Subject Index
A
Accounting separation,
200
Acquis communautaire,
118
African Development Bank,
94
Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER),
16,
18,
185,
245,
298
Aggregate consumer utility,
186
Alternative energy system strategies,
159,
162
Appropriate institutional framework,
237
Assets under management (AUM),
318
Association of Mediterranean Transmission System Operators (Med-TSO),
28,
136,
282,
298
Association of the Mediterranean Transmission Networks for Electricity,
299
Asymmetric hydrocarbon resources,
155
Available transfer capacity (ATC) model,
191
B
Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP),
223
Baltic Sea Region
Economic integration of,
218
Barcelona’s Association Agreements,
119,
124
Billion cubic metres (BCM),
108
Bosporus Bridge and Northern Maramara Highway Project,
233
Build-operate-own (BOO) projects,
77
C
Capital-intensive plants,
169
Carbon-free energy sources,
293
Central Electricity Generation Company (CEGCO),
296
Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA),
Central European power grids,
221
Central western European (CWE) region,
196
Clean development mechanism (CDM),
113
projects, development of,
113
Climate policy framework,
115,
163
Climate-related energy policy,
140
Coal-fired power plants,
169
Collective energy security,
127
Commodity bubble utilities,
316
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP),
35
Common legal framework,
Competitive-bidding processes,
205,
213
Competitive wholesale electricity market,
187,
197
Comprehensive long-term strategy,
83
economic potential of,
46
Congestion management mechanisms,
188
Connecting Europe Facility (CEF),
223
Conservative scenario (CS),
134
Conventional energy generation infrastructures,
82
Cooperation of European Energy Regulators (CEER),
298
“Cooperation” scenario,
179
Coordinated planning process,
68
Coordination mechanism,
284
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA),
286
Cost-efficient technology,
93
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS),
219
Crossborder interconnectors,
Cross-border transactions,
189
Cumulative power generation costs,
176
Current general electricity laws,
210
D
transmission capacity,
191
Decision-making process,
320,
322
participatory model of,
144
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTA),
301
Demand side management (DSM),
110
Democratization process,
228
Derisking policy schemes,
279
Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii) ,
75,
96
Development markets
around Baltic sea northern perspective,
217–224
around Baltic Sea northern perspective of
GAS–weakening russian dominance,
221–223
increasing role of European Union,
223–224
nordic electricity market–success story,
220–221
political and economic integration in Baltic region,
218–220
Directive 2003/54/EC,
245
Direct normal irradiance (DNI),
45
Directorate General for Energy,
299
Discretion accorded regulators
Distorted energy market,
61
Distributed generation,
317
Domestic actors
Domestic energy
“Double-track” approach,
68
“Dual fuel” strategy,
316
Dutch macroeconomic mismanagement,
125
E
Earnings per share (EPS),
319
Economic Union of West African States (ECOWAS),
97
Economy modernization,
162
ECRB Report, recommendations of,
16
Egypt
potential for renewable energy in,
77
Egypt Economic Development Conference (EEDC),
239
Egyptian Electricity Authority (EEA),
295
Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC),
202,
295
Egyptian Solar Energy Plan,
90
Electricity
exporting activities,
208
liquidity of,
Electricity Distribution Company (EDCO),
296
Electricity interconnection projects,
56,
112
Electricity Market Regulations 5758-1997,
295
Electricity paradigm,
135
Electricity supply industry (ESI),
135
Electricity transmission,
278
Electric power systems
infrastructure of,
Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (EgyptERA),
295
Endowments and foundations (E&Fs) investments,
320
Energy Charter Conference,
303
Energy charter process
distinctive feature of,
305
Energy Community (EnC),
137
Energy cooperation
long-term global model of,
303
Energy decision-making
stakeholders’ preferences in,
93
depends, evolution of,
166
Energy Diplomacy Action Plan,
36
Energy-efficient practices,
299
Energy-importing countries,
54
Energy Information Administration (EIA),
252
Energy infrastructure
in MENA countries, private participation,
225–239
Energy-intensive industries,
82
Energy investment plans,
Energy Legislative Package,
17
Energy markets,
