vaccination, rabbit models 107
  • antigen presenting cells (APCs) 96, 130, 132, 134, 145, 146, 156
  • anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) 287
  • Avastin® 288
  • b
  • Bacillus anthracis 107
  • Beauty Mouse® 264–265
  • Beckton‐Dickinson's Soluvia™ device 317
  • biocompatibility
    • of carbohydrates 30
    • of ceramics 27–28
    • of metals 26–27
    • polymers 33–35
    • silica glass 29
    • of silicon 24
  • biodegradable MN arrays 31
  • biodegradable polymer 181
  • bio‐electrochemical sensor 223
  • biofouling 221
  • biopharmaceuticals 307–308
  • biotechnology‐derived drugs 307
  • c
  • caffeine 218
  • calcium phosphate ceramics, bone substitutes 27
  • carbon nanotubes 182
  • carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) 144
  • CD4+ T cells 134
  • CdTe QDs 186
  • chemically induced type 1 diabetes murine model 187
  • chemical vapour deposition (CVD) 38
  • cholera toxin (CT) 110
  • clinical microdialysis 228
  • clinical translation and industrial development, microneedles
    • biopharmaceuticals 307–308
    • biotechnology‐derived drugs 307
    • commercialisation 316–318
    • manufacturing and regulatory considerations 315–316
    • materials 308–310
    • patient application 310–312
    • patient/healthcare provider acceptability 312–313
    • patient safety 313–315
    • potential applications 310
    • transdermal drug delivery 307
  • coated microneedles. see also microneedles (MNs)
    • drug delivery strategy 77–78
    • gene therapy 143–147
  • coated microneedles. see also microneedles (MNs) (contd.)
    • vaccine delivery
      • focus on influenza vaccines 112–115
      • non‐influenza vaccines 115–118
  • “cold chain” 95
  • Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) 109
  • corium 5
  • cosmeceutical compounds
    • delivery of other cosmeceutical agents 272–274
    • hyaluronic acid 271–272
    • MN‐mediated peptide delivery 272
  • cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) 145
  • cryopneumatic technology 13
  • curettage/debulking of lesions 238
  • “cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)” 47
  • Cy3‐labelled siRNA 142
  • d
  • deep X‐ray lithography (DXRL) technique 47
  • dendritic cells (DCs) 130, 132
  • Dermapen 3MD™ 266
  • Dermapen® 266–268
  • Dermapen 3™ 266
  • Dermapen 3PRO™ 266
  • Dermaroller® 241, 262–264
  • Dermaroller™ 140
  • Dermastamp™ 265–266
  • Dicer‐2 135
  • Digital Pro 141
  • diphtheria toxoid (DT) 111
  • dissolvable microneedles, 80–83, 295–297,314. see also microneedles (MNs)
    • arrays 192
    • cervical cancer model 162
    • Ebola DNA vaccine 161
    • gene therapy 148–150
    • “naked” pDNA 150
    • non‐viral vectors 156
  • DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccination 194
    • advantages of 130
    • mechanism of action 130–135
    • schematic representation of 130, 131
  • DNS® Classic 3 264
  • doxorubicin‐loaded PLGA NPs 187
  • drug delivery 186–191
    • coated microneedles 77–78
    • dissolving microneedles 80–83
    • EMA 72, 73
    • eye anatomy and barriers
      • anterior segment 284–286
      • posterior segment 286–288
    • hollow microneedles 78–80
    • hydrogel‐forming microneedles 83–85
    • solid microneedles 74–76
  • drug‐loaded poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles 194
  • dry etching 38
  • e
  • “easy‐to‐operate” bio‐sensor 220
  • Ebola DNA vaccine (EboDNA) 161
  • Ebola vaccination 195
  • eDermastamp® 265
  • Edmonston–Zagreb measles vaccine strain 115
  • elastin 5
  • electrical‐based devices, TDD
    • cryopneumatic technology 13
    • electroporation 12
    • iontophoresis 10–12
    • microneedles 14–15
    • thermal/energy‐based ablation 14
    • ultrasound 12–13
    • velocity‐based devices 13–14
  • electro‐biochemical monitoring 219–221
  • electroporation (EP) 12, 138, 150–153
  • epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) 273
  • erythropoietin (EPO) loaded polymeric MNs 46
  • Ethosomes® 179
  • European Medicines Agency (EMA) 72
  • eye anatomy and barriers to drug delivery
    • anterior segment and its barrier function
      • conjunctiva 284–285
      • cornea 285–286
      • endothelium layer 285
      • epithelium 285
      • lacrimal fluid 286
      • stroma 285
    • posterior segment and its barrier function
      • anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors 287–288
