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by Kamal Al-Haddad, Mariusz Malinowski, Haitham Abu-Rub
Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems, Transportation and Industrial Applications
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy
1.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem
1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems
1.5 Smart Grid
1.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis
References
Chapter 2: Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems
2.3 Renewable Energy Systems
2.4 Transportation Systems
2.5 Energy Storage Systems
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids
3.3 Photovoltaic Generators
3.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators
3.5 Energy Storage Systems
3.6 Electric Vehicles
3.7 Microgrids
3.8 Smart Grid Issues
3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks
3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids
3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing
3.12 Standards for Smart Grids
References
Chapter 4: Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Silicon Power Transistors
4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs
4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices
4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors
4.6 Overview of Applications
4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors
4.8 Summary
References
Chapter 5: AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.5 Design Procedure
5.6 Analysis
5.7 Applications
5.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6: High Power Electronics: Key Technology for Wind Turbines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Development of Wind Power Generation
6.3 Wind Power Conversion
6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines
6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter
6.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines
6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems
7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations
7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems
7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System
8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid
8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid
8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems
9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems
9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems
9.3 Ancillary Feature
9.4 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine
10.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM
10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter
10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems
References
Chapter 11: AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies
11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter
11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters
11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward
11.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft
12.1 Introduction
12.2 More Electric Aircraft
12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE)
12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies
12.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion
12.6 Power Distribution
12.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies
13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures
13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure
13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts
13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging
References
Chapter 14: Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters
14.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications
14.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions
14.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter
15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results
15.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output
15.5 Sample Results
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic Boost PFC
16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC
16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Active Power Filter
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Harmonics
17.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics
17.4 International Standards for Harmonics
17.5 Types of Harmonics
17.6 Passive Filters
17.7 Power Definitions
17.8 Active Power Filters
17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology
17.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET)
17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter
17.12 Series Active Power Filter
17.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18A: Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool
18A.1 Background
18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage
18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine
18A.4 Results and Conclusions
References
Chapter 18B: Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs)
18B.1 Introduction
18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations
18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation
18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach
18B.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines
19.3 Predictive Current Control
19.4 Predictive Torque Control
19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter
19.6 Predictive Speed Control
19.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20: The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Drive System Structure
20.3 The PWM in CSCs
20.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR
20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
20.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine
20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC
20.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters
21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods
21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current
21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications
21.6 Summary
References
Chapter 22: High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples
22.1 Introduction
22.2 LNG Plants
22.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives
22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs
22.5 High-Power Electric Motors
22.6 High-Power Electric Drives
22.7 Switching Devices
22.8 High-Power Converter Topologies
22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies
22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives
22.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23: Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters
23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters
23.4 Summary
References
Chapter 24: Impedance Source Inverters
24.1 Multilevel Inverters
24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter
24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System
24.4 Hardware Implementation
Acknowledgments
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Cover
Next
Next Chapter
Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy
1.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem
1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems
1.5 Smart Grid
1.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis
References
Chapter 2: Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems
2.3 Renewable Energy Systems
2.4 Transportation Systems
2.5 Energy Storage Systems
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids
3.3 Photovoltaic Generators
3.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators
3.5 Energy Storage Systems
3.6 Electric Vehicles
3.7 Microgrids
3.8 Smart Grid Issues
3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks
3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids
3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing
3.12 Standards for Smart Grids
References
Chapter 4: Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Silicon Power Transistors
4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs
4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices
4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors
4.6 Overview of Applications
4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors
4.8 Summary
References
Chapter 5: AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter
5.5 Design Procedure
5.6 Analysis
5.7 Applications
5.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6: High Power Electronics: Key Technology for Wind Turbines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Development of Wind Power Generation
6.3 Wind Power Conversion
6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines
6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter
6.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines
6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems
7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations
7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems
7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System
8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid
8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid
8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter
8.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems
9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems
9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems
9.3 Ancillary Feature
9.4 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine
10.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM
10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter
10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems
References
Chapter 11: AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies
11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter
11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters
11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward
11.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft
12.1 Introduction
12.2 More Electric Aircraft
12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE)
12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies
12.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion
12.6 Power Distribution
12.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies
13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures
13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure
13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts
13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging
References
Chapter 14: Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters
14.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications
14.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions
14.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter
15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results
15.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output
15.5 Sample Results
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic Boost PFC
16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC
16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Active Power Filter
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Harmonics
17.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics
17.4 International Standards for Harmonics
17.5 Types of Harmonics
17.6 Passive Filters
17.7 Power Definitions
17.8 Active Power Filters
17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology
17.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET)
17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter
17.12 Series Active Power Filter
17.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18A: Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool
18A.1 Background
18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage
18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine
18A.4 Results and Conclusions
References
Chapter 18B: Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs)
18B.1 Introduction
18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations
18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation
18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach
18B.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines
19.3 Predictive Current Control
19.4 Predictive Torque Control
19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter
19.6 Predictive Speed Control
19.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20: The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Drive System Structure
20.3 The PWM in CSCs
20.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR
20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
20.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine
20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC
20.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters
21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods
21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current
21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications
21.6 Summary
References
Chapter 22: High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples
22.1 Introduction
22.2 LNG Plants
22.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives
22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs
22.5 High-Power Electric Motors
22.6 High-Power Electric Drives
22.7 Switching Devices
22.8 High-Power Converter Topologies
22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies
22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives
22.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23: Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters
23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters
23.4 Summary
References
Chapter 24: Impedance Source Inverters
24.1 Multilevel Inverters
24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter
24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System
24.4 Hardware Implementation
Acknowledgments
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8
Figure 1.9
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.14
Figure 1.11
Figure 1.12
Figure 1.13
Figure 1.15
Figure 1.16
Figure 1.17
Figure 1.18
Figure 1.19
Figure 1.20
Figure 1.21
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
Figure 4.26
Figure 4.27
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
Figure 4.32
Figure 4.33
Figure 4.34
Figure 4.35
Figure 4.36
Figure 4.37
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.13
Figure 5.14
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16
Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.19
Figure 5.20
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.23
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.12
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.14
Figure 6.15
Figure 6.16
Figure 6.17
Figure 6.18
Figure 6.19
Figure 6.20
Figure 6.21
Figure 6.22
Figure 6.23
Figure 6.24
Figure 6.25
Figure 6.26
Figure 6.27
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4
Figure 7.5
Figure 7.6
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
Figure 7.9
Figure 7.10
Figure 7.11
Figure 7.12
Figure 7.13
Figure 7.14
Figure 7.15
Figure 7.16
Figure 7.17
Figure 7.18
Figure 7.19
Figure 7.20
Figure 7.21
Figure 7.22
Figure 7.23
Figure 7.24
Figure 7.25
Figure 7.26
Figure 7.27
Figure 7.28
Figure 7.29
Figure 7.30
Figure 7.31
Figure 7.32
Figure 7.33
Figure 7.34
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
Figure 8.5
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.12
Figure 8.13
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.17
Figure 8.18
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11
Figure 9.12
Figure 9.13
Figure 9.14
Figure 9.15
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.18
Figure 9.19
Figure 9.20
Figure 9.21
Figure 9.22
Figure 9.23
Figure 9.24
Figure 9.25
Figure 9.26
Figure 9.27
Figure 9.29
Figure 9.28
Figure 9.30
Figure 9.31
Figure 9.32
Figure 9.33
Figure 9.34
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.5
Figure 10.6
Figure 10.7
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.10
Figure 10.11
Figure 10.12
Figure 10.13
Figure 10.14
Figure 10.15
Figure 10.16
Figure 10.17
Figure 10.18
Figure 10.19
Figure 10.20
Figure 10.21
Figure 10.22
Figure 10.23
Figure 10.24
Figure 10.25
Figure 10.26
Figure 10.27
Figure 10.28
Figure 10.29
Figure 10.30
Figure 10.31
Figure 10.32
Figure 10.33
Figure 10.34
Figure 10.35
Figure 10.36
Figure 10.37
Figure 10.38
Figure 10.39
Figure 10.40
Figure 10.41
Figure 10.42
Figure 10.43
Figure 10.44
Figure 10.45
Figure 10.46
Figure 10.47
Figure 10.48
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.5
Figure 11.6
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.8
Figure 11.9
Figure 11.10
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.12
Figure 11.13
Figure 11.14
Figure 11.15
Figure 11.16
Figure 11.17
Figure 11.18
Figure 11.19
Figure 11.20
Figure 11.21
Figure 11.22
Figure 11.23
Figure 11.24
Figure 11.25
Figure 11.26
Figure 11.27
Figure 11.28
Figure 11.29
Figure 11.30
Figure 11.31
Figure 11.32
Figure 11.33
Figure 11.34
Figure 11.35
Figure 11.36
Figure 11.37
Figure 11.38
Figure 11.39
Figure 11.40
Figure 11.41
Figure 11.42
Figure 11.43
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
Figure 12.5
Figure 12.6
Figure 12.7
Figure 12.8
Figure 12.9
Figure 12.10
Figure 12.11
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.13
Figure 12.14
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.16
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.6
Figure 13.7
Figure 13.8
Figure 13.9
Figure 13.10
Figure 13.11
Figure 13.12
Figure 13.13
Figure 13.14
Figure 13.15
Figure 13.16
Figure 13.17
Figure 13.18
Figure 13.19
Figure 13.20
Figure 13.21
Figure 13.22
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4
Figure 14.5
Figure 14.6
Figure 14.7
Figure 14.8
Figure 14.9
Figure 14.10
Figure 14.11
Figure 14.12
Figure 14.13
Figure 14.14
Figure 14.15
Figure 14.16
Figure 14.17
Figure 14.18
Figure 14.19
Figure 14.20
Figure 14.22
Figure 14.23
Figure 14.24
Figure 14.25
Figure 14.26
Figure 14.27
Figure 14.28
Figure 14.29
Figure 14.30
Figure 14.31
Figure 14.32
Figure 14.33
Figure 14.34
Figure 14.35
Figure 14.36
Figure 14.37
Figure 14.38
Figure 14.39
Figure 14.41
Figure 14.40
Figure 14.42
Figure 14.43
Figure 14.45
Figure 14.44
Figure 14.46
Figure 14.47
Figure 14.48
Figure 14.49
Figure 14.50
Figure 14.51
Figure 14.52
Figure 14.53
Figure 14.54
Figure 14.55
Figure 14.56
Figure 14.57
Figure 14.58
Figure 14.59
Figure 14.60
Figure 14.61
Figure 14.62
Figure 14.63
Figure 14.64
Figure 14.65
Figure 14.66
Figure 15.1
Figure 15.2
Figure 15.3
Figure 15.4
Figure 15.5
Figure 15.6
Figure 15.7
Figure 15.11
Figure 15.12
Figure 15.13
Figure 15.14
Figure 15.24
Figure 15.25
Figure 15.26
Figure 15.27
Figure 15.28
Figure 15.29
Figure 15.30
Figure 15.31
Figure 15.32
Figure 16.1
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.3
Figure 16.4
Figure 16.5
Figure 16.6
Figure 16.7
Figure 16.8
Figure 16.10
Figure 16.11
Figure 16.12
Figure 16.13
Figure 16.14
Figure 16.15
Figure 16.17
Figure 16.16
Figure 16.18
Figure 16.19
Figure 16.20
Figure 16.21
Figure 16.22
Figure 16.23
Figure 16.24
Figure 16.25
Figure 17.1
Figure 17.2
Figure 17.3
Figure 17.4
Figure 17.5
Figure 17.6
Figure 17.7
Figure 17.8
Figure 17.9
Figure 17.10
Figure 17.11
Figure 17.12
Figure 17.13
Figure 17.14
Figure 17.15
Figure 17.16
Figure 17.17
Figure 17.18
Figure 17.19
Figure 17.20
Figure 17.21
Figure 17.22
Figure 17.23
Figure 17.24
Figure 17.25
Figure 17.26
Figure 17.27
Figure 17.28
Figure 17.29
Figure 17.30
Figure 18A.1
Figure 18A.2
Figure 18A.3
Figure 18A.4
Figure 18A.5
Figure 18A.6
Figure 18A.7
Figure 18A.8
Figure 18A.9
Figure 18A.10
Figure 18A.11
Figure 18A.12
Figure 18A.13
Figure 18A.14
Figure 18A.15
Figure 18A.16
Figure 18A.17
Figure 18A.18
Figure 18A.19
Figure 18A.20
Figure 18A.21
Figure 18A.22
Figure 18A.23
Figure 18A.24
Figure 18B.1
Figure 18B.2
Figure 18B.3
Figure 18B.4
Figure 18B.5
Figure 18B.6
Figure 18B.7
Figure 18B.8
Figure 18B.9
Figure 18B.10
Figure 18B.11
Figure 18B.12
Figure 18B.13
Figure 18B.14
Figure 18B.15
Figure 19.1
Figure 19.2
Figure 19.3
Figure 19.4
Figure 19.5
Figure 19.6
Figure 19.7
Figure 19.8
Figure 19.9
Figure 19.10
Figure 19.11
Figure 19.12
Figure 19.13
Figure 19.14
Figure 19.15
Figure 19.16
Figure 19.17
Figure 19.18
Figure 20.1
Figure 20.2
Figure 20.3
Figure 20.20
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.5
Figure 20.6
Figure 20.7
Figure 20.8
Figure 20.9
Figure 20.10
Figure 20.11
Figure 20.12
Figure 20.13
Figure 20.14
Figure 20.15
Figure 20.16
Figure 20.17
Figure 20.18
Figure 20.19
Figure 20.21
Figure 20.22
Figure 20.23
Figure 20.24
Figure 20.25
Figure 20.26
Figure 20.27
Figure 20.28
Figure 20.29
Figure 20.30
Figure 20.31
Figure 20.32
Figure 20.33
Figure 20.34
Figure 20.35
Figure 21.1
Figure 21.2
Figure 21.3
Figure 21.4
Figure 21.5
Figure 21.6
Figure 21.7
Figure 21.8
Figure 21.9
Figure 21.10
Figure 21.11
Figure 21.12
Figure 21.13
Figure 21.14
Figure 21.15
Figure 21.16
Figure 21.17
Figure 21.18
Figure 21.19
Figure 21.20
Figure 21.21
Figure 21.22
Figure 21.23
Figure 21.24
Figure 21.25
Figure 21.26
Figure 21.27
Figure 21.28
Figure 21.30
Figure 21.31
Figure 21.32
Figure 21.33
Figure 21.34
Figure 21.35
Figure 21.36
Figure 21.37
Figure 21.38
Figure 21.39
Figure 21.40
Figure 21.41
Figure 21.42
Figure 21.43
Figure 21.44
Figure 21.45
Figure 21.47
Figure 21.48
Figure 22.1
Figure 22.2
Figure 22.3
Figure 22.4
Figure 22.5
Figure 22.6
Figure 22.7
Figure 22.8
Figure 22.9
Figure 22.10
Figure 22.11
Figure 22.12
Figure 22.13
Figure 22.14
Figure 22.15
Figure 22.16
Figure 22.17
Figure 22.18
Figure 22.19
Figure 22.20
Figure 22.21
Figure 22.22
Figure 22.23
Figure 22.24
Figure 22.25
Figure 22.26
Figure 22.27
Figure 22.28
Figure 22.29
Figure 22.30
Figure 22.31
Figure 22.32
Figure 22.33
Figure 22.34
Figure 22.35
Figure 22.37
Figure 22.36
Figure 22.38
Figure 22.39
Figure 23.1
Figure 23.2
Figure 23.3
Figure 23.4
Figure 23.5
Figure 23.6
Figure 23.7
Figure 23.8
Figure 23.9
Figure 23.10
Figure 23.11
Figure 23.13
Figure 23.15
Figure 23.12
Figure 23.14
Figure 23.16
Figure 23.17
Figure 23.18
Figure 23.19
Figure 23.20
Figure 23.21
Figure 23.22
Figure 23.23
Figure 23.24
Figure 23.25
Figure 23.26
Figure 23.27
Figure 23.28
Figure 23.29
Figure 23.30
Figure 23.31
Figure 24.1
Figure 24.2
Figure 24.3
Figure 24.4
Figure 24.5
Figure 24.6
Figure 24.7
Figure 24.8
Figure 24.9
Figure 24.10
Figure 24.11
Figure 24.12
Figure 24.13
List of Tables
Table 2.1
Table 4.1
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 7.6
Table 7.7
Table 8.1
Table 9.1
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Table 11.7
Table 11.8
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 15.1
Table 15.2
Table 15.3
Table 15.4
Table 15.5
Table 16.1
Table 17.1
Table 17.4
Table 17.5
Table 17.6
Table 18A.1
Table 18B.1
Table 19.1
Table 20.1
Table 21.1
Table 21.2
Table 21.3
Table 21.4
Table 22.1
Table 22.2
Table 22.3
Table 23.1
Table 23.2
Table 23.3
Table 23.4
Table 23.5
Table 23.6
Table 23.7
Table 23.8
Table 23.9
Table 24.1
Table 24.2
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