Energy Ministers of the Union,
32
Energy regulatory authorities,
52
Energy sector, European union (EU) in
south and east Mediterranean area, future common strategies analysis between,
155–182
alternative EU–SEM strategies,
170–179
SEM energy system, current situation of,
160–162
SEM region, alternative energy strategies for,
162–164
Energy sources
geographic dispersion of,
Energy subsidization schemes,
182
Energy subsidy policies,
278
Equity risk premia (ERP),
329
EUPHEMIA, development of,
191
EuroMed Energy Ministers Conference,
30
Euro-Mediterranean collaboration schemes,
96
Euro-Mediterranean cooperation,
50,
200
Euro-Mediterranean countries,
281
Euro-Mediterranean electricity market integration debate,
33
Euro-Mediterranean energy
Euro-Mediterranean energy cooperation,
28,
33,
34,
36,
57,
75,
124,
139,
150,
151
Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Integration Project (MED-EMIP),
57
EU external energy policy, frameworks of analysis,
24–26
issue (re)definition in, securitization of energy matters,
34–36
Mediterranean solar plan and demise,
30–33
recent relaunch of regional energy cooperation,
33–34
Euro-Mediterranean energy sector,
278,
298
new regional and international developments to,
293–308
energy legal reforms in MENA countries,
294–297
international energy charter ,
306–308
new Euro-Mediterranean energy platform,
297–302
new European neighbourhood policy,
300–303
Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference,
245
Euro-Mediterranean partnership (EMP),
26,
136,
250
Euro-Mediterranean Platform on Regional Electricity Market,
289,
290
Euro-Mediterranean regional energy cooperation,
23,
29
Euro-Mediterranean regional energy market,
308
Euro-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Infrastructure Fund,
68,
69
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM),
218
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),
65,
111,
279
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC),
218
European Commission (EC), ,
23,
25,
185,
200,
214,
223,
294,
300,
301,
302
decision-making process of,
92
European External Action Service (EEAS),
35
future format of,
policy entrepreneurialism,
26
political background of,
Regulatory Board (ECRB),
12
European Continental Networks,
221
European Council Conclusions,
34
European Economic Area (EEA),
218
European Economic Community (EEC),
218
European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS),
163
European Energy Charter,
303,
306
European energy demand,
117
European energy discourse,
124
European energy market,
32,
293
European energy model,
117
European energy supplies,
123
European External Action Service (EEAS),
35
European financing mechanisms,
61
European infrastructure assets,
329
European Investment Bank (EIB),
65,
279
European legal standards,
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP),
114
European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI),
302
European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO),
298
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E),
285,
299
European Regulation (ER),
285
European Regulation on Energy Infrastructure,
286
European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG),
245
European regulatory frameworks,
329
European regulatory regimes,
326
European Regulatory Space,
152
European transmission systems,
best practice,
Commission Mediterranean platforms,
119
conformity with rules system,
143
countries,
Energy Diplomacy Action Plan,
36
EU–MENA backbone grid,
298
EU–MENA energy cooperation,
300
EU–Southern Mediterranean Energy Community,
294
foreign energy policy,
114
internal electricity market,
186
internal energy market,
31
internal energy policy,
28
internal market rules,
217
pressure for rule change,
140
role in rules adoption,
141,
142
European Union (EU) pressures and institutions
for future Mediterranean energy markets,
131–152
normative diffusion in energy sector,
136–138
perception of rules promotion, results from semistructured survey,
138–151
top-down and network pressures for,
139–147
European University Institute,
18
European utilities
European utility sector,
317
Executive and legislative institutions,
249
Executive–legislative–judiciary relations,
244
F
Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP),
61
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBIH),
12
Final energy intensity,
105
Financial markets
Financing mechanisms,
182
Financing Mediterranean electricity infrastructure,
275–275,
