Index
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A
AAC format (see MPEG audio standards)
AACS (Advanced Access Content System), 327–329
AAF (Advanced Authoring Format), 538–539
Absolute accuracy error, 58
Absolute linearity error, 79
AC ’97 (Audio Codec ’97), 528–529
AC-1 codec, 432
AC-3 codec (see Dolby Digital)
Acoustics, 1
Acquisition time, 54–55
A/D converter chip, 718–720, 721–722
A/D converters (see Analog-to-digital converters)
A/D modulator, 712–718
Adaptive delta modulation (ADM), 110–111
Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM), 112–113, 444–446, 453, 454
Adaptive filters, 668, 689–692
Adaptive Stream Management (ASM), 581
A/D–D/A converter chip, 721–722
ADM (see Adaptive delta modulation)
ADPCM (see Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation)
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), 557–558
ADSP-2116x SHARC family of chips, 674, 682–683
Advanced Access Content System (AACS), 327–329
Advanced Audio Coding format (see MPEG audio standards)
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP), 563
Advanced Authoring Format (AAF), 538–539
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 298, 327, 572
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 568
Advanced Streaming Format (ASF), 579
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), 518, 547
Advanced Video Codec High Definition (AVCDH) format, 332–333
AES (see Advanced Encryption Standard; Audio Engineering Society)
AES3 (AES/EBU) professional interface, 488–495
channel status block, 491–494
in Dolby Digital, 442
in Dolby E, 444
frame structure, 489–491
implementation, 494–495
in mLAN, 521
in MLP, 449
AES10 (MADI) standard, 495–497
AES11 standard, 503–505
AES24 standard, 506–507
AES28 standard, 208
AES42 standard, 495
AES31 standard, 540
AES47 standard, 562
AGC (automatic gain control), 232
AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), 536
Airy, George, 168
Airy pattern, 168–171, 175–176, 191
A-law companding, 106–107, 113, 454
Aliasing, 25–28
Allocation loops, AAC, 422–423
Alternative PCM systems, 102–113, 693–700
AM (see Amplitude modulation)
A/M protocol (Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol), 521
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 489, 495, 515
AM-IBOC system, 621–625
Amplifiers, JFET, 55
Amplitude masking, 344–347
Amplitude modulation (AM), 47, 606, 621–625
Analog audio, 16–17
Analog dither, 36–45
Analog filters:
digital filters vs., 100, 645–646
lowpass filters, 25–28, 50–53, 89–100
Analog measurement, resolution of, 28
Analog output lowpass filters, 89–90
Analog sunset, 330
Analog-digital-analog conversion, 56–64
Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, 56–64
accuracy of, 56–60
in block floating-point system, 105
dither in, 50
oversampling, 62–64
on sound cards and motherboards, 525–527
successive approximation, 60–62
timing accuracy of, 59, 120–124
Analysis-by-synthesis, 461–463, 467–469
AND operator, 13–16
Angle of incidence, 166–168, 170, 174
Anisotropic materials, 172
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 482, 489, 495, 515
Antheil, George, 566
Anti-aliasing filters, 25–28, 50–53
Anti-imaging filters, 89–100
Antinodes, 1
Anvil, 340
Aperture circuit, 86–89
Aperture error, 86–89, 100, 102
Arithmetic operations, 5–10
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 568
ARPANET, 568
ASF (Advanced Streaming Format), 579
ASM (see Adaptive Stream Management)
ASPEC (Audio Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding), 394, 395, 404, 430
ASRC (asynchronous sample rate converter), 507, 508
Associative laws, 15
Astigmatism, 200–201
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), 557–558
Asymmetric encryption, 572, 574
Asynchronous sample rate converter (ASRC), 507, 508
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 561–562
A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile), 563
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), 518, 547
Atal, Bishnu, 467
ATM (see Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
ATRAC (Audio transform acoustic coding), 181, 185, 425–430
ATRAC3plus codec, 430
ATSC standard, 627–628, 637, 638–644
AT&T, 616
Audible differences, 383–384
Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol (A/M protocol), 521
Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97), 528–529
Audio coding (DVD-Video), 264–266
Audio data compression (lossless), 384–391
Audio Engineering Society (AES), 488 (See also AES/EBU)
Audio fingerprinting, 576–577
Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF), 536
Audio interconnection (see Interconnection and interfaces)
Audio Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding (ASPEC), 394, 395, 404, 430
Audio transform acoustic coding (ATRAC), 181, 185, 425–430
Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) format, 537, 539, 548
Audio webcasting, 581–582
Authoring of DVD-Video, 268–269
Auto-dither systems, 44
Autofocus design (CD players), 200–201
Automatic gain control (AGC), 232
Autotracking (CD players), 201–204, 230
AVCHD (Advanced Video Codec High Definition) format, 332–333
AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) format, 537, 539, 548
B
Bandwidth extension, 476–479 (See also Spectral band replication)
Bark (unit), 342–352
Barkhausen, Georg Heinrich, 343
BARRNet, 570
“Baseball” pattern, 176
Basilar membrane, 340, 343, 345, 346, 351, 360
BCA (Burst Cutting Area), 256, 310
BCD (see Binary coded decimal)
BCH codes, 149–150
BD (see Blu-ray)
BDAV (see Blu-ray)
BDMV (see Blu-ray)
BD-J (see Blu-ray)
BD-ROM Mark, 327–329
BD+, 329
Bell, Alexander Graham, 553
Bell Laboratories, 20, 356, 394, 430, 554
BER (see Bit-error rate)
BERL (see Burst-error length)
Bessel filters, 52, 102, 719, 721
BFUs (Block floating units), 427–429
BIFS (BInary Format for Scenes), 584, 589
Big-endian format, 533
Binary code(s), 8–10
unweighted, 10
weighted, 9–10
Binary coded decimal (BCD), 9–10
Binary digits (bits), 6–8
Binary FM code, 68
BInary Format for Scenes (BIFS), 584, 589
Binary number system, 6–8
Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), 607–608
Binary point, 7
Binaural masking level difference (BMLD), 369
Biphase mark code, 70
Biphase space code, 70
Bipolar offset error, 58
“Bird singing” (“birdies”), 35
Birefringence, 172, 191, 216, 217, 303, 312
BIS (Burst indicator subcode), 319
Bit allocation, 349–351, 354, 358, 360, 362, 363, 371, 377
AC-3 codec, 435–438
MPEG-1, 398–404
Bit-error rate (BER), 128
CD, 208
DAR, 606–609
fiber-optic systems, 514
Bits (binary digits), 6
Bitstream information (BSI) header, 441, 443
BLER (see Block-error rate)
Blesser, Barry, 44
Block correction codes, 139–142
Block floating units (BFUs), 427–429
Block floating-point systems, 105–106
Block-error rate (BLER), 128, 158–159, 208, 227
Blue lasers, 165, 215, 299, 303, 308
Bluetooth, 562–566
Blu-ray, 299–333
AVCHD format, 332–333
BDAV and BDMV, 321–324
BD-E and BD-R, 330–333
BD-ROM, 302
CD and DVD vs., 300
codecs, 313–318
audio codecs, 313–316
video codecs, 316–318
content protection, 327–330
watermarking, 329
development, 299–300
disc, 301–310
design, 303–306
manufacture, 308–310
Dolby Digital, 313–316
error correction, 319–321
HDMV and BD-J modes, 325–326
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 314
1-7PP (Parity preserve/Prohibited repeated minimum transition run length), 318–319
optical pickup, 306–308
profiles, 302
Reed–Solomon Product Code (RSPC), 319–321
recordable formats, 330–333
region playback code, 327
specifications, 310–312
stream format and directory, 321–324
3D format, 326–327
Universal Disc Format (UDF), 324–325
Blu-ray Disc Association, 299, 333
BMLD (binaural masking level difference), 369
Books, DVD, 246
Boole, George, 13
Boolean operators, 13
Bose, Raj Chandra, 149
BPSK (binary phase-shift keying), 607–608
Brandenburg, Karlheinz, 363, 365, 373, 394
Brick-wall filter, 25–28, 50–53, 89–100
Broadband ISDN, 561
Broadcast data, errors in, 146, 154
Broadcast Wave Format (BWF), 533–535
Broadcasting, digital, 597–644
with direct broadcast satellites (DBS), 601
satellites for, 597–601
“Brute force” attacks, 574
BSI header (bitstream information header), 441, 443
Bubble formation, 178
Buried data technique (noise shaping), 728–729
Burst Cutting Area (BCA), 256, 310
Burst errors, 128, 132, 133, 136, 148, 154, 157–158, 160, 162
Burst indicator subcode (BIS), 319
Burst-error length (BERL), 128
BWF file format (Broadcast Wave Format), 533–535
C
Cabot, Richard, 373
Calibration of D/A converters, 80, 85, 105
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), 560
Carroll, Lewis, 16
Carson, John, 20
Caruso, Enrico, 691
Cascaded (tandem) codecs, 370–371, 396
“Casting out 9s,” 130
Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, 20
Cauer filter, 52
CCETT, 394
CCI (see Copy control information)
CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee), 380, 489
CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee), 59, 494
CD (see Compact Disc)
CD-Audio, 188–235
CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), 560–561, 567
CD Extra, 221–223
CD+G, 234
CD-MO, 233
CD+MIDI, 234