      • array of consecutive barriers 286
      • blood retinal barrier 287
      • choroid 287
      • retina 287
      • sclera 287
  • f
  • FEMLAB scientific modelling software 52
  • Fitbit® 222
  • fluidics 212
  • fluorescein isothiocyanate 183
  • FluVax® 224
  • Fluzone® 317
  • fractional radiofrequency 275–276
  • fullerenes 182
  • g
  • Gantrez® AN−139 187
  • gene silencing 135
  • gene therapy
    • in combination
      • with physical delivery technology 150–153
      • with vector‐based delivery technology 153–162
    • cystic fibrosis 129
    • definition 129
    • DNA vaccination
      • advantages of 130
      • mechanism of action 130–135
      • schematic representation of 130, 131
    • limitations of 136–138
    • physical delivery strategy
      • coated microneedles 143–147
      • dissolvable microneedles 148–150
      • electroporation 138
      • hollow microneedles 147–148
      • PMED 138
      • solid microneedles 139–143
    • plasmid vector refinements 129
    • skin diseases treatment 135–136
  • Genosys® 264
  • glass microneedles 42–44
  • glucose monitoring 213–218
  • GlucoWatch Biographer 213–214
  • h
  • haemagglutination (HA) activity 104, 113
  • Helicobacter pylori testing 208
  • HemoLink™ 225
  • hepatits B virus (HBV) 160
  • hexyl nicotinate 79
  • hollow microneedles 293
    • drug delivery strategy 78–80
    • gene therapy 147–148
    • microfabrication of 39–42
    • posterior ciliary arteries 299
    • red‐fluorescent microspheres 299
    • sulforhodamine B 296
    • sulforhodamine solution 296, 298
    • superchoroidal space 296
    • 33G needle cannulas 298
    • triamcinolone acetonide 298
    • vaccination method 107–109
  • human stem cells 275
  • hyaluronic acid (HA) 271
  • hybrid electromicroneedle (HEM) 151, 152
  • hydrogel‐forming microneedles 83–85
  • hydrogel‐forming MN arrays 214, 218, 313
  • hydrogel‐forming/swelling MN array 31, 32
  • hypodermic needle venepuncture 228
  • i
  • immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based action motifs (ITAMs) 134
  • “ImmuPatch” 115
  • inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) 103
  • influenza vaccination 103
  • INNO™ technology 266
  • INNOPen MD™ 268
  • INNOPen™ 267
  • INNOPen PRO™ 268
  • INNOTip™ 267
  • Intanza® 317
  • integrated MN‐optofluidic biosensor 222
  • interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) 221
  • interstitial fluid and blood sampling 223–225
  • intradermal vaccination
    • CD8 effector T‐cell activation 98
    • conventional strategy 100–101
    • skin immune response 100
    • skin structure 98–100
  • intranasal immunisation 96
  • intrastromal, intracameral and intracorneal injections 291
  • intravitreal injections (IVTs) 291–292
  • iontophoresis 10–12, 238
  • iontophoretic device 210
  • j
  • jet injection 238
  • l
  • “lab‐on‐chip” devices 221
  • Langerhan cells (LCs) 132
  • lidocaine 77
  • light emitting MN devices 268
  • lipidic vesicles 179–180
  • lipid nanoparticles 181
  • liposome‐constituted microneedle arrays (LiposoMAs) 118
  • m
  • Macroflux® technology 316
  • magnetic NPs 182
  • mannose‐PEG‐cholesterol liposomes 193
  • mannosylated lipid A‐liposomes (MLLs) 193
  • Mantoux technique 107
  • MDerma™ FDS 266
  • mechanical characterisation, microneedle
  • metallic and mineral nanoparticles 182
  • metal microneedles 42–44
  • methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL) 237
  • methyl ester 237
  • Metvix® 241
  • Mexameter® 275
  • MHC‐I molecules 132
  • microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) 23, 35, 37
  • microemulsions 181–182
  • microfabrication microneedles
    • dry etching 38
    • lithography 36–37
    • MEMS techniques 35
    • metal and glass 42–44
    • polymer 44–50
    • silicon 39–42
    • thin‐film deposition on substrates 37–38
    • wet etching 38
  • MicroHyala® 105, 271
  • micromoulding‐based fabrication 44–47
  • micro/nanocapsules 181
  • micro/nanospheres 181
  • microneedle array electrode (MNAE) 152, 153
  • microneedle‐assisted nanoparticle/microparticle permeation 183–186
  • microneedle electrode technology 219–221
  • microneedle fluid extraction device
    • fluidics 212
    • mechanical parameters 211–212
  • microneedle innovations 212–218
  • microneedle‐mediated photodynamic therapy 239
  • microneedles (MNs)
    • application devices 299–300