291
challenge of financing infrastructure in SEMCS,
279–281
policy implications and conclusions,
288–291
regional energy context and OME vision,
275–279
toward an interconnected Mediterranean grid, some regulatory perspectives,
281–288
Foreign direct investment,
280
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM),
France–Spain (SWE) real trading gain,
196
Free on board (FOB) export,
166
French–British interconnection,
192
French company Total Infrastructures Gaz France (TIGF),
321
French–Spanish interconnection,
192,
193
Functional separation,
200
Functioning judiciary system,
250
Funds under management,
319
G
Gas combined cycle technology,
170
Gas-fired power generation,
169
German Aerospace Center,
45
German Federal Ministry for Environment,
45
Global electricity landscape,
227
Good energy governance,
125
Governmental intervention,
313
“Green growth” agendas,
84,
85
Greenhouse gases emissions,
293
“Green paper/white paper” process,
92
primary energy consumption per unit of,
166
H
Harmonization process, ,
18,
136
High-capacity LNG terminals,
222
High-voltage direct current (HVDC),
50
electricity interconnections,
112
Hydroelectric potential,
170
Hydropower potential,
111
I
IFA interconnector
Import risk analysis (IRA),
140
Incentive-based approach,
302
Independent power producers (IPPs),
202,
204
Independent system operator (ISO) model,
202
Infant industry argument,
10
Institutional investments
in green infrastructure
Institutional investors, role of,
318–326
decision-making process and targets,
320–323
very lively industry,
323
Insurance funds (IFs),
318
Integrated electricity market,
289,
293
Interconnected electricity systems,
96
Interconnected energy sector,
303
Interconnected Mediterranean grid,
291
Interconnection capacity,
188
Interconnectors,
Intergovernmental agreement,
287
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
50
Inter-Ministerial Conferences,
27
Internal energy market (IEM),
29
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution,
222
International electricity transactions,
295
access to and development of energy sources,
306
access to national, regional, and international markets,
306
access to sustainable energy,
307
education and training,
307
energy efficiency, environmental protection, and sustainable and clean energy,
307
liberalization of trade,
307
promotion and protection of investments,
307
safety principles and guidelines and the protection of health and the environment,
307
International energy system,
120
International energy transmission networks,
307
International Labour Organization (ILO),
49
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA),
298
International Standards,
151
International Trade Center (ITC) compensation,
17
Interoperability agreement,
288
Inter-TSO compensation (ITC) mechanism,
284,
285
in infrastructures, financial markets,
311–331
clear “energy policy”,
330
four key conditions to stimulate investments in infrastructures,
326–329
institutional investors, role of,
318–326
long-term contracts, use of,
329–330
from necessary evils to just “evils”,
317
takeaways for regulators/policy makers,
317–318
typical trade-off and the “usual temptation”,
331
utilities sector, historical perspective,
312–318
and regulation in MENA countries, empirical analysis
empirical results, impact of NRAs on investment in electricity capacity,
262
Investment and regulation in MENA countries
institutional determinants of NRAs,
263–266
NRA, political institutions, and investment capacity,
266–271
establishment of regulatory authorities pitfalls of institutional endowment of countries,
245–250
restructuring utility industries, role of national regulators,
245–248
role of institutional framework,
248–250
impact of regulatory independence,
243–271
regulatory and institutional landscape,
250–258
political and legal institutions in,
254–258
Investment incentives mechanisms,
11
nondomestic investment (the regulatory gap),
17
regional investment plans,
16–17
Investment mechanism,
Italian Regulatory Authority,
119
J
Jordan Electricity Authority (JEA),
296
Jordanian Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC),
203
Jordanian Electric Power Company (JEPCO),
209
Jordan’s Energy and Minerals Regulatory Commission (EMRC),
254
K
Key performance indicators (KPIs),
327
L
Large-scale renewable energy projects,
114
Latin American (LAC) countries,
231
League of Arab States (LAS),
97,
298
Liberalized international power market,
220
Libyan hydrocarbon production,
122
Liquefied natural gas (LNG),
159
M
Market-based approach,
186
Market coupling (MC),
189
in terms of social welfare, benefits of,
185–198
benefits from electricity cross-border trading,
187–189
day-ahead electricity markets in Europe,
186–187
Pan-European Hybrid Electricity Market Integration Algorithm (EUPHEMIA),
190–191
Pan-European market coupling, benefits from,
191–197
Market exchange rates (MERs),
104
Mediterranean electricity systems,
58,
282
political cooperation,
282
regulatory harmonization,
282
technical coordination,
282
Mediterranean energy
developing credible Euro-Mediterranean energy narrative,
127–129
high expectations, harsh realities,
120–123
managing interdependency, elements for,
123–127
addressing energy-related hard security threats,
126–127
consolidating energy relations and launching new initiatives in new domains,
124–125
focusing on good governance of energy resources,
125–126
Mediterranean HVDC transmission links,
58
Mediterranean integration
Mediterranean Observatory of Energy (OME) projection,
34,
58,
119,
156,
229
Conservative Scenario,
275
Electricity Committee Meeting Minutes,
33
Mediterranean Partner Countries,
126
Mediterranean power system,
287
Mediterranean producers,
126
Mediterranean region
Mediterranean regional energy,
29
Mediterranean renewable energy,
64
Mediterranean renewable energy market,
60
Mediterranean transmission system operators,
119
MEDPRO research program,
158
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities,
321
Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries,
24,
25,
30,
73,
89,
93,
141,
199,
203,
210,
227,
240,
293
demand for energy (Mtoe) in,
251
institutional determinants of NRA in,
265
National Regulatory Agencies in,
253
parliamentary regimes of,
255
region’s energy sectors,
95
renewable energy targets,
211
RE-sourced electricity from,
213
structural reforms in,
294
total electricity installed capacity in,
252
Mid-term scenario-building process,
113
Ministerial Council (MC),
17
Minister of Energy and Infrastructure,
295
Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Housing,
79
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE),
75,
77
Ministry of National Infrastructures,
295
Model-based analysis,
159
“Money management” industry,
318
Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN),
79,
296
Multilateral development banks,
280
Mutual harmonization
N
National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ADEREE),
296
National electricity policy,
295
National electricity systems,
229
National Electric Power Company (NEPCO),
201,
296
National energy resources,
305
National energy strategy,
79
National energy systems
National infrastructure roadmap,
64
National legislation,
285
Nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA),
113
National regulators,
16,
17
National regulatory regimes,
280
National renewable energy and efficiency plan,
51
National Renewable Energy Authority (NREA),
77,
206
National renewable energy plans,
50
National transmission systems,
Natural gas
Neighborhood Investment Facility (NIF),
61
Net energy-exporting countries (NECs),
28,
48
of interconnected markets,
189
Net energy-importing countries (NICs),
28,
48,
101
Net export curve (NEC),
188
Net oil-exporting countries (NOEC),
252
New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA),
77,
207,
295
New Euro-Mediterranean energy roadmap
energy as prerequisite for sustainable regional development,
101–102
energy consumption and efficiency,
102–104
fifth Euro-med energy milestone
promoting new interconnected market,
112–113
first Euro-Med energy milestone, enhancing hydrocarbon cooperation in region,
108
fourth Euro-med energy milestone
unlocking the renewable energy potential,
111–112
second Euro-med energy milestone
challenging persistence of energy subsidies,
108–110
sixth Euro-med energy milestone
financing sustainable energy transition,
113–114
third Euro-med energy milestone
promoting energy efficiency,
110–111
Nonprogrammable renewable generation,
134
Nordic energy regulators (NordREG),
221
Nord pool spot (NPS),
220
North Africa
fossil fuel reserves and renewable energy deployment in,
76
large-scale energy generation in,
82
renewable energy targets in,
77
Northern Mediterranean countries (NMCs),
33,
134,
229
North–south interconnector project,
287
Norwegian energy regulator,
220
O
Obligatory fuel-switching arrangements,
222
Office National d’Electricité (ONE),
95
Office National de l’Electricité et de l’Eau (ONEE),
296
Official energy policy,
330
Old market algorithm,
195
Operated power distribution projects,
235
Operating expenses (OPEX),
329
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,
25,
42,
62,
89,
233
Ownership separation,
200
P
Palestine Electricity Transmission Line Company (PETL),
202
Palestinian Electricity Regulatory Council,
297
Palestinian Energy and Natural Resources Authority (PENRA),
297
Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy,
97,
98
Pan-European Energy Community,
23
Pan-European market coupling
cross-border electricity flows in right direction,
192–194
cross-border trade between the Liberian electricity market (MIBEL) and Northern Africa,
195–197
existing cross-border capacities, optimization use of,
192
improving price convergence,
194–195
market coupling and interconnectors, gross welfare of,
195–197
Pan-Mediterranean energy cooperation,
129
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM),
298
Path-dependent frameworks,
25
Paving the Way for the Mediterranean Solar Plan (PWMSP),
31
Photovoltaic (PV)
economic potential of,
46
Political authorities,
281
Political science concept,
125
Political stability measures,
256
Pollitt’s thesis,
Positive institutional endowment,
249
Power and patronage networks,
73
Power-generating actors,
204
Power-generating sector,
168
Power generation, majority of,
201
Power market structure
and renewable energy deployment experiences from MENA region,
199–214
power sector, unbundling of,
200–203
private sector participation,
203–210
renewable energy for direct export,
208
renewable energy for self-consumption,
208–210
renewable energy for third-party sales,
207
renewable energy for utility supply,
205–207
renewable energy shares and targets,
210–213
Power purchase agreements (PPAs),
77,
204,
284
current unbundling situation in MENA region,
201–203
unbundling
in MENA countries, status of,
204
Power source
nordic generation capacity (MW) by,
220
Power transmission network,
191
Price coupling of regions (PCR),
185
PRIMES energy model,
92,
157
Private and public investors,
114
Private infrastructure projects,
231
Private investment flows,
304
Private operators
Private participation in infrastructure (PPI),
230
Proactive green scenario,
293
Proactive scenario (PS),
134
Project-by-project approach,
94
Projects of common interest (PCI),
15,
223,
286
Projects of Energy Community Interest (PECI),
15
PROMETHEUS projection,
165
Prudent person principle,
62
Public and private partnership (PPP),
227
performance and trends of,
230
Public competitive bidding processes,
204,
205
Public Establishment for Electricity Generation and Transmission,
297
Public finance stability,
166
Public–private approach,
279
Public private partnership (PPP),
230
Public service provision,
239
Public Services Authority,
295
Purchasing power agreements (PPAs),
323
Purchasing power parity (PPP),
104
Q
Qualitative analysis,
240,
241
R
Recoverable resources,
121
Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE),
115,
208,
298,
299
Regional cooperation,
Regional Cooperation Council (RCC),
Regional electricity market
Regional electricity transmission systems,
56
Regionalization concept,
Regional regulatory framework,
60
Region’s hydropower production
Regulated asset-based (RAB),
12
determination,
Regulated energy sector,
245
Regulatory bodies
Regulatory credibility,
246
Regulatory ex ante tests,
Regulatory market rules
Regulatory mechanisms,
Regulatory reform process,
138
Regulatory system
and Energy Efficiency Program,
51
financial dimension of,
68
in southern and eastern Mediterranean,
41–69
barriers to development in region,
53–69
commercial barrier, need to reform energy subsidies,
53–55
Euro-mediterranean renewable energy platform,
67–69
financial barrier, key role of institutional investors ,
61–65
infrastructural barrier, key role of med-TSO,
55–56
new role of EBRD in,
66–67
regulatory barrier, key role of MEDREG,
59–61
booming energy demand,
41–43
potential benefits of,
48–51
cooperation benefits, enhancing both intra-SEMC and EU–SEMC cooperation,
50
environmental benefits, lowering energy intensity,
49–50
macroeconomic benefits, meeting rising energy demand at lower price,
48–49
socioeconomic benefits, creating new jobs and alleviating energy poverty,
49
potential of region,
44–48
concentrated solar power (CSP) potential,
44–46
photovolaic (PV) potential ,
46–47
wind power potential,
47–48
SEMC national renewable energy plans,
51–53
Renewable energy deployment,
61,
81,
122
challeng as scaling up,
81–83
access to financing,
82–83
commitment to “green growth” agenda,
81–82
private sector engagement,
83
energy systems in need of transformation,
73–74
in North Africa, scaling up,
73–85
support deployment, initial steps to,
75–80
transform energy sector and scale up renewables
capitalizing on early steps to,
84–85
generated electricity,
31,
33
critical appraisal of,
92
transnational perspective,
96–99
Renewable energy technologies,
73,
90
Renewables-based energy mix,
120
Republic of Srpska (RS),
12
S
Samra Electric Power distribution,
296
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC),
202
model-based quantification of,
180
SEM–EU energy system,
157
SEM infrastructure projects,
279
Substantial investments in,
280
SEM region
energy indicators for,
161
Separating transmission
Shrimp-processing factory,
209
Small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
65
Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz (STEG),
297
Sociological isomorphism,
24
Solar and wind energy projects,
53,
61
Solar energy technology
Solar water heaters
regulatory framework for,
78
South Eastern Europe (SEE) region,
28
countries,
reform process in,
small transitional countries of,
Stability Pact,
South East Europe (SEE) energy community (EC),
12
different approach,
17–19
EC as condition for transferring EU policies and mechanisms
political background of,
5–6
EC concept and its background,
4–5
EC member states, outline of investment incentive schemes in regulatory frameworks,
11–17
mechanisms for investment incentives at regional level,
15–17
overview of tariff methodologies as instruments,
11–15
favorable investment environment creation, role of regulatory agencies,
9–11
investments in transmission network as precondition for energy sector reform,
7–9
regional concept as precondition,
6–7
regulatory framework of,
1–19
Southern and eastern Mediterranean countries (SEMCs),
24,
31,
34,
41,
101,
134,
229,
275,
276,
294
current energy situation of,
102
current transition phase in,
114
electricity demand in,
56
electricity generation in,
44,
45
energy efficiency in,
110
energy supply and consumption in,
101
environmental benefits in,
49
financing infrastructure in,
279
national renewable energy,
64
natural gas production of,
106
policy
primary production and exports of natural gas in,
178
regulatory framework in,
280
source generation in,
134
sectoral breakdown of,
103
SEMC–EU electricity interconnection projects,
57
total primary energy demand
total primary energy production in,
106
wind power potential of,
47,
48
economic potential of,
48
South Mediterranean hydrocarbon sector,
155
Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs),
61,
318
Spain–Morocco interconnection,
284
Spain–Portugal interconnection,
194
Spanish electricity market,
322
Stable regulatory framework,
59
State-level energy policies,
229
State-owned holding company,
201
Streamlined tendering processes,
213
Structural market reforms,
308
STXE index constituents,
313
Sustainable Energy Initiative (SEI),
67
Sustainable Energy Procurement Company (SEPC),
206
T
Telecom bubble burst,
315
Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP),
286
Third party access (TPA),
252,
312
Time-based electricity tariffs,
208
TOTal EXpenses (TOTEX),
329
Total final energy consumption (TFC),
102
Total primary energy supply (TPES),
41,
102
Trans-European Infrastructure (EU),
286
Transitional processes,
Transmission and distribution (T&D) network, ,
10,
323
Transmission systems, ,
15
Transparent regulation,
331
Treaty on European Union,
300
Tunisia’s National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME) export,
208
U
UAE, dominating power sector in,
201
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
113
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
49
Universal energy
Universal market-based principles,
294
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS),
315
US African Command (USAFRICOM),
127
US Department of Energy,
260
US Geological Survey (USGS),
106
Utilities sector
utilities safe investments,
312–316
postcommodity bonanza,
316
restructuring phase and the dual-fuel strategy,
315–316
telecom bonanza and multiutility strategy,
315
V
W
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC),
11,
13
Wind power
technical potential of,
47
Wind-promoting policies,
170
Win–win cooperation situation,
180
World Energy Council,
171
World Trade Organization (WTO),
218,
305