CD Plus 221
CD-ROM, 188, 213, 219–223, 234, 235
and DAE, 540–543
adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) in, 113
CD-RW-DA, 232
CD-3 format, 234–235
Cellular telecommunications, 558
CELP (see Code Excited Linear Prediction coding)
Cepstral analysis, 481
CGMS (Copy generation management system), 235, 293, 296
CGs (Channel Groups), 276–277, 285
Channel bits, 65–68, 190, 193–197, 207, 209
Channel codes, 65–75
applications, 75
group codes, 70–74
simple codes, 68–70
Channel Groups (CGs), 276–277, 285
Channel status block (AES3), 491–494
Chebyshev filter, 52
China Video CD (CVD), 235
CIC (see Cross-Interleave Code)
CIRC (see Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon code)
Circuit merit (CM) scale, 482–483
Cladding, 509–512
Client-server networks, 560, 593
Clock jitter (see Jitter)
Clocking:
in reproduction processing, 77, 120
CLV (see Constant linear velocity)
CM (Circuit Merit) scale, 482–483
Coaxial cable, 485, 486, 494, 496, 499, 500
Code excited linear prediction (CELP) coding, 467–472
encoder and decoder, 468–470
Code tables (group codes), 70
Code width (quantum), 58
Codecs, 107, 335–391, 451–483 (See also Low bit-rate coding; Speech coding)
Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM), 609–611, 616 (See also Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
Codes, efficiency of, 65–66, 70, 73
Coding (see Data coding)
COFDM (see Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing; Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
COM (Component Object Model), 538
Commutative laws, 15
Compact Disc (CD):
alternative CD formats, 218–235
cleaning of, 127
development, 187–188
disc design, 190–197
data encoding, 193–197
specifications, 188–190
features of, 188–189
and ISO/MPEG-1 standard, 394
manufacture of, 213–218
electroforming, 216
mastering, 214–216
premastering, 213–214
replication, 216–218
Photo CD, 221, 228, 231, 233–234
player design, 205–213
autofocus, 200–201
EFM demodulation electrical design, 205–207
electrical design, 205–213
error detection and correction, 188, 207–208, 211
one-beam pickup, 202–204
optical disc design, 190–193
optical pickup, 200–204
output processing, 208–209
pickup control, 204
SACD, 235–243
subcode in, 209–213
Super Audio CD (SACD), 235–243
three-beam pickup, 200–202
Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), 187, 218
Compact Disc Extra (CD Extra), 221–223
Compact Disc Graphics (CD+G), 234
Compact Disc Interactive (CD-i), 188, 233, 235
Compact Disc Magneto-Optical (CD-MO), 233
Compact Disc Musical Instrument Digital Interface (CD+MIDI), 234
Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), 188, 213, 219–223, 234, 235
and DAE, 540–543
Compact Disc Read Only Memory/eXtended Architecture (CD-ROM/XA), 220–223, 233–235
adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) in, 113
Compact Disc Recordable (CD-R), 213, 224–231, 233, 235
Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW), 188, 231–233, 235
Compact Disc ReWritable Digital Audio (CD-RW-DA), 232
Compact Disc Universal Disc Format (CD-UDF), 229, 233
Compact Disc Write-Once (CD-WO), 188, 224, 229
Companded predictive delta modulation (CPDM), 111–112
Companding, 106–107
Complements, number system, 11
Complex numbers, 650–652
Complex plane, 656–657
Complex waveforms, 4
Component Object Model (COM), 538
Compression (see Data compression)
Computer networks, Internet audio in, 558–567
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 561–562
Bluetooth, 562–566
client-server networks, 560, 593
Ethernet, 519, 561, 565, 566, 568
MediaNet, 567
wide area networks (WANs), 560, 565
Wi-Fi, 566–567
Concealment, error, 129, 158, 162–164
Constant linear velocity (CLV):
Blu-ray, 305
Constructive interference, 2
Consumer channel status block, 497–499
Content protection (with DVD), 293–297
digital transmission, 297
for recordable media, 296–297
watermarking, 297
Content Protection for Pre-Recorded Media (CPPM), 295–296
Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM), 296–297, 543
Content Scrambling System (CSS), 294–297
Continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSDM), 111, 599
Converters (see Analog-to-digital (A/D) converters; Digital-to-analog (D/A) converters)
Convolution (discrete systems), 647–651, 653–656, 661, 663–665, 672, 692
Convolutional codes, 144–146
Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), 560–561, 567
Copy control information (CCI), 297, 522
Copy generation management system (CGMS), 235, 293, 296
Copy protection:
DVD-Audio, 295–297
DVD-Video, 293–295
Copy Protection Technical Working Group (CPTWG), 293, 294, 295
CPDM (companded predictive delta modulation), 111
CPPM (Content Protection for Prerecorded Media), 295–296
CPRM (Content Protection for Recordable Media), 296–297, 543
CPTWG (Copy Protection Technical Working Group), 293, 294, 295
Craven, Peter, 387, 390, 449, 698, 728
CRCC (see Cyclic redundancy check code)
Critical angle, 166–168
Critical bands, 339–344, 351, 352, 365, 369, 375
Critical sampling, 23
Critical-listening tests, 376–383
Cross-Interleave Code (CIC), 148–149
Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon code (CIRC), 154–158
CD, 189, 193, 207–208, 220, 227
Cross-interleaving, 148–149
Crystal oscillators, 121
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 560
CSS (Content Scrambling System), 294–297
CSU (customer service unit), 554, 556
Curie temperature, 179
Customer service unit (CSU), 554, 556
CVD (China Video CD), 235
CVSDM (see Continuously variable slope delta modulation)
Cyanine dye, 226–227
Cyclic redundancy check code (CRCC), 133–138
in AC-3 codec, 441
in AES3, 493–494
in CD, 211
in MPEG, 396
D
D15 mode (AC-3 codec), 435–437
D/A converters (see Digital-to-analog converters)
DAB (digital audio broadcasting), 601–628
DAE (digital audio extraction), 540–543
DAR (see Digital audio radio)
Darling, Timothy F., 110
DARS (digital audio reference signal), 505, 506
DAT (see Digital Audio Tape)
Data coding:
Blu-ray, 318–321
CD, 193–197
DVD, 256–259
EFMPlus modulation, 258–259
Reed–Solomon Product Code (RSPC), 257–258
DVD-Audio, 275–280
DVD-Video:
audio coding, 264–266
video coding, 262–263
Data compression (lossless), 384–391
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 247, 265, 275–278, 279
Data density, 187, 190, 193, 194, 208, 236, 247, 248, 258, 300, 305
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 574
Data service unit (DSU), 554
Data transmission:
jitter in, 119–120
(See also Internet Audio)
dB (see Decibel)
DBS (see Direct broadcast satellites)
DC content, 67–75
DC suppression, 66–74
DCT (see Discrete cosine transform)
DDP (see Disc Description Protocol)
DDS (see Digital Data Service)
Decaying tones, 35
Decibel (dB), 3
Decimal point, 7
Decimation filters, 62–63, 711, 712–719
Decoding errors, minimizing, 68–69
De-emphasis equalization, 64, 88–89
Defects, error-causing, 126–128
Delay modulation, 70 (See also Modified frequency modulation)
Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF), 584
Delta modulation (DM), 108–112, 454, 695–697
adaptive, 110–111
companded predictive, 111–112
DEM (dynamic element matching), 695, 720
Demodulation, 77
Department of Defense, 467, 484, 568
DES (Data Encryption Standard), 574
Destructive interference, 2
DFT (see Discrete Fourier transform)
Diagnostic rhyme test (DRT), 482
Differential coding, 107–113
Differential linearity error, 79, 84
Differential PCM (DPCM) systems, 107–113, 693–698
Differential phase-detection (DPD) method, 255, 256, 288
Diffraction grating, 175, 176, 307
Digital audio:
analog vs., 16–18
as numerical technology, 6–8
Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 601–627
Digital Audio Disc Committee, 188
Digital audio extraction (DAE), 540–543
Digital audio radio (DAR), 601–627
data reduction with, 605
Eureka 147/DAB, 609–613
in-band digital radio, 613–616
AM-IBOC system, 621–625
FM-IBOC system, 616–621
spectral space for, 604–605
technical issues with, 606–609
transmission methods, 602–604
Digital audio reference signal (DARS), 505, 506
Digital Audio Tape (DAT):
and eight-to-ten modulation, 74
and error correction, 160–161
Digital Data Service (DDS), 556
Digital filters, 94–100, 660–669
adaptive filters, 668, 689–692
analog filters vs., 100, 645–646
and decimation, 714–718
defined, 94–95
finite impulse response (FIR) filters, 661–665
FIR oversampling, 97–100, 669, 671
infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, 665–667
output, 89–100
oversampling filters, 94–100, 669, 671
programming, 660–669
transversal filters, 94–100, 668, 677
Digital Linear Tape (DLT), 251, 269
Digital mixing consoles, 686–689
Digital radio, in-band (see In-band digital radio)
Digital reverberation, 685–686
Digital rights management (DRM), 327–330, 571–573
Digital signal processing (DSP), 645–692
adaptive filters, 668, 689–692
advantages of, 645–646
applications of, 646–647, 683–692
defined, 645–646
disadvantages of, 645–646
discrete systems in, 647–652
complex numbers, 650–652
impulse response and convolution, 647–650
linearity and time-invariance, 647
filters in (see Digital filters)
integrated circuits for, 672–675
