Subject Index

A
Accounting separation, 200
Acquis communautaire, 118
African Development Bank, 94
Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), 16, 18, 185, 245, 298
Aggregate consumer utility, 186
Alternative energy system strategies, 159, 162
Appropriate institutional framework, 237
Arab Spring, 101
Assets under management (AUM), 318
Association of Mediteranean Energy Regulators (MedReg), 28, 34, 60, 75, 119, 136, 278, 290, 298
Association of Mediterranean Transmission System Operators (Med-TSO), 28, 136, 282, 298
Association of the Mediterranean Transmission Networks for Electricity, 299
Asymmetric hydrocarbon resources, 155
Attractiveness, 326–327
common misconception, 326–327
Available transfer capacity (ATC) model, 191
B
Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP), 223
Baltic Sea Region
Economic integration of, 218
energy markets, 224
map of, 219
Barcelona process, 27, 136, 163, 297
Barcelona’s Association Agreements, 119, 124
Bilateral market, 186
Billion cubic metres (BCM), 108
Bosporus Bridge and Northern Maramara Highway Project, 233
Bottom-up methodology, 159, 171, 289
Bottom-up pressure, 148
Brownfield projects, 321
Budget constraints, 227
Build-operate-own (BOO) projects, 77
C
Capital-intensive plants, 169
Carbon-free energy sources, 293
Central Electricity Generation Company (CEGCO), 296
Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA), 5
Central European power grids, 221
Central western European (CWE) region, 196
Checks and balances, 258
Clean development mechanism (CDM), 113
projects, development of, 113
Climate policy framework, 115, 163
Climate-related energy policy, 140
Coal-fired power plants, 169
Collective energy security, 127
Commodity bubble utilities, 316
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 35
Common legal framework, 7
Competition policy, 288
Competitive-bidding processes, 205, 213
Competitive wholesale electricity market, 187, 197
Comprehensive long-term strategy, 83
Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, 44, 90, 156, 205, 302
economic potential of, 46
technology, 93, 163
Congestion costs, 187
Congestion management mechanisms, 188
Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), 223
Conservative scenario (CS), 134
Conventional energy generation infrastructures, 82
Cooperation of European Energy Regulators (CEER), 298
“Cooperation” scenario, 179
impacts of, 172
Coordinated planning process, 68
Coordination mechanism, 284
Correlation matrix, 264
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), 286
Cost-efficient technology, 93
Cost–supply curves, 157
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS), 219
Crossborder interconnectors, 7
Cross-border transactions, 189
Cumulative power generation costs, 176
Current barriers, 62
Current general electricity laws, 210
D
Decarbonization, 118
“Decentralized actions” strategy, 164, 171, 173, 174, 181
electricity price, 198
market, 186
transmission capacity, 191
Decision makers, 73
Decision-making process, 320, 322
participatory model of, 144
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTA), 301
Degree of democracy, 266
Demand side management (DSM), 110
issues in, 110
domestic pricing, 110
hierarchy, 110
institutions, 110
public finance, 110
sectors, 110
support from EU, 111
Democratization process, 228
Derisking policy schemes, 279
Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii) , 75, 96
DESERTEC initiative, 30
Development markets
around Baltic sea northern perspective, 217–224
introduction, 217–218
around Baltic Sea northern perspective of
GAS–weakening russian dominance, 221–223
increasing role of European Union, 223–224
nordic electricity market–success story, 220–221
political and economic integration in Baltic region, 218–220
Directive 2003/54/EC, 245
Direct normal irradiance (DNI), 45
Directorate General for Energy, 299
Discretion accorded regulators
degree of, 248
Distorted energy market, 61
Distributed generation, 317
Domestic actors
role of, 150
Domestic energy
consumption, 156
system, 171
Domestic markets, 300
“Double-track” approach, 68
“Dual fuel” strategy, 316
Dutch disease, 125
Dutch macroeconomic mismanagement, 125
E
Earnings per share (EPS), 319
Economic Union of West African States (ECOWAS), 97
Economy modernization, 162
ECRB Report, recommendations of, 16
Efficiency factor, 11
Egypt
potential for renewable energy in, 77
Egypt Economic Development Conference (EEDC), 239
Egyptian Electricity Authority (EEA), 295
Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC), 202, 295
Egyptian Solar Energy Plan, 90
Electricity
demand, 262
distribution of, 318
exporting activities, 208
and gas markets, 217
generation, 317
mix, 44
sector, 207
law, 202
liquidity of, 8
Electricity Distribution Company (EDCO), 296
Electricity interconnection projects, 56, 112
Electricity Market Regulations 5758-1997, 295
Electricity paradigm, 135
Electricity sector, 279
liberalization, 199
Electricity supply industry (ESI), 135
Electricity systems, 281
Electricity transmission, 278
lines, 56
Electric power systems
infrastructure of, 3
Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency (EgyptERA), 295
Endowments and foundations (E&Fs) investments, 320
Energy Charter Conference, 303
Energy charter process
modernization of, 303
Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), 217, 218, 303, 304
distinctive feature of, 305
market-based rules, 305
provisions, 304
Energy Community (EnC), 137
proposal, 129
Secretariat, 4, 15, 16
Energy Community Treaty (ECT), 5, 28, 29, 129, 137, 294
Energy cooperation
long-term global model of, 303
Energy decision-making
stakeholders’ preferences in, 93
Energy demand, 95
depends, evolution of, 166
driving forces of, 41
and supply model, 157
Energy Diplomacy Action Plan, 36
Energy-efficient practices, 299
Energy-importing countries, 54
Energy Information Administration (EIA), 252
Energy infrastructure
in MENA countries, private participation, 225–239
conclusions, 239
energy investment, 233–235
global overview, 230–233
introduction, 227–230
regional overview, 235–239
Energy-intensive industries, 82
Energy investment plans, 7
Energy Legislative Package, 17
Energy markets, 7
integration, 223
liberalization of, 312
Energy Ministers of the Union, 32
Energy model, 159
Energy networks, 146
Energy policy, 10, 25, 282, 306
Energy regulators, 69
Energy regulatory authorities, 52
Energy resources, 306
Energy sector, European union (EU) in
policy makers of, 243
south and east Mediterranean area, future common strategies analysis between, 155–182
alternative EU–SEM strategies, 170–179
carbon emissions, 174–175
energy demand, 171–173
fossil fuel trade, 176–179
power generation, 173–174
power generation costs , 175–176
conclusions, 179–182
introduction, 155–157
model description, 157–160
reference scenario, 165–170
energy demand, 166–168
exogenous assumptions , 165–166
power generation, 168–170
scenario description, 160–164
SEM energy system, current situation of, 160–162
SEM region, alternative energy strategies for, 162–164
Energy sources
diversification of, 307
geographic dispersion of, 8
Energy subsidization schemes, 182
Energy subsidy policies, 278
Energy Union, 34, 129, 222
Equity risk premia (ERP), 329
EUPHEMIA, development of, 191
EuroMed Energy Ministers Conference, 30
Euro-Mediterranean collaboