INDEX

Aberrations, 57–9, 123

See also Distortion

Abstract shots, 105–6, 108–9, 157

SLR camera use, 48

Accessory equipment, 65

Adams, Ansel, 122

Adobe Photoshop, 2, 34, 35–6, 147

Aerial photography, 144–5

long, low buildings, 155

Aesthetics, 18

Alan J. Smith Partnership, 170

Analogu-to-Digital Converter (ADC), 31

Aperture, 55–7

depth of field and, 116–17

exposure determination and, 122–3

Architects, 9–10

Architects' Journal, 20

Architectural Photographic Association, 19

Architectural photography, 6–8

history of, 19–22

Architectural Review, 20, 21

Architecture:

aesthetics of, 18

design drawings, 13–15

recent history of, 10–13

terminology, 187–9

Archival photography, 28–9

Area array CCDs, 32

Assignments, see Location photography

Astigmatism, 59

Axonometric projection, 15

Barometers, 69

Barrel distortion, 57–8

fisheye lenses, 138

Baseboard cameras, 40, 41

Bauhaus movement, 11, 20

Bedford, Francis, 19

Bedford Lemere & Co, 19

Bit depth, 32

Black-and-white film, 28–30

archival photography and, 28–9

colour filters for, 29, 89–90

exposure determination, 121

zone system, 122

instant-print film, 30

See also Infrared photography

Blue sky, see Skies

Bofill, Ricardo, 13

Bounced flash, 60

Bracketing, 133

Briefs, 102

Brochures, see Property brochures

Building sites, 157–8

Cable release, 118

Camera movements, 37, 40–7, 115–16

cross shifts, 43–5, 129–31

excessive shift movements, 45–6, 55, 56

to expand sky area, 127–8

need for, 40–1

rising shifts, 41–3, 115

tall buildings and, 152–3

Scheimpflug adjustments, 46–7, 116

view cameras, 38, 51

Camera set-up, 114–17

Cameras, see specific types of camera

Chambers, The, Chelsea Harbour, 176–7

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), 23, 31–2

area array, 32

linear array, 32

Chip size, 50, 51

Chromatic aberrations, 58

Circle of illumination, 54–5

Clamps, 65

Clouds, 76

infrared film and, 142

Colour balancing, 135–6

Colour compensating filters, 86–9, 149, 151

Colour correction filters, 26, 86, 87

Colour meters, 63

Colour negative film, 27

colour balance, 27–8

exposure determination, 121

Colour temperature:

colour correction filters, 26, 86, 87

variations of natural light, 77

Colour transparency film, 25–7, 118

colour balance, 27

daylight balanced, 25

exposure determination, 121

processing, 119–20

tungsten balanced, 25–6

Coloured filters, 83–4

for black-and-white photography, 29, 89–90

for infrared photography, 143

Coma, 58–9

Compact cameras, 48

Composition, 92–110

framing the image, 138

line dynamics, 92, 96–9

structure, 92–6

Law of Thirds, 17, 94–6, 97, 98

symmetry, 92–4, 124–5, 130–1

See also Perspective

Construction sites, 157–8

Contrast:

adjustment by push- or pull-processing, 119–20

black-and-white film and, 28, 29

interior lighting, 77

Contrast filters, 89–90

Correction filters:

colour correction, 26, 86, 87

for black-and-white photography, 89

Country Life, 20

Cross shifts, 43–5, 129–31

Crystal Palace, 10–11, 19

Curvature of field, 59

Curvilinear distortion, 57–8

da Vinci, Leonardo, 16–17

Daily Express Building, 21

Dawn shots, 131–4

Daylight balanced film, 25, 30, 86

dusk shots, 133–4

shopping centre/retail site shots, 159–60

Delamotte, Philip Henry, 19

Dell & Wainwright, 21–2

Depth of field, 116–17

focal length and, 102

Linhof Universal Depth of Field Table, 116, 117

Design drawings, 13–15

Detail shots, 105–6, 108–9

SLR camera use, 48

Diffraction, 57, 58, 117, 123

Digital cameras and backs, 33–4, 37, 49–51

Digital imaging, 2–5, 23, 31–6

for location photographers, 33–5

manipulation, 34, 35–6

perspective controls, 147–8

process of, 35–6

pros and cons of, 2–5

resolution, 33

Direct reflected light readings, 120, 121–2

Distortion:

barrel distortion, 57–8

fisheye lenses, 138

perspective, 43, 45-6, 99

pincushion distortion, 57–8

See also Aberrations

Dower House, 178–80

Drop shifts, 41–3

Dunn, William, 29

Dusk shots, 131–4, 150

Dynamic lines, see Line dynamics

Effects filters, 85–6

Elevation drawing, 14

Elevations, 14

Empire State Building, 17

Evans, Frederick H., 6, 7, 20

Evans, Walker, 20

Exposure determination, 117–18, 120–3

dusk shots, 133

exposure values, 122–3

infrared photography, 143

sources of error, 120–1

Sunny-16

rule, 122

zone system, 122

See also Light meters

Exterior photographs, 103–6

horizontal convergence correction, 129–31

optimum time of day for, 73–6

problems with, 149–60

construction sites, 157–8

long, low buildings, 154–5

north-facing buildings, 75, 150–1

parked vehicles and traffic, 156–7

poor weather conditions, 149–50

restricted space in narrow streets, 155–6

shopping centres/retail sites, 158–60

tall buildings, 152–4

shooting sequence, 113–23

camera set-up, 114–17

exposure determination, 117–18, 120–3

film loading, 113–14

shooting the image, 118–20

viewpoint location, 114

uniformity of detail, 110

f-number, 55–7, 117

exposure determination and, 122–3

Feininger, Andreas, 20

Field cameras, 40

Fill-in flash, 60, 78, 160

Film, 2–3, 23, 24–31

fogging, 113, 142–3

infrared, 29, 90, 142–3

instant-print, 30–1, 118, 119

loading of, 113–14

professional, 27

See also Black-and-white film; Colour negative film; Colour transparency film; Exposure determination

Film speed, 24, 25

black-and-white film, 28, 29

colour negative film, 27

colour transparency film, 25

dusk shots, 133

instant-print film, 30

shopping centre/retail site shots, 159–60

Filters, 80–91, 117

black-and-white photography, 29, 89–90

colour compensating filters, 86–9, 149, 151

colour correction filters, 26, 86, 87

coloured filters, 83–4

for black-and-white photography, 29, 89–90

for infrared photography, 143

effects filters, 85–6

graduated filters, 82–4, 128, 149–50, 151, 154

mounts, 90–1

neutral density (ND) filters, 82–4, 128, 154

opaque filter, 143

polarizing filters, 29, 81–2

selective filtering, 84–5, 151

tri-colour mosaic filter, 32–3

ultraviolet filters, 80

Fisheye lens, 138–40

Flash lighting, 60–2, 77–8

fill-in flash, 60, 78, 160

Flash meters, 63

Fluorescent lighting, 78, 134

colour compensation, 86, 87–9

Focal length, 53

depth of field and, 102

infrared photography and, 143–4

perspective and, 100–2

See also Long-focus lenses; Standard lens; Wide-angle lenses

Focusing, 115–17

infrared photography, 143–4

Focusing screens:

formatting, 146–7

view cameras, 38–9

Fogging, 113

infrared film, 142–3

Forth Railway Bridge, 29

Foster, Norman, 13

Framing the image, 138

Fresnel lens, 39

Geometrical distortion, 45-6

Golden Section, 16

Graduated filters, 82–4, 128, 149–50, 151

neutral density (ND), 82–3, 154

Gropius, Walter, 11, 20

High-rise buildings, See Tall buildings

High-tech architecture, 13

Horizontals, 98

convergence, correction of, 43, 128–31

See also Line dynamics

Incident light readings, 120, 121

Infrared photography, 140–4

film, 29, 90, 142–3

filters and, 143

Instant-print film, 30–1, 118, 119

Interior photography, 106–8, 113

camera movements and, 43–5

colour transparency film for, 25–6

horizontal convergence correction, 128–9

lighting, 77–8

sunlight and, 74

symmetry, 94

uniformity of detail, 110

ISDN telephone lines, 3, 36

Isometric projection, 15

Kenwood House, 128

Kodak C-41 process, 28

Kodak E-6 process, 27

Kodak grey card, 120, 122

Large format cameras, 122

view cameras, 39–40

Latham, Charles, 20

Law of Reciprocity, 123

Law of Thirds, 17, 94–6, 97, 98

Le Corbusier, 11, 17

Lenses, 51–60

aberrations, 57–9, 123

aperture, 55–7

choice of, 51–2

covering power, 54–5

fisheye lens, 138–40

fresnel lens, 39

performance, 57

practical lens testing, 57–60

selection of, 114–15

shift lenses, 51, 54

speed of, 55–6

See also Long-focus lenses; Standard lens; Wide-angle lenses

Light meters, 62–3

direct reflected readings, 120, 121–2

incident light readings, 120, 121

probe meters, 122

See also Exposure determination

Lighting:

equipment, 60–3

fill-in lighting, 60, 78

interiors, 77–8

mixed lighting conditions, 78–9

See also Natural light

Line dynamics, 92, 96–9, 109, 124

wide-angle lenses and, 99, 124, 155

See also Horizontals; Verticals

Linear array CCDs, 32

Linhof Universal Depth of Field Table, 116, 117

Lloyd's Insurance Building, 12, 13

Location photography:

abstract detail shots, 108–9

on arrival, 112–13

practical digital imaging for, 33–5

pre-shoot planning, 111–12

uniformity of detail, 110

See also Exterior photographs; Interior

photography; Sets of photographs of one building

Long-focus lenses, 52, 122

perspective and, 100, 101–2

pincushion distortion, 58

shopping centre/retail site shots, 160

Long, low buildings, 154–5

Lough Point, 73

Lupe magnifier, 115–16

Manipulation of digital images, 34, 35–6

Medium format cameras, 118

digital backs, 49–51

SLR cameras, 37, 47–9

view cameras, 39

Meters:

colour meters, 63

flash meters, 63

See also Light meters Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 11

Mixed lighting conditions, 78–9

Modelling lamp, 61

Modernism in architecture, 10–12

Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 20

Monorail cameras, 38, 40, 50–1

Narrow streets, 155–6

National Monuments Record, 28

Natural light, 8, 66–8

angle of the sun, 70–3

cloud effects on, 76

colour temperature variations, 77

dawn and dusk, 132

exterior photographs and, 103

optimum time of day for exterior photography, 73–6

Neoclassical architecture, 13

Neutral density (ND) filters, 82–4, 128, 154

Night shots, 131–4

Nissan European Technology Centre

(NETC), 168–70

North-facing buildings, 75, 150–1

Opaque filter, 143

Optical viewfinders, 39

Panoramic photography, 137, 140, 141

Parked vehicles, 156–7

Paxton, Sir Joseph, 10, 11

People:

shopping centre shots, 158–60

use to emphasize scale, 134–5

Perspective, 18, 92, 99–100

control of, 43, 44

shift lenses, 51

digital perspective controls, 147–8

distortion, 43, 45–6, 99

flattening of, 131

focal length and, 100–2

three-dimensional structure and, 99–100

Perspective drawing, 15

Photographic composition, see Composition

Pincushion distortion, 57–8

Pixels, 23, 31–3

resolution and, 33, 36

Planning, pre-shoot, 111–12

Plans, architectural, 14

Polarizing filters, 29, 81–2

Polaroid film, 30

Portland Place, 170–2

Postmodernism, 12–13

Pre-shoot planning, 111–12

Press photographers, 4

Print resolution, 36

Printers, 36

Probe meters, 122

Processing, 119–20

Kodak C-41 process, 28

Kodak E-6 process, 27

pull-processing, 119

push-processing, 119–20

Property agents, 4, 8, 34, 102

corporate brochure, 176, 178

Property brochures, 161–2

analysis, 162

Dower House, 178–80

Nissan European Technology Centre

(NETC), 168–70

Portland Place, 170–2

Regent Gate, 162–6

St Martins Lane, 170–6

St Mary Axe, 170–3

St Mary's Court, 166–8

The Chambers, Chelsea Harbour, 176–7

Proportion, 15–17

Golden Section, 16–17

modular system, 17

Published images, 161

See also Property brochures

Pull-processing, 119

Push-processing, 119–20

Reflected light readings, 120, 121–2

Reflected views, 136–7

Reflex prism finder, 38

Regent Gate, 14, 15, 34–5

property brochure, 162–6

Renger-Patzsch, Albert, 20

Resolution:

digital photography, 33

printing systems, 36

scanning resolution, 36

Retail sites, 158–60

Rising shifts, 41–3, 115

excessive, to expand sky area, 127–8

tall buildings and, 152–3

Rogers, Richard, 12, 13

St Martins Lane, 170–6

St Mary Axe, 170–3

St Mary's Court, 166–8

Scale, 17

use of people to emphasize, 134–5

Scanning, 3, 23

resolution, 36

Scheimpflug adjustments, 46–7, 116

Section drawings, 15

Golden Section, 16

Selective filtering, 84–5, 151

Sets of photographs of one building, 102–10

abstract detail shots, 108–9

exterior photographs, 103–6

interior photographs, 106–8

uniformity of detail, 110

Shift lenses, 51, 54

Shift movements, see Camera movements

Shoots, see Location photography

Shopping centres, 158–60

Shutter speed, 55

exposure determination and, 122–3

Single lens reflex (SLR) cameras, 40, 47–9

shift lenses, 51

Site plan, 13, 14

Skies:

blue sky, 67, 76, 77

dusk, 132

filters for, 83

polarizers and, 81

expanding the sky area with shift, 127–8

overcast, 76

See also Clouds; Weather

Slave unit, 60, 61

Smith, Christian, 137, 141

Smithies, K.W., 18

Special effects filters, 85–6

Spherical aberration, 58

Standard lens, 52, 101

Starburst filter, 85, 86

Stirling, James, 13

Strand, Paul, 20

Structure:

in composition, 92–6

Law of Thirds, 17, 94–6, 97, 98

symmetry, 92–4, 124–5, 130–1

three-dimensional, perspective and, 99–100

Studio photographers, 4

Sun finder charts, 68, 71, 134, 181–6

corrections for greater accuracy, 182–3

guidelines, 182

Sun position, 70–3, 103

Sunlight, see Natural light

Sunny-16 rule, 122

Sunrise, see Dawn shots

Sunset, see Dusk shots Swing movements, 46–7

Symmetry, 92–4, 124–5

adding an element of asymmetry, 130–1

Tall buildings, 17, 125–6, 152–4

Testing, of lenses, 57–60

Three-dimensional structure, 99–100

Tilt movements, 46–7

Tilting the camera, 41, 42, 109, 127

tall buildings and, 153

Tooley & Foster Partnership, 13–15

Tower blocks, 125–6

Traffic, 156–7

Tri-colour mosaic filter, 32–3

Tripods, 64–5

Tungsten balanced film, 25–6, 30, 86

dusk shots, 133–4

Tungsten lighting, 60, 78

film for, 26

Ultraviolet filters, 80

Uniformity of detail, 110

Vernacular architecture, 10

Verticals, 98

convergence, 41, 42

correction of, 41, 42, 115, 153

deliberate, 98–9, 124–7

divergence, correction of, 42

See also Line dynamics

View cameras, 37, 38–40, 51

baseboard cameras, 40, 41

covering power of lens, 54, 55

medium and large formats, 39–40

monorail cameras, 38, 40, 50–1

See also Camera movements

Viewfinders, 39

Viewpoint:

location of, 114

restricted, 43, 44, 155–6

Vignetting, 55, 56, 118, 131, 153–4

Weather, 111–12

forecasting of, 68–9, 111

poor weather conditions, 149–50

Wells Cathedral, 7

Wide-angle lenses, 52–4, 101, 115

barrel distortion, 57–8, 138

digital camera backs and, 51

fisheye lens, 138–40

line dynamics and, 99, 124, 155

long, low buildings and, 154–5

perspective and, 99, 100–1, 109

restricted space and, 156

Working drawings, 15

Wren, Sir Christopher, 10

Zone system, 122