fixed point and floating point, 674–675
processor architecture, 672–674
for loudspeaker correction, 689
mathematical transforms, 652–656
Fourier transforms, 646, 652–656, 663, 665
Laplace transforms, 652–653, 655, 657
z-transform, 652, 655–657, 661
for mixing consoles, 686–689
for noise removal, 689–692
oversampling filters, 94–100, 669, 671
poles and zeros, 657–659
programming for, 676–683
ADSP-2116x SHARC family of chips, 674, 682–683
filters, 660–669
Motorola code, 679–682
Texas Instruments code, 678–679
for reverberation, 685–686
sources of errors in, 670–672
and unit circle and region of convergence, 656–657
Digital sum value (DSV), 66–74
CD, 195
DVD, 258
Digital Television (DTV), 432, 443, 444, 627–644
and ATSC standard, 627–628, 637, 638–644
development of, 627–628, 638–639
display formats and specifications, 639–643
implementation of, 643–644
and MPEG-1 video standard, 630–636, 637
and MPEG-2 video standard, 630–636, 637–638
and video data reduction, 628–638
Digital Theater Systems (see DTS)
Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP), 293, 297, 330, 521–522, 644
Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator (DTLA), 522
Digital Visual Interface (DVI), 293, 297, 330
Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion:
multi-bit with quasi fourth-order noise shaping, 709–711
multi-bit with third-order noise shaping, 706–709
one-bit, with second-order noise shaping, 702–705
Digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, 79–86
dynamic range of, 80
function of, 79–81
high-bit conversion, 85–86
jitter in, 120–124
sigma-delta, 702–711
on sound cards and motherboards, 525–529
weighted-resistor, 81–82
and zero-cross distortion, 84–85
Dirac delta function, 170
Direct broadcast satellites (DBS), 601
Direct memory access (DMA), 518, 529, 672
Direct satellite radio, 601, 625–627
and PAC codec, 430–431
Sirius XM Satellite Radio, 625–627
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), 566–567
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) coding, 110, 236, 238–243
Direct stream transfer (DST), 242–243
DirectMusic, 531
DirectShow, 531
DirectSound, 531
DirectSound3D API, 531
DirecTV, 601
DirectX, 531
Disc Description Protocol (DDP), 213–214, 251, 269, 289
Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 361, 364, 367, 630–636
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 367, 646, 653–656, 665
Discrete systems, 647–652
and complex numbers, 650–652
defined, 647
and impulse response and convolution, 647–650
and linearity and time-invariance, 647
Discrete time sampling, 19–25
DisplayPort, 501
Distortion:
dither and reduction of, 36–44
and output S/H circuit, 86–89
quantization, 33–35
zero-cross, 84–85
Distributive laws, 15
Dither, 39–44
Gaussian pdf, 39–44
rectangular pdf, 39–44
triangular pdf, 39–44, 671, 702, 723–725
types of, 39–44
DLT (Digital Linear Tape), 251, 269
DM (see Delta modulation)
DMA (see Direct Memory Access)
DMIF (Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework), 584
Dolby Digital, 264–267, 313–316, 432–444, 527, 628, 638, 640–643
applications and extensions, 443–444
bit allocation, 435–438
bitstream and decoder, 441–443
and Blu-ray, 313–316
and DVD-Video, 264–266
exponent strategies, 435–438
multichannel coding, 438–441
theory of operation, 434–435
Dolby Digital Plus (Enhanced AC-3), 313–316, 443
Dolby Digital Surround EX system, 443
Dolby E, 444
Dolby Laboratories, 444
Domain System Structure, 570
DOS, 531
Double complementation, 15
Double refraction, 172
Double SVCD format, 235
DPCM (see Differential PCM systems)
DPD method (Differential phase-detection method), 255, 256, 288
DRM (Digital rights management), 327–330, 571–573
Droop (in S/H circuit), 55, 62, 87
DRT (diagnostic rhyme test), 482
DSD coding (see Direct Stream Digital coding) DSLAMs, 557
DSP (see Digital signal processing)
DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum), 566–567
DST (direct stream transfer), 242–243
DSU (data service unit), 554
DSV (see Digital sum value)
DTCP (Digital Transmission Content Protection), 293, 297, 330, 521–522, 644
DTLA (Digital Transmission Licensing Administrator), 522
DTS:
Blu-ray, 313–316
codec, 444–446
DTS HD Master, 314
DTV (see Digital Television)
DualDisc format, 251
DVD, 245–298
audio (see DVD-Audio)
content protection with, 293–297
DVD-Audio copy protection, 295–297
DVD-Video copy protection, 293–295
for recordable media, 296–297
transmission, 297
watermarking, 297
data coding with, 256–259
EFMPlus modulation, 258–259
Reed–Solomon Product Code (RSPC), 257–258
data compression (MLP) with, 247, 265, 275–278, 279, 314
disc design, 248–251
manufacture of, 251–253
optical playback of, 253–256
specification, disc, 248–251
HD DVD, 297–298
and Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge, 246, 259–260
video (see DVD-Video)
DVD Technical Working Group, 245, 274
channel and coding options with, 275–280
copy protection, 295–297
disc contents, 280–283
programmers and developers, summary for, 283–287
authoring, 268–269
coding with, 262–264
audio coding, 264–266
copy protection, 293–295
video coding, 262–263
playback features, 266–268
programmers and developers, summary for, 270–274
DVI (Digital Visual Interface), 293, 297, 330
Dye-polymer recording, 182
Dynamic element matching (DEM), 695, 720
Dynamic range, 3–4, 59, 674–675
of alternative PCM systems, 103
CD, 189
in floating-point system, 103–104
E
Ear, human, 339–344
EBU (European Broadcasting Union), 488, 489, 494, 502
Echo cancellation, 479–480
ECL (emitter coupled logic) interfaces, 509
Edit decision list (EDL), 552
Edit Decision Markup Language (EDML), 540
EDL (edit decision list), 552
EDML (Edit Decision Markup Language), 540
EEPROM, 543
Effective number of bits (ENOB), 86
EFM (see Eight-to-fourteen modulation)
EFMPlus modulation, 258–259
EIA (Electronic Industries Association), 494
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics), 518, 547
8-4-2-1 code, 9–10
Eight-times oversampling filters, 99–101, 123
Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM), 68, 73–75
CD, 189, 190, 193–196, 205–207, 218
Eight-to-ten modulation, 74
EISA (Extended ISA), 517
Electroforming (CDs), 216
Electronic Industries Association (EIA), 494
Elliptical lowpass filters, 52
Emitter coupled logic (ECL) interfaces, 509
Encryption (Internet audio), 573–574
Enhanced AC-3 (see Dolby Digital Plus (Enhanced AC-3))
Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), 518, 547
ENOB (effective number of bits), 86
Entropy, perceptual, 339, 360, 363, 384–386
Entropy coding, 385–386 (See also Huffman coding)
Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) scale, 343
Ericsson, 565
Error concealment, 129, 158, 162–164
Error correction, 125–164
Blu-ray, 319–321
CD-R, 227
CD-ROM, 220
Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon code (CIRC), 154–158
DAT, 160–161
DVD, 257–258
with interleaving, 146–149
objectives of, 128–129
SACD, 237
Error correction codes, 138–149
block codes, 139–142
convolutional codes, 144–146
Hamming codes, 142–144
product codes, 158–162, 257–258, 319–321
Reed–Solomon codes, 149–158, 257–258, 318–321
Error detection:
Blu-ray, 319–321
CD-ROM, 220–222
Cyclic redundancy check code (CRCC), 133–138
DVD, 257–258
with ISBN, 132–133
SACD, 237
with single-bit parity, 130–132
Error floor, 29–35, 60, 670–672, 675
Error(s):
absolute accuracy, 58
absolute linearity, 79
aperture error, 86–89, 100, 102
correction of (see Error correction)
detection of (see Error detection)
differential linearity, 79, 84
and digital audio duplication, 164
in digital signal processing, 670–672, 675
introduced by A/D converter, 56–60
of MSB vs. LSB, 80
offset, 58
round-off, 29–33
sources of, 126–128
switching, 84–85, 86, 88–89, 205
timebase, 114–124
types of, 128
(See also specific types of errors, e.g.: Quantization error)
Ethernet, 519, 561, 565, 566, 568
ETSI GSM Enhanced Full Rate Algebraic codec, 472, 483
Eureka 147/DAB, 609–613
European Broadcasting Union (EBU), 488, 489, 494, 502
Even parity, 130–132
Excess-3 code, 9–10
EXCLUSIVE OR (EX OR, XOR) operator, 13–16, 137 (See also Modulo 2 arithmetic)
Exponent (scale factor), 103–104, 399–400, 404, 407, 422
Exponents (AC-3 codec), 435–438
Extended ISA (EISA), 517
eXtensible Markup Language (XML), 572, 594
Extensible Media Commerce Language (XMCL), 572
Extraordinary ray, 172–173
F
Faraday effect, 179
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 356, 358, 361, 363, 376, 610, 655, 682, 692
in desktop audio software applications, 549
FCC (see Federal Communications Commission)
FDDI (see Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
FDDI II, 515
FDM (frequency-division multiplexing), 607
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 605, 612, 614, 615, 616, 621, 627, 639, 643
Federal Standard 1015 (LPC-10e), 466, 484
FFT (see Fast Fourier transform)
FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum), 563, 565
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 73, 495, 496, 515, 560–561
Fiber-optic cable, 166–167, 509–513
installation of, 513–515
Fielder, Louis, 440
FIFO memory (First-in first-out memory), 118, 508
Filter banks, 364–368
hybrid filters, 365–366
MDCT (see Modified discrete cosine transform)
polyphase filters, 366–368, 398, 404, 407, 410
QMF filter banks (see Quadrature mirror filter banks)
Filters:
analog vs. digital, 100, 645–646
impulse response of, 90–94
oversampling, 94–100
(See also Digital filters)
Finite impulse response (FIR) filters, 97–100, 508, 661–665, 677–683
FIR filters (see Finite impulse response filters)
FireWire (IEEE 1394), 330, 518–521
First-in first-out (FIFO) memory, 118, 508
5.1-channel processing, 527
Fixed-point DSP architecture, 674–675, 681, 682
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), 449
Flash memory, 543–544
Floating-point DSP architecture, 674–675, 682
Floating-point systems, 103–106
FM (see Frequency modulation)
FM-IBOC system, 616–621
FMV (full-motion video), 233, 235
Foley, 550–551
Formant speech codec, 458, 460
Forward masking, 348
Foucault techniques, 204
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 356
Fourier analysis, 340
Fourier theorem, 4
Fourier transform, 356, 367, 368, 646, 652–656, 663, 665 (See also Fast Fourier transform)
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 168
Fraunhofer Institute, 394, 626
Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC), 449
Frequency, 2
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), 563, 565
Frequency modulation (FM), 47, 68, 70, 74, 601–602, 605, 606, 608, 612 (See also FM-IBOC system)
Frequency range, 2
Frequency response, 2
CD, 189
of ideal brick-wall lowpass filter, 50
of lowpass filter, 51–52
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), 607
Frequency-domain encoding, 355–363
Frequency-shift keying (FSK), 68, 70
Full-motion video (FMV), 233, 235
Fundamental frequency, 4
G
G2 music codec, 579–581
in block floating-point system, 105
Galois, Evariste, 149
Galois Fields (GF), 149–151, 154, 160
Gaussian pdf, 39–44
GCR code (see Group coded recording code)
GEM (Globally Executable MHP) standard, 325–326
General Instrument Corporation, 627
Genlock, 119
Gerzon, Michael, 387, 390, 449, 698, 728
GF (see Galois Fields)
Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard, 325–326
Granulation noise, 35
Gray, Elisha, 553
Group coded recording (GCR) code, 71–72, 74
Group codes, 70–74
GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile), 467
H
Hammer, 340
Hamming codes, 142–144
Hamming distance, 142–143
Hard-disk drives, 544–547
Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding (HVXC), 476, 483, 585–586, 591
Harmonics, 4
Hawksford, Malcolm O. J., 110
HD Audio (High Definition Audio), 529–531
HD DVD, 297–298
AM-IBOC, 621–625
FM-IBOC, 616–621
HDCP (see High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
HDLC protocol (see High-level data link control protocol)
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface), 266, 330, 501
HDMV (see Blu-ray), 325–326
HDTV (see High-definition television)
HE AAC (see MPEG audio standards)
Head-related transfer function (HRTF), 527
Hearing, 336–349
Herre, Juergen, 424
Hexadecimal number system, 7–8
High Definition Audio (HD Audio), 529–531
High Sierra standard, 222
High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP), 293, 297, 330, 501
High-bit D/A conversion, 85–86
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), 266, 330, 501
High-definition television (HDTV), 417, 519, 522, 584, 627–628, 638–640, 642, 643
Higher-order noise shaping, 700–701
High-level data link control (HDLC) protocol, 506
Hocquenghem, Alexis, 149
Holographic optical element (HOE), 307
HRTF (head-related transfer function), 527
Huffman coding, 384–390
Human hearing, range of, 2, 337, 342
Human speech, 455–457
Humidity, 3
Huygens’ principle, 168
HVXC (Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding), 476, 483, 585–586, 591
I
IBI systems (see In-band interstitial systems)
IBOC (in-band on-channel) broadcasting, 613–625
ID3 tag, 535
IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), 574
Idle tones, 702
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standards:
IEC 908 standard, 187
IEC 10149 standard, 208, 220, 234
IEC 60958 standard, 489, 497, 499–501
IEC 61937 standard, 495, 499–500
IEC 62107 standard, 235
IEEE 1394 (FireWire), 518–521
IIR filters (see Infinite impulse response filters)
ILs (intensity levels), 3–4
IMDCT (see Inverse MDCT)
Impulse response, 90–94, 647–650
In-band digital radio, 613–625
AM-IBOC system, 621–625
FM-IBOC system, 616–621
In-band interstitial (IBI) systems, 615
In-band noise, 30, 101, 698–700, 702–707, 711–715, 724–728
In-band on-channel (IBOC) systems, 613–625
Index of refraction, 165–167, 170, 510–512
Indium antimonide, 181
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), 517–518, 528, 529
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, 389–390, 665–667
Inner ear, 339–340
Input lowpass filter, 25–28, 50–53
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 518
Integral linearity, 56–58
Integrated circuits (digital signal processing), 672–675
fixed point and floating point, 674–675
processor architecture, 672–674
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 555–556
Intel, 521, 529, 531, 532, 565
Intel Multimedia Extensions (MMX) instruction set, 532
Intensity levels (ILs), 3–4
Interconnection and interfaces, 485–516, 517–525
AES3 (AES/EBU) professional interface, 488–495
AES10 (MADI), 495–497
AES11 standard, 503–505
AES24 standard, 506–507
fiber-optic cable, 509–513
installation, 513–515
multichannel audio digital interface (MADI, AES10), 495–497
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 501–503
Sony Digital InterFace (SDIF-2) protocol, 486–488
Sony-Philips Digital InterFace (S/PDIF) format, 497–501
channel status block, 497–499
serial copy management system (SCMS) in, 500–501
Interface jitter, 116–117
Interference:
constructive vs. destructive, 2
RF, 127
Interframe coding, 630, 634–635
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), 574
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (see IEC standards; ISO/IEC standards)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 394–396, 417, 420, 442, 476, 483 (See also ISO/IEC standards)
International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR), 380, 489
International Standard Book Number (ISBN), 132–133
International Standard Recording Code (ISRC), 210–214
International Steering Committee (ISC), 274
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (see ITU standards)
International Telephone and Telegraph Company, 48
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), 494
Internet audio, 567–577
and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), 557–558
and computer networks, 558–567
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 561–562
and audio webcasting, 581–582
Bluetooth, 562–566
client-server networks, 560, 593
Ethernet, 519, 561, 565, 566, 568
MediaNet, 567
RealAudio, 537
RealAudio G2 music codec, 579–581
Shockwave, 579
TCP protocol, 568–569
wide area networks (WANs), 560, 565
Wi-Fi, 566–567
digital rights management, 571–573
and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 555–556
and MPEG-4 format, 582–594
audio coding, 585–589, 592–594
interactivity, 584–585
and MPEG-7 standard, 594–595
music downloading, 571, 578, 588
security with:
encryption, 573–574
fingerprinting, 576–577
watermarking, 574–576
streaming audio, 578–582
Internet Protocol (IP), 568–571
Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA), 572, 593
Interpolation, 162
Inverse MDCT (IMDCT), 367–368, 406, 410, 429
IP (see Internet Protocol)
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture), 517–518, 528, 529
ISBN (see International Standard Book Number)
ISC (International Steering Committee), 274
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 555–556
ISMA (Internet Streaming Media Alliance), 572, 593
ISO 9660 file structure, 221–223, 229, 234, 237
ISO/IEC (International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission) standards:
ISO/IEC 908 standard, 187
ISO/IEC 10149 standard, 208, 220, 234
ISO/IEC 11172 (MPEG-1) standard, 394–417
ISO/IEC 13818 (MPEG-2) standard, 316, 321, 417–425
ISO/IEC 14496 (MPEG-4) standard, 316, 476, 584
Isotropic materials, 172
ISRC (International Standard Recording Code), 210–214
ITOP, 217
iTunes, 537
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) standards:
ITU-G series, 483
ITU-R series, 376, 379, 380, 382
ITU-T G.727 standard, 113
ITU-T G.728 codec, 472
ITU-T G.729.1, 474–476
J
Java (Blu-ray), 302, 322, 325–326
JFET (junction field-effect transistor) operational amplifiers, 55
Jitter:
in AES3, 494–495
clock, 119–123
in converters, 120–124
DAE, 540–543
in data transmission, 119–120
defined, 54
and eye pattern, 115–116, 205–207
interface, 116–117
manifestations of, 121–123
margin, 66
sampling, 116–117
in storage media, 117–119
types of, 115
JND (see Just-noticeable distortion)
Johnston, James, 351, 365, 373, 394, 415
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 629, 634
Joliet extension, 223
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) video compression format, 629, 634
Julius Caesar, 573
Junction field-effect transistor (JFET) operational amplifiers, 55
Just-noticeable distortion (JND), 350, 351
JVC, 188
K
Kaiser–Bessel windows, 367
AAC, 420
Kerr effect, 179
Kotelnikov, V. S., 21
L
Ladder D/A chips, 80–85, 121–123, 693, 694, 711, 717
Lamarr, Hedy, 566
LAME, 410
LANs (see Local-area networks)
Laplace transform, 652–653, 655, 657
Large-scale integration (LSI) circuits, 188
Laser beam, 188–192, 198, 200–203, 217, 226, 230, 248–257, 289–291, 299, 303–310
Laser beam recorder (LBR), 214–215, 251, 308
Laser light, 170, 174–175, 178, 181, 182
Law, Malcolm, 449
Layer I (see MPEG audio standards)
Layer II (see MPEG audio standards)
Layer III (MP3) (see MPEG audio standards)
LBG (Linde, Buzo, Gray) algorithm, 471
LDC (long-distance code), 319
Least significant bit (LSB), 29, 31, 56, 80
and converters, 56–62
and dither, 39–44
error of MSB vs., 80
and quantization distortion, 31–32
LEDs (see Light-emitting diodes)
Left-handedness, 338
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 6
LEO satellites (low earth orbit satellites), 600
Levinson–Durbin algorithm, 352, 389, 424, 470
LFE channel (see Low-frequency effects channel)
Li, Yajun, 177
Light, 165–170
diffraction of, 168–170
laser, 170, 174–175, 178, 181, 182
polarization of, 171–174
and resolution of optical systems, 170–171
refraction of, 165–167, 170, 510–512
Light Weight Digital Rights Management (LWDRM), 572
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 509, 512, 515
Limit cycles, 702
Line spectral frequencies (LSF), 464, 471
Linear PCM (LPCM) systems, 77–101
alternatives to, 102–113
adaptive delta modulation (ADM), 110–111
adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM), 112–113, 444–446
block floating-point systems, 105–106
companded predictive delta modulation (CPDM), 111–112
delta modulation (DM), 108–110
differential PCM (DPCM) systems, 107–108
differential predictive coding, 108
floating-point systems, 103–105
μ-law and A-law companding, 106–107, 113, 454
nonuniform companding systems, 106
digital filters in: FIR oversampling filter in, 97–100
impulse response in, 90–94
noise shaping in, 100–102
output lowpass filter in, 97–100
Linear predictive coding (LPC), 464–467
Linear time-invariant discrete (LTD) systems, 647–648, 659–660
integral, 56–58
Lipshitz, Stanley, 38, 39, 94, 671, 723
Little-endian format, 533
Local-area networks (LANs), 560, 566–567
Logical expressions, 14–16
Long-distance code (LDC), 319
Lossless Real-time Coding (LRC), 449
Loudness, 336–338, 342, 343, 354, 376
Loudspeaker correction, 689
Low bit-rate coding, 335–391, 393–449
AAC (see MPEG audio standards)
AC-3 (see Dolby Digital)
amplitude masking, 344–347
ATRAC codec, 181, 185, 425–430
DTS codec, 444–446
filter banks, 364–368
MDCT (see Modified discrete cosine transform)
polyphase filters, 366–368, 398, 404, 407, 410
QMF filter banks (see Quadrature mirror filter banks)
MPEG-1 (see MPEG audio standards)
MPEG-2 (see MPEG audio standards)
psychoacoustics, 336–339
temporal masking, 347–349, 357, 361, 402, 435
Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, 600
Low-frequency effects (LFE) channel:
DTS codec, 444–445
DTV, 641
MPEG, 418
Lowpass filters, 25–28, 50–53, 89–100
Chebyshev, 52
ideal brick-wall, 50
impulse response, 90–94
input, 50–53
output, 89–90
LPC (linear predictive coding), 464–467
LPC-10e (Federal Standard 1015), 466, 484
LPCM (see Linear PCM systems)
LSB (see Least significant bit)
LSF (line spectral frequencies), 464, 471
LSI (large-scale integration) circuits, 188
LTD systems (see Linear time-invariant discrete systems)
Lucent Technologies, 616, 625, 627
LWDRM (Light Weight Digital Rights Management), 572
M
Macintosh computers, 518, 521, 533, 536, 537
Macromedia, 579
MADI (Multichannel audio digital interface), 495–497
Magnetic media (hard-disk drives), 544–547
Magneto-optical (MO) recording, 179–181, 233
Manchester code, 70
Mantissa (data value), 103–104, 399–400, 404, 407, 422
Manufacturing process:
Blu-ray, 308–310
CD, 213–218
DVD, 251–253
MASCAM, 393
MASH system, 706–708
Masking, temporal, 347–349, 357, 361, 402, 435 (See also Amplitude masking)
Mastering, disc, 214–215, 251, 308
Mathematical transforms, 652–656
Fourier transform, 646, 652–656, 663, 665
Laplace transform, 652–653, 655, 657
z-transform, 364, 652, 655–657, 661
Material eXchange Format (MXF) standard, 539–540
Maxwell, James Clerk, 510
MCNS (Multimedia Cable Network System), 557
MD (see MiniDisc and ATRAC data reduction)
MDCT (see Modified discrete cosine transform)
Mecca, Charles, 177
Media Key Block, 327–329
MediaNet, 567
Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites, 600
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), 443, 446–450
in Blu-ray, 314
in DVD, 247, 265, 275-278, 279
Metadata, 324, 532–533, 539, 572, 576, 577, 594
MFM (see Modified frequency modulation)
MHP (Multimedia Home Platform), 325
Microsoft, 521, 531, 533, 539, 540, 579
Microsoft DirectX API suite, 531–532
Middle ear, 339–340
Middle/side (M/S) coding, 369–370, 409–410, 421, 425, 439
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 501–503
Miller code, 70, 74 (See also Modified frequency modulation)
MiniDisc (MD) and ATRAC data reduction, 181, 185, 425–430
Mitsubishi, 188
Mixed Mode CDs, 221–223
Mixing consoles, digital, 686–689
mLAN protocol, 521
MLP (see Meridian Lossless Packing)
MLT (modulated lapped transform), 368
MMCD (MultiMedia Compact Disc), 245
MMX instruction set, 532
MO recording (see Magneto-optical recording)
Modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), 361, 363, 367–368
MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3), 404–407
PAC, 430
window switching, 407
Modified frequency modulation (MFM), 67–68, 70, 71, 73, 74
Modular number systems, 10
Modulated lapped transform (MLT), 368
Modulation (see specific types of modulation, e.g.: Pulse-code modulation (PCM))
Modulo 2 arithmetic, 10, 14, 131, 134–138, 142, 145, 150 (See also EXCLUSIVE OR operator)
Mole data, 371
Monkey’s Audio, 449
Morse, Samuel, 558
Morse code, 385
MOS (Mean opinion score), 475, 482
Most significant bit (MSB), 79–86
and analog signal amplitude change, 80
error of LSB vs., 80
Motherboard audio, 525–527
Motorola code, 679–682
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 394, 476, 628
MP3 (MPEG-1 Layer III) (see MPEG audio standards)
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 394, 476, 628
MPEG audio standards:
bitstream format, 396–398
development, 394–396
Layer I, 398–402
example, 399–402
Layer II, 402–404
Layer III (MP3), 404–410
bit allocation, 407–409
AAC, 419–425
allocation loops, 422–423
temporal noise shaping, 420–425
video compression algorithm, 628–638
MPEG-2.5 standard, 419
MPEG-4 standard, 582–594
audio coding, 585–589
AVC, 302
HE AAC, 592
interactivity, 584–585
MPEG-7 standard, 594–595
MPEG-21 standard, 572
polyphase filters, 366–368, 398, 404, 407, 410
precursors, 393–394
psychoacoustic modeling, 410–417
model 1, 410–414
model 2, 414–417
psychoacoustics, 336–339
spectral band replication (SBR), 371–373
spreading function, use of, 399, 411, 413–417
temporal masking, 347–349, 357, 361, 402, 435
video data reduction, 628–629
MP3 (see MPEG audio standards)
MP3PRO, 409
MP@ML protocol, 262, 263, 636–638
M/S (middle/side) coding, 369–370, 409–410, 421, 425, 439
MSB (see Most significant bit)
MSB error, 80
μ-law companding, 106–107, 113, 454
Multichannel audio digital interface (MADI), 495–497
Multichannel coding, 264–266, 275–280, 314, 369–370, 372, 417–419, 425, 438–441
Multimedia Cable Network System (MCNS), 557
MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), 245
Multimedia Home Platform (MHP), 325
Multimode fiber-optic cable, 511–515
MUSHRA, 382
Music downloading, 571, 578, 588
Music synthesis, sound cards for, 525–528
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 501–505, 521, 531, 570, 579, 586, 588
and CD+MIDI, 234
for soundtrack production, 550–551
MUSICAM codec, 393–395, 398, 402, 404
Muting, 162–164
MXF standard (Material eXchange Format standard), 539–540
N
NA (see Numerical aperture)
NAB (National Association of Broadcasters), 612–613, 615, 616
NAND operator, 13–16
National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), 612–613, 615, 616
National Radio Systems Committee (NRSC), 615, 616
National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), 504, 505, 515, 627–628, 637, 640
Near Instantaneously Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM), 355
Negative numbers, 8–13
Networks (see Computer networks, Internet audio in)
NICAM (Near Instantaneously Companded Audio Multiplex), 355
Nine’s complement, 11
NMN (noise-masking-noise), 347
NMR (noise-to-mask ratio), 349–351, 374, 376
NMT (noise-masking-tone) 347, 350–351, 414, 415, 417
Nodes, 1
Noise:
in block floating-point system, 105–106
in nonuniform companding systems, 106
quantization error, 33–35
Noise floor, 29–35, 60, 674–675 (See also Dynamic range)
in-band, 30, 79, 100–102, 698–700, 702–707, 711–715, 724–728
out-of-band, 100–102, 698–700, 704, 711, 712, 715, 719
Noise modulation, 59
Noise removal, digital signal processing for, 689–692
Noise shaping, 63, 86, 100–102, 110, 463, 468, 693–729
DSD, 239–241
higher-order, 700–701