    • assurance of delivery 316
    • axial force microneedle mechanical tests 54–55
    • baseplate strength and flexibility tests 55
    • carbohydrates 29–30
    • ceramics 27–28
    • deposition 316
    • design 50–53
    • disposal 316
    • ease and reliability 316
    • and fluid sampling technology 211
    • gene therapy (see gene therapy)
    • insertion measurements
      • confocal microscopy 57
      • electrical impedance measurements 56
      • histological tissue staining and sectioning 56
      • optical coherence tomography 57
      • staining of microneedle‐treated skin 55–56
      • TEWL 56
    • manufacturing aspects 316
    • metals 24–27
    • microfabrication (see microfabrication microneedles)
    • photothermal therapy 250–251
    • polymers 30–35
    • potential for re‐use 316
    • potential immunological effects 316
    • safety concerns 300–301
    • significance of 58
    • silica glass 28–29
    • silicon 23–24
    • sterility 315
    • transdermal drug delivery 14–15, 21, 22
    • transverse force and shear strength 55
    • uniformity of content 316
    • vaccine delivery (see vaccine delivery)
  • Micronject® 308
  • Micronjet™ device 317
  • microRNAs (miRNAs) 135
  • minimal handling 209
  • minimally and non‐invasive sample extraction 209–210
  • minimally‐invasive patient monitoring and diagnosis
    • description 207
    • industrialisation and commercialisation 226–228
    • interstitial fluid and blood sampling 223–225
    • limitations and challenges 208–209
    • microneedle electrode technology 219–221
    • microneedle fluid extraction device 211–212
    • microneedle innovations 212–218
    • microneedles and fluid sampling technology 211
    • minimally and non‐invasive sample extraction 209–210
    • sampling and analytical systems integration 221–223
    • therapeutic drug and biomarker detection 218–219
    • uses 207–208
  • MN‐based “functional plastic biochips” 224
  • MN‐mediated peptide delivery 272
  • MN‐optofluidic biosensor 222
  • modified virus ankara (MVA) 153
  • monoclonal antibody 106
  • mucoadhesive adjuvants 96
  • mucosal delivery 95
  • n
  • nanocarriers
    • lipidic vesicles 179–180
    • lipid nanoparticles 181
    • metallic and mineral nanoparticles 182
    • microemulsions 181–182
    • polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles 181
  • nanomedicine delivery
    • drug delivery 186–191
    • microneedle‐assisted nanoparticle/microparticle permeation 183–186
    • nanocarriers (see nanocarriers)
    • optical coherence tomography 196
    • skin structure and barrier properties 178–179
    • transdermal delivery systems 177
    • vaccine delivery 191–196
  • nanoparticles 177
  • Nanopatch® 145
  • Nanopatch™ technology 317
  • NanoPatch vaccination 118
  • nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) 181
  • near‐infrared light‐activatable MN system 250–251
  • near‐infrared responsive PEGylated gold nanorod coated poly(L‐lactide) MN system 252
  • Nile Red 187
  • Niosomes® 179
  • non‐degradable polymers 181
  • non‐dissolvable MNs 192
  • non‐viral vectors 155–162
  • N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMC) 111
  • nucleic acids 129
  • o
  • octanol–water partition coefficient 72
  • ocular drug delivery and targeting
    • administration routes
      • oral/systemic administration route 288, 290
      • topical route 288
    • anatomy of the eye and barriers
      • anterior segment and its barrier function 284–286
      • posterior segment and its barrier function 286–288
    • dissolving MNs 295–297
    • drug diffusion 284
    • hollow MNs 293
    • hollow MN strategy 296–299
    • hypodermic needle‐based injections 284
    • MN application devices 299–300
    • MN safety concerns 300–301
    • ocular diseases and treatments 288–289
    • ocular injections
      • anterior segment injections 290–291
      • posterior segment injections 291–293
    • solid MNs 293–295
  • ocular injections
    • anterior segment injections 290–291
    • posterior segment injections 291–293
  • oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) 133
  • one‐touch‐activated blood multi‐diagnostic system (OBMS) 215–216
  • optical coherence tomography (OCT) 196
  • oral vaccination 96
  • Ormocer® 48
  • ovalbumin (OVA) 106, 193
  • p
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH) 78
  • particle‐mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) 138
  • patch‐based design enabled minimal patient awareness 312
  • patient application 310–312
  • patient factors, skin microneedling technologies
    • acceptability of MN devices 269
    • patient safety 269–270
    • potential irritation and erythema 269
    • sterilisation considerations 270–271
  • patient/healthcare provider acceptability 312–313
  • Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) 218
  • patient safety 313–315
  • pDNA coding beta‐galactosidase (pCMVβ) 139–141
  • “PEG dilemma” 161
  • penetration enhancers 238
  • percutaneous absorption 1
  • performed adequately post sterilisation 217
  • Pharmacosomes® 179
  • photoaging 259
  • photodynamic therapy (PDT)
    • description 235
    • microneedle‐mediated 239
    • photophysical and photochemical mechanisms 235–236
    • photosensitising agents 235
    • singlet oxygen 236
    • skin pre‐treatment 239–246
    • topical application 237–238
  • Photofrin® 236
  • photopneumatic technology 13
  • photosensitisers 236–237
    • biocompatible polymer 246
    • coated MNs 247
    • dissolving MNs 250
    • drug loading 247
    • encapsulated drug 246
    • “extended‐length” design containing nanoparticles 248
    • hydrogel‐forming MNs 249
    • hydrophobic dye 246
    • Nile red 246
    • PpIX fluorescence intensity 247
    • pyramidal dissolving MNs 248
    • 3M™ stainless‐steel MN device 248–249
    • in vivo in murine skin 247–248
  • photothermal therapy (PTT) 250–251
  • physical gene delivery methods 138
  • pilocarpine‐coated MN 294
  • PLGA nano‐microparticle‐loaded bilayer microneedle arrays 189–190
  • point‐of‐care sensing devices 217
  • polycaprolactone MNs 251
  • poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing PLGA MPs 186
  • polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 46, 47
  • poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel 214
  • polymeric microneedles 314
    • biocompatibility of 33–35
    • chemical structure of 31
    • dissolving/biodegradable 31
    • drug delivery strategy 80–83
    • Gantrez‐AN 139® 31, 32
    • lasers 48–49
    • LIGA process 47
    • mechanical properties of 32
    • micromoulding‐based fabrication 44–47
    • synthetic polymers 31
    • types of 30
  • polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles 181
  • poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) microneedle system 160
  • poly(carbonate) MN arrays 214
  • poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) MN arrays 47
  • poly(lactic acid) (PLA) NPs 185
  • polyplex DNA vaccines 195
  • polystyrene latex nanospheres 183
  • potassium hydroxide (KOH) 38
  • “pressure‐fection” 136
  • Proliposomes® 179
  • pro‐SL/MLL‐constituted microneedle array (proSMMA) 193
  • proteolytic products 130
  • protrusion array device (PAD) 148, 149
  • PVP‐based dissolving MN array 295–296
  • q
  • quantum dots (QDs) 182
  • r
  • RALA/pDNA nanoparticles 162
  • RALA/pE6‐E7 nanoparticles 162
  • rapid point‐of‐care testing 221
  • recombinant protective antigen (rPA) 107
  • rectal vaccination 96
  • red fluorescent protein (RFP) 152
  • resultant swollen hydrogel 215
  • reticuloendothelial system (RES) 136
  • retroviral vector 153
  • reverse iontophoresis 210
  • rhodamine B 183
  • rhodamine 6G 197
  • RNA induced silencing complexes (RISC) 135
  • RNA interference (RNAi) 135
  • Roll‐CIT™ 268
  • s
  • Seventh Sense Biosystems 225
  • silica‐coated lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6@SiO2) nanostructures 197
  • silicon microneedles, microfabrication of 39–42
  • skin diffusional resistances 6
  • skin microneedling technologies
    • Beauty Mouse® 264–265
    • benefits 261–262
    • concept 260–261
    • cosmeceutical compounds
      • delivery of other cosmeceutical agents 272–274
      • hyaluronic acid 271–272
      • MN‐mediated peptide delivery 272
    • Dermapen® 266–268
    • Dermaroller® 262–264
    • Dermastamp™ 265–266
    • fractional radiofrequency 275–276
    • human stem cells 275
    • light emitting MN devices 268
    • patient factors
      • acceptability of MN devices 269
      • patient safety 269–270
      • potential irritation and erythema 269
      • sterilisation considerations 270–271
    • skin health 259–260
  • skin pre‐treatment and photodynamic therapy
    • ALA‐and MAL‐induced PpIX production 241
    • ALA‐containing nanoemulsion 242
    • biopsy 245
    • broken MN fragments 246
    • clinical improvement 245
    • design principle of the optical MN array 244
    • MN‐mediated PDT studies 244
    • MT‐microneedle therapy roller system 239
    • optical MN array 244
    • patient satisfaction 245
    • penetration depth of optical light 243
    • permeation studies 239
    • photodynamic photorejuvenation 245
    • PpIX fluorescence spectra 241
    • preformed photosensitisers 243
    • randomised controlled evaluator‐blind human trial 242
    • scanning electron micrograph 239–240
    • semi‐solid products 239
    • superior PpIX production 243
    • visual analogue scale 241
  • small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 135, 136
  • smart insulin patch 186
  • solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) 181
  • solid microneedles, 293–295. see also microneedles (MNs)
    • drug delivery strategy 74–76
    • gene therapy 139–143
    • vaccine delivery
      • coated MNs 112–118
      • “Poke and Patch” methodology 110–111
  • solid microstructured transdermal system (sMTS) 77
  • solid state MN arrays 217
  • Soluvia® 308
  • sonophoresis 238
  • stealth lipid A‐liposomes (SLLs) 193
  • stratum corneum (SC) 1
    • ALA hydrochloride 237
    • barrier properties of 5
    • barrier to the administration of drugs 177–179
    • blood flow 79
    • bricks and mortar model 3, 4
    • CMC 77
    • cosmetic MN devices 259
    • cryopneumatic technology 13
    • electrical impedance measurements 56
    • electroporation 12
    • epidermis 2
    • formidable barrier properties 307
    • glass MNs 29
    • hexyl nicotinate 79
    • hollow MNs 39
    • hydrophobic substance 72
    • keratins 4
    • lipids 4
    • mechanical properties 50
    • micro‐channels 75
    • motorised My‐M device 160
    • OCT 57
    • pCMVβ 139, 141
    • percutaneous drug absorption 6–9
    • photopneumatic technology 13
    • rate‐controlling effect of 73
    • solid silicon microneedles 156
    • TEWL levels 142
    • thermal‐or energy‐based ablation 14
    • transdermal delivery 9, 10
    • ultrasound 12, 13
    • variation in 51
  • subconjunctival injections 291
  • SurSpace™ 266
  • synthetic polymers 31
  • t
  • tape stripping 238
  • TAP™ 225
  • T‐cell receptor (TCR) 133, 134
  • TDD. see transdermal drug delivery (TDD)
  • TD101 therapy 136
  • tetanus toxoid 105
  • tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) 38
  • theophylline 218
  • therapeutic drug and biomarker detection 218–221
  • therapeutic monitoring 207
  • thin‐film deposition on substrates 37–38
  • titanium oxide nanomaterials 182
  • transdermal drug delivery (TDD)
    • advantages 9
    • dermis 5
    • electrical‐based devices (see electrical‐based devices, TDD)
    • epidermis 2–4
    • microneedles 21, 22
    • oral drug delivery 1
    • passive methods 9
    • percutaneous drug absorption 6–9
    • skin appendages 5
    • stratum corneum 4–5
  • transepidermal water loss (TEWL) 56, 141
  • Transfersomes® 179
  • transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 130, 132
  • Triple‐M® microneedle device 142
  • tuberculosis (TB) 116
  • tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) 221
  • two‐photon polymerisation (2PP) technique 48
  • u
  • UK's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) 226
  • v
  • vaccination 93–96
  • vaccine delivery 191–196
    • disease‐causing organisms 96
    • dissolving/biodegrading polymeric MNs
      • bacterial vaccines 105–106
      • fast‐dissolving matrix materials 102
      • hollow MNs 107–109
      • OVA‐expressing virus 106
      • solid MNs 110
      • viral vaccines 102–105
    • flu vaccines 96–97
    • future perspectives 118–120
    • intradermal vaccination 98–101
    • intranasal immunisation 96
    • nasal delivery 96
    • oral vaccination 96
    • vaccination 93–96
    • vaginal delivery 97
  • vaginal delivery of vaccines 97
  • vector‐based delivery technology
    • non‐viral vectors 155–162
    • viral vectors 153–155
  • Vesosomes® 179
  • viable epidermis (VE) 50
  • viral vaccines 102–105
  • viral vectors 153–155
  • virus‐like particles (VLP) 112–113
  • Visiometer® 274
  • w
  • Watch® 222
  • Watson–Crick base pairing 135
  • z
  • zinc oxide nanomaterials 182
  • Zosano Pharma 78
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