of nonoversampling quantization error, 722–729
buried data technique, 728–729
psychoacoustically optimized noise shaping, 724–728
perceptual coding, 363, 389, 407, 423–425, 449
Noise-masking-noise (NMN), 347
Noise-masking-tone (NMT), 347, 350–351, 414, 415, 417
Noise-to-mask ratio (NMR), 349–351, 374, 376
Nonlinearity:
in A/D converters, 59
in high-bit D/A converters, 85
Nonmonotonicity, 79
Nonoversampling, 722–729
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) code, 66–74
Nonreturn to zero inverted (NRZI) code, 69–74
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ) signal:
dc content of, 66–67
spectral response of, 68
Nonsubtractive dither, 38–42 Nonuniform companding systems, 106
NOR operator, 13–16
NOT operator, 13–16
NRSC (see National Radio Systems Committee)
NRZ code (see Nonreturn to zero code)
NRZ signal (see Nonreturn to zero signal)
NRZI code (see Nonreturn to zero inverted code)
NTSC (see National Television Systems Committee)
Numerical aperture (NA), 168, 171, 175
in SACD, 236
Nyquist, Harry, 20
Nyquist frequency, 21–25
and aliasing, 25–28
and input lowpass filters, 25–28, 50–53
and jitter, 121–123
oversampling and extension of, 62–64, 94–97
Nyquist theorem, 21–25
O
OCF codec, 394
Octave, 4
ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language), 572
OFDM (see Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
Offset error, 58
OFL (original file length), 409
Ogg Vorbis codec, 446
Ogura, K., 20
OMFI (Open Media Framework Interchange), 537–538
One-beam pickup, 202–204
One’s complement, 11
OPC (Optimal power calibration), 225, 229
Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL), 572
Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI), 537–538
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, 562
Operations, arithmetic, 5, 8–10
Oppenheim, Alan, 692
Opposite track path (OTP), 249, 303
Optical disc media, 174–183 (See also Blu-ray; CD; DVD)
design of, 174–175
dropouts with, 126–127, 128–129
erasable, 178–183
dye-polymer erasable optical recording, 182
magneto-optical recording, 179–181, 233
phase-change optical recording, 181–182
nonerasable, 175–178
read-only optical storage, 175–177
write-once optical recording, 177–178
and optical phenomena, 174–175
theatrical film audio formats, 183–185
Optical media, errors with, 126–127, 128–129
Optical phenomena (see Light)
Optical pickup:
Blu-ray, 306–308
CD, 197–204
DVD, 253–256
Optical power calibration (OPC), 225, 229
Optical recording, 177–183
Optical spectrum, 165–166
Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), 260, 324
Optical time-domain reflector (OTDR), 513
Optically assisted magnetic recording (see Magneto-optical (MO) recording)
OptiFROG, 449
Optimal power calibration (OPC), 225, 229
OR operator, 13–16
Orange Book, 221, 224, 227–234
Organ of Corti, 340
Original file length (OFL), 409
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 610, 616, 621, 624
Oscillators, crystal, 121
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, 562
OTDR (optical time-domain reflector), 513
OTP (Opposite track path), 249
Outer ear, 339–340
Output lowpass filter, 89–100
function of, 89
and impulse response, 90–94
Output processing, 102, 208–213
Overflow, 10, 666, 670, 672, 674, 682
Oversampling, 94–100, 648, 669, 671
filters, 94–100
FIR, 97–100
and high-bit D/A converters, 85
and noise shaping, 100–102
Oversampling A/D converters, 62–64, 711–720, 721–722
Overtones, 4
P
PAC (Perceptual Audio Coding) codec, 430–431
Packet writing, 229
PAL/SECAM standard, 189, 235, 638
PAM (see Pulse-amplitude modulation)
PAM staircase, 48, 49, 53, 87, 89
Parallel track path (PTP), 249, 303
Parity, 130–133
Parity preserve/Prohibited repeated minimum transition run length (1-7PP), 318–319
Partial constant angular velocity (PCAV), 229–230
Passband, 50–52
PBS (see Polarized beam splitter)
PBX (private branch exchange), 553
PC 99 specification, 529
PCA (power calibration area), 224, 225, 290
PCAV (partial constant angular velocity), 229–230
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), 517–518, 529
PCI (Presentation control information), 266, 270–272, 284–285
PCM (see Pulse-code modulation)
PDM (see Pulse-density modulation)
PE (see Phase encoding)
PEAQ (Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality), 376
Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) codec, 430–431
Perceptual coding (see Low bit-rate coding)
Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ), 376
Performance evaluation, perceptual coding, 373–384
and audible differences, 383–384
critical listening, 376–383
Period, 2
Periodic jitter, 115, 116, 121
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), 517–518, 529
Personal computer audio, 517–552
and Advanced Authoring Format (AAF) standard, 538–539
and AES31 specification, 540
and digital audio extraction (DAE), 540–543
file formats for, 532–537
AIFF format, 536
Broadcast Wave Format (BWF), 533–535
JPEG format, 537
MP3 files, 535
RealAudio, 537
Waveform Audio (.wav) file format, 533–534
and flash memory, 543–544
hard-disk recording with, 544–547
and Intel Multimedia Extensions (MMX) instruction set, 532
interconnection methods, 517–525
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), 518, 547
IEEE 1394 (FireWire), 518–521
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), 517–518, 529
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), 518–519, 547
Universal Serial Bus (USB), 522–525
and Media eXchange Format (MXF) standard, 539–540
and Microsoft Direct X API suite, 531–532
and Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI) standards, 537–538
software applications, 548–552
and sound cards, 525–527
Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97) component specification in, 528–529
for music synthesis, 526–527
for surround sound processing, 527
and Windows Multimedia API, 531
PGCI (see Program Chain Information)
PGCs (see Program Chain)
Phase margin, 66
Phase response (analog filters), 52, 63
Phase shift, 2, 52, 70, 171, 189
Phase transition metal (PTM), 308
Phase-change optical recording, 181–182, 231–232, 288–292, 331
Phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits:
jitter reduction with, 114–118
in reproduction, 75
Phase-shift keying (PSK), 607–608, 615
Philips Corporation, 187, 188, 235, 245, 394, 497
Phon (unit), 337
Photo CD, 221, 228, 231, 233–234
PI errors (DVD), 258
Pickup control (CD), 204
PIN photodiodes (see Positive-intrinsic-negative photodiodes)
Pioneer, 188
Pirkle, Will, 542
Pitch, 2, 4, 336, 338, 343, 372
Pits, 169, 175–177, 190–193, 248–249, 303–306
Plain old telephone system (POTS), 553–555
Plexiglass, 216
PLL circuits (see Phase-locked loop circuits)
PNM (pulse-number modulation), 48
PO errors (DVD), 258
Point of presence (POP), 554
Polarization, 171–174
Polarized beam splitter (PBS), 199, 201, 307
Pole vectors, 657–659, 658, 667
Polyphase filters (pseudo-QMF, PQMF), 365, 366
Polyphase quadrature mirror filter (PQMF) banks, 366–368, 425
POP (point of presence), 554
Positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiodes, 509
Post-masking, 348
POTS (plain old telephone system), 553–555
Power calibration area (PCA), 224, 225, 290
Power spectrum density, 67
Power supply, and A/D converter accuracy, 59–60
PPM (see Pulse-position modulation)
PQMF (see Polyphase filters (pseudo-QMF))
PQMF banks (see Polyphase quadrature mirror filter banks)
Predictive coding
ADPCM, 112–113, 444–446, 453, 454
LPC, 464–467
Predictive delta modulation, companded, 111–112
Predictive speech coding, 461–463
Pre-echo, 348, 361–363, 377, 406, 415, 417, 423–424, 427, 430
Pre-emphasis equalization, 64, 88, 111
“Pre-Gap” technique, 212, 222–223, 229
Pregroove, 225–232, 289–292, 331–332
Pre-masking, 348
Premastering, CD, 213–214
Presentation control information (PCI), 266, 270–272, 284–285
Private branch exchange (PBX), 553
Processing:
record, 64–65
Profiles (Blu-ray), 302
Program Chain (PGC), 263, 270–273, 284–285
Program Chain Information (PGCI), 270–271, 283–284
Programming:
for digital signal processing, 676–683
ADSP-2116x SHARC family of chips, 674, 682–683
filters, 677
Motorola code, 679–682
Texas Instruments code, 678–679
DVD-Audio, 283–287
DVD-Video, 270–274
Propagation time (A/D converters), 56
Pseudo-QMF (see Polyphase filters)
PSK (phase-shift keying), 607–608, 615
Psychoacoustic modeling (MPEG-1 audio standard), 410–417
model 1, 410–414
model 2, 414–417
Psychoacoustically optimized noise shaping, 724–728
Psychoacoustics, 336–339
PTM (Phase transition metal), 308
PTP (Parallel track path), 249, 303
Pulse modulation (see Pulse-code modulation)
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), 48–49, 53, 87, 89
Pulse-code modulation (PCM), 28, 33, 48–49, 65, 387
limitations of, 335
Pulse-density modulation (PDM), 694, 703, 704
Pulse-number modulation (PNM), 48
Pulse-parameter modulation, 48
Pulse-position modulation (PPM), 47–48
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), 47–49, 694, 706, 708, 710
Q
Q channel (CD), 211–212
QAM (see Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
QMF (see Quadrature mirror filter banks)
QPSK (see Quadrature phase-shift keying)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 608, 622, 624
Quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks, 364–368, 372, 426, 429, 430, 446, 473, 474
DTS codec, 446
MiniDisc, 426–429
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 601, 607–608, 609, 622
Quantization;
in fixed linear PCM systems, 28–36
in nonuniform companding systems, 106–107
Quantization distortion, 35, 45, 50
Quantization error (noise), 30–43, 60, 63, 100–102
adaptive delta modulation (ADM), 110–111
in A/D converters, 56–61
in alternative PCM systems, 103–112
delta modulation (DM), 108–110, 695–697
and dither, 36–44
in-band, 30, 101, 698–700, 702–707, 711–715, 724–728
and subband coding, 344, 348, 353, 355, 357, 363, 374
Quantization step size, 31, 103–113
Quantum (code width), 58
Quarter-wave plate (QWP), 173, 199, 201, 307
QWP (see Quarter-wave plate)
R
Radio (see Digital audio radio; Direct satellite radio; In-band digital radio)
Radio-frequency (RF) interference, 127
Radix-minus-one complement, 11
Random-bit errors (random errors), 126, 128, 136, 148, 149, 157, 160, 161
Ray-Chaudhuri, Dwijendra Kumar, 149
Rayleigh criterion, 170
RDC (Redistribution Control Descriptor), 644
RDT (Real Delivery Transport), 582
Read Raw Sector commands, 541–542
Read Sector commands, 542
Read-only optical storage, 175–177
Real Delivery Transport (RDT), 582
RealAudio, 537
RealAudio G2 music codec, 579–581
RealServer, 578
Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 578, 582
Real-Time Text Data (RTXTDT), 284
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP), 582
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 582, 584, 594
Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 578, 582
Record processing, 64–65
Recording, digital audio, 47–65
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for, 56–64
channel coding in, 65–75
input lowpass filter, use of, 25–28, 50–53
and pulse-code modulation (PCM), 47–50
record processing in, 64–65
sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit, role of, 53–56
Rectangular pdf, 39–44
Recurrent codes, 144
Red Book standard (see CD-Audio), 187, 219
Redistribution Control Descriptor (RDC), 644
Redundancy, 129–132
Reed, Irving, 149
Reed–Solomon (RS) error correction codes, 149–158
Reed–Solomon Product Code (RS-PC), 158–162, 257–258, 319–321
Reeves, Alec, 48
Reflected code system, 10
Reflection:
signal, 127
Refraction (of light), 165–167, 170, 172
Region of convergence, 656–657
Replication, disc, 216–218, 252–253, 308–310
Reproduction, digital audio, 77–102
alternatives to, 102–113
adaptive delta modulation (ADM), 110–111
adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM), 112–113, 444–446
block floating-point systems, 105–106
companded predictive delta modulation (CPDM), 111–112
delta modulation (DM), 108–110
differential PCM (DPCM) systems, 107–108
differential predictive coding, 108
floating-point systems, 103–105
μ-law and A-law companding, 106–107, 113, 454
nonuniform companding systems, 106
digital filters in, 95–97
FIR oversampling filter in, 97–100
impulse response in, 90–94, 647–650
noise shaping in, 100–102, 463, 725
output lowpass filter in, 89–100
output processing in, 102
output sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit in, 86–89
timebase correction in, 119–124
converters, jitter in, 59, 120–124
data transmission, jitter in, 119–120
interface vs. sampling jitter, 116–117
storage media, jitter in, 117–119
Reproduction processing, 102
Residual signal, 464–477
Residue signal, 378
Resistor ladder D/A converter, 81–85, 693, 694, 711, 717
Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF), 533
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 582
Response, impulse, 90–94, 647–650
Return to zero (RZ) code, 69
Reverberation, digital, 685–686
ReWritable (see Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW))
RIFF (Resource Interchange File Format), 533
Right-handedness, 338
Ringing (analog filters), 52
RLL codes (see Run-length limited codes)
Robinson–Dadson curves, 337
Rock Ridge extension, 223
RS error-correction code (see Reed–Solomon error-correction codes)
RSA Laboratories, 574
RSP (Real-time Streaming Protocol), 578, 582
RS-PC (see Reed–Solomon Product Code)
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 582
RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol), 582
RTSP (Real-time Transport Streaming Protocol), 578, 582
R-2R ladder D/A converters, 83–84, 693, 694, 711, 717
RTXTDT (Real-Time Text Data), 284
Run-length limited (RLL) codes, 70–75
EFM, 73
for optical recording, 75
synchronization in, 70–71
zero modulation, 73–74
RZ (return to zero) code, 69
S
SACD (see Super Audio CD)
Sample rate converters, 507–509
Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit:
input, 53–56
output, 86–89
Sampling, and need for filtering, 89–90
Sampling frequency, 19–25, 507–509
CD, 189
oversampling, 94–100
Sampling jitter, 116–117
Sampling theorem, 20–25
Sanyo, 188
SAOL (Structured Audio Orchestra Language), 588
SAPP (Simple Audio Play Pointer), 282–284, 286, 287
SAR A/D converters (see Successive approximation register A/D converters)
SASBF (Synthetic Audio Sample Bank Format), 586, 588
SASL (Structured Audio Score Language), 588
Satellite digital audio radio service (SDARS), 626
Satellites, 597–601
Saturation recording, 545–547
SBC (Subband codec) (for Bluetooth), 563–564
SBR (see Spectral band replication)
Scalable sampling rate (SSR) profile, 420, 424–425, 586
Scalable speech coding, 472–473
G.729.1, 474–476
MPEG-4, 474–476
Scale factor, 399–400, 404, 407, 422, 464
SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), 500–501
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), 518–519, 547
SD disc (see Super Density disc)
SDARS (see Satellite digital audio radio service)
SDG (subjective difference grade), 381
SDIF-2 protocol (see Sony Digital InterFace protocol)
SDIF-3, 486
SDII (Sound Designer II), 533, 536
SDIO specification, 543
SDM (see Sigma-delta modulation)
SDTV (Standard Definition Television), 638–640, 643
S/E ratio (see Signal-to-error ratio)
Security (Internet audio):
encryption, 573–574
fingerprinting, 574–576
watermarking, 576–577
Self-clocking codes, 65–73
Serial Copy Management System (SCMS) in S/PDIF format, 500–501
Servo systems, 65–68
and jitter, 117–118
optical media, 174, 193, 200–205, 217
Settling time:
for A/D converters, 56
for D/A converters, 81
for S/H circuits, 55
SFM (see Spectral flatness measure)
S/H circuit (see Sample-and-hold circuit)
Shaping (see Noise shaping)
Shockwave, 579
SI (synchronization information) header, 441
SID (Source Identification) code, 309
Sigma-delta conversion, 63, 693–695, 697–701
A/D converter chip, 718–720
A/D–D/A converter chip, 721–722
D/A conversion, 702–711
multi-bit with quasi fourth-order noise shaping, 709–711
multi-bit with third-order noise shaping, 706–709
one-bit with second-order noise shaping, 702–705
D/A converter chip, 720–721
deficiencies overcome by, 79, 693–694
delta modulation, 454, 695–697
digital filtering and decimation, 714–718
first-order sigma-delta modulator, 698–700
higher-order noise shaping, 700–701
idle tone, 702
limit cycles, 702
noise shaping, 101–102, 110, 463, 468, 693–729
Sigma-delta modulation (SDM), 86, 102, 110, 123, 693–722
Signal processing, time and frequency domains for, 652–657
Signal reflection, 127
Signal-to-error (S/E) ratio, 32–33, 42–44, 695, 697, 698, 700, 719, 724
Signal-to-mask ratio (SMR), 347–351, 358, 360
AC-3 codec, 436
DTS codec, 445
MPEG standard, 399–402, 411–415
Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, 32, 43
AC-3 codec, 436
adaptive delta modulation (ADM), 110–111
CD, 189
for D/A converters, 85
defined, 86
delta modulation (DM), 109–110
differential PCM (DPCM) systems, 113
in floating-point system, 104
in low bit-rate coding, 373–375
in nonuniform companding systems, 106
Signed-magnitude representation, 8
Sign-magnitude configuration, 85
SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data), 532
Simple Audio Play Pointer (SAPP), 282–284, 286, 287
Simple codes, 68–70
Sine wave, 4
Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD), 532
Single-bit parity, 130–132
Single-mode fiber-optic cable, 512–513
Sinusoidal speech codec, 461
Sirius XM Satellite Radio, 625–627
6-3-1-1 code, 9–10
16-bit conversion resolution, 56
16-bit D/A converters, 79–81
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), 518–519, 547
desktop audio interconnection method, 518
and hard-disk recording, 544–547
IEEE 1394, 519
SMART (System Managed Audio Resource Technique), 279
SMPTE VC-1, 316
SMR (see Signal-to-mask ratio)
S/N ratio (see Signal-to-noise ratio)
Snell’s law, 167
SNR (see Signal-to-noise ratio)
Solomon, Gustave, 149
Sony Corporation, 184–185, 187–188, 235, 299, 426
Sony Digital InterFace (SDIF-2) protocol, 486–488
Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS) system, 184, 425
Sony-Philips Digital InterFace (S/PDIF) format, 497–500
AES3 channel status block vs., 497
serial copy management system (SCMS) in, 500–501
Sound, 1–5
amplitude of, 3
diffraction and refraction of, 2
frequency of, 2
overtones, 4
propagation of, 1–2
speed of, 2–3
as waveform, 2–5
Sound cards, 525–527
Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97) component specification in, 528–529
for music synthesis, 527–528
for surround sound processing, 527
Sound Designer II (SDII), 533, 536
Sound generators, 2
Sound pressure level (SPL), 3–4, 337–339
SoundBlaster cards, 532
Soundtrack production, 550–551
Source-filter model, 457–458
Source Identification code (SID), 309
Spatial frequency, 168, 170–171
S/PDIF format (see Sony-Philips Digital InterFace format)
Spectral band replication (SBR), 371–373 (See also Bandwidth extension)
Spectral compression, 112, 363, 423–425
Spectral flatness measure (SFM), 415
Spectral shaping (see Noise shaping)
Spectrum:
optical, 165–166
radio, 604–605
satellite, 598–599
Speech coding, 451–484
bandwidth extension, 476–479
CELP (code excited linear prediction), 467–472
codebooks, 470–471
encoder and decoder, 468–470
examples, 472
vector quantization, 471–472
channel codecs, 458–461
criteria, 451–453
echo cancellation, 479–480
formant codecs, 458–461
human speech, 455–457
linear predictive coding, 464–467
predictive speech coding, 461–463
quantifying performance, 482–483
scalable speech coding, 472–476
G.729.1 and MPEG-4, 474–476
sinusoidal codecs, 458–461
source coding, 453–455
source-filter model, 457–458
speech coding standards, 483–484
Speech recognition, 481
Speex codec, 482
variable bit rate, 480–481
voice activity detection, 480
waveform coding, 453–455
SPG (sync pulse generator), 505
SPL (sound pressure level), 3–4, 337–338
Spot size, 170, 171, 174, 191, 255, 303, 305, 307, 319
Spreading function, 343, 351–352, 394, 399, 411, 413–417, 438
Springer, Kenneth, 608
SRMs (System Renewability Messages), 522
SSR (scalable sampling rate) profile, 420, 424–425, 586
Stampers, 216–217, 252–253, 308–309
Standard Definition Television (SDTV), 638–640, 643
Statistical sampling, 20, 383–384
Stereo variable area (SVA), 183, 184
Stereoscopic 3D (Blu-ray), 326–327
Stirrup, 340
Stopband, 50–52
Storage media:
jitter in mechanical, 117–119
(See also specific headings, e.g.: Optical media)
Streaming audio, 578–582
Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL), 588
Structured Audio Score Language (SASL), 588
Stuart, Robert, 449
Studio Advisory Committee, 260
Subband codec (SBC) (for Bluetooth), 563–564
Subband coding, 344, 348, 353, 355, 357, 363, 374
Subcode bits (CD), 209–213
Subjective difference grade (SDG), 381
Successive approximation register (SAR) A/D converters, 60–62
Super Audio CD (SACD), 235–243
disc design, 236–238
DSD modulation in, 238–242
DST lossless coding in, 242
features, 235–236
player design, 242–243
Super Density (SD) disc, 245
Super Video CD (SVCD), 235
SureStream protocol, 578, 581, 582
Surround sound processing, 527
SVA (stereo variable area), 183, 184
SVCD (Super Video CD), 235
Swedish Radio, 395
Switching errors, 88–89
Symmetric encryption, 573–574
Sync pulse generator (SPG), 505
Synchronization, 65, 75, 485–505
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) protocol, 515, 643
Synthesis, music, 526–527
Synthetic Audio Sample Bank Format (SASBF), 586, 588
System Managed Audio Resource Technique (SMART), 279
System Renewability Messages (SRMs), 522
T
T-0, T-1, T-2, T-4 lines, 555
Table of contents (TOC):
CD, 211–212
CD-R, 224–229
CD-ROM, 222–223
Super Audio CD (SACD), 237–242
Tandem (cascaded) codecs, 370–371, 396
TAO recording (track-at-once recording), 228, 232
T-carrier networks, 554
TCP (see Transmission Control Protocol)
TCP/IP (see Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
TDAC (see Time-domain aliasing cancellation)
TDM (see Time-division multiplexing)
TDRS (Tracking Data and Relay System), 603
Telephone services, 553–555
Television (see Digital Television)
Tellurium, 182
Temperature, 2, 181–182, 226–227, 609
Temporal masking, 347–349, 357, 361, 402, 435
Temporal noise shaping (TNS), 363, 420–425
Test tones:
D/A converters, 81
low bit-rate codecs, 373–375
speech codecs, 482–483
Texas Instruments code, 678–679
Texture change method, 178
THD+N (total harmonic distortion plus noise), 58, 59, 123, 373
Theatrical film audio formats, 183–185
Thomson Multimedia, 394
3D stereoscopic (Blu-ray), 326–327
3PM code (see Three-position modulation code)
Three-beam pickup, 200–202
Three-position modulation (3PM) code, 71–75
Threshold of hearing, 337, 344–347, 410–413
Timbre, 4
Time sampling, 19–25
Timebase correction (see Jitter)
Timecode, 213, 237, 493, 502, 504–505
Time-division multiplexing (TDM), 528, 607
Time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), 367
AAC, 420
Time-domain impulse response, 90–94, 647–650
Time-invariance (discrete systems), 647
Time-multiplexed data code, 65
TIR (total internal reflection), 167, 510
TMN (see Tone-masking-noise)
TNO (see Track number)
TNS (see Temporal noise shaping)
TOC (see Table of contents)
Tonality, detection and characterization of, 350, 352, 413–417, 429
Tone-masking-noise (TMN), 347, 350–351, 414, 415, 417
Toshiba, 188, 245, 293, 295, 298
Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N), 58, 59, 123, 373
Total internal reflection (TIR), 167, 510
Track number (TNO), 211–212
Track-at-once (TAO) recording, 228, 232
Tracking Data and Relay System (TDRS), 603
Transform coding, 360–363
subband coding vs., 355–356
Transforms, 652–656
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 568–569
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 568
Transport stream, 270–274, 283–287, 321–324, 396–398, 442, 617, 628, 640–642
Transversal filters, 94–100, 668, 677
Tree diagrams, 145–146
24-bit conversion resolution, 29
Two’s complement, 10–13, 81, 670, 671, 674, 703
Two-times oversampling, 62, 99, 123
Tyndall, John, 510
U
UAWG (see Universal ADSL Working Group)
UDF Bridge (see Universal Disc Format Bridge)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 568, 578–580, 582, 594
U-Matic format, 213
Uniform pdf (see Rectangular pdf)
Uniform quantization, 28, 103, 107
Unipolar offset error, 58
Unitary system, 6
Universal ADSL Working Group (UAWG), 557
Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge, 246, 259–260, 324–325
Universal Serial Bus (USB), 522–525
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable, 494
Unweighted binary codes, 10–13
UPC/EAN code, 212
U.S. Mail, 227
U.S. Navy, 220
USB (Universal Serial Bus), 522–525
USB-On-the-Go (USB OTG), 524
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 568, 578–580, 582, 594
UTP (unshielded twisted-pair) cable, 494
V
Vanderkooy, John, 38, 39, 94, 671, 723
VANS (Victor Advanced Noise Shaping), 709–710
Variable bit rate, 339, 408, 449, 480–481, 482
Variable-length coding (VLC), 633, 635
VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator), 117
Vector quantization (VQ), 471–472
Vernon, Steve, 439
VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association), 521
Victor Advanced Noise Shaping (VANS), 709–710
Video CD, 235
Video coding, 628–638
Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), 521
Video workstations, 551–552
Virtual Dolby, 527
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), 584
VLC (Variable-length coding), 633, 635
Vocal tract, 455–457
Vocoder, 458–459
Voice activity detection, 480
Voice coding (see Speech coding)
Voice VOC file format, 536
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), 454, 472, 473, 474, 482, 483, 570–571
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 117
VQ (vector quantization), 471–472
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language), 584
W
WANs (see Wide area networks)
WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference), 605
Watermarking:
Blu-ray, 329
DVD, 297
Internet audio, 574–576
speech coding, 478
Waveform Audio (.wav) file format, 533–534
Waveforms:
after output filtering, 102
complex, 4
Wavefronts, 168
Wavelength, 2
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 513
Wave-parameter modulation, 47
WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 513
Webcasting, 581–582
Weighted binary codes, 9–10
Weighted-resistor D/A converters, 81–82
WG-4 (Working Group 4), 274
White Book Video CD format, 221, 235
Whittaker, E. T., 20
Wide area networks (WANs), 560, 565
Wi-Fi, 566–567
Window margin, 66
Windows Media (WMA), 298, 316, 449, 467, 571, 579
Windows Media Encoder (WME), 579
WMA (Windows Media), 298, 316, 449, 467, 571, 579
WME (Windows Media Encoder), 579
WO optical recording (see Write-once optical recording)
Wolf, Emil, 177
Word length, 29–35
Working Group 4 (WG-4), 274
World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), 605
World War II, 44
Write-once (WO) optical recording, 177–178, 224–231, 289–290, 330–331
X
XM Satellite Radio (see Sirius XM Satellite Radio)
XMCL (Extensible Media Commerce Language), 572
XML (eXtensible Markup Language), 572, 594
XrML, 572
Y
Yellow Book standard, 220–221, 247
Z
ZCLV (zoned constant linear velocity), 230, 288, 292
Zero modulation (ZM) coding, 73–74
Zero vectors, 657–659, 658, 667
Zero-cross distortion, 84–85
ZM coding (see Zero modulation coding)
Zoned constant linear velocity (ZCLV), 230, 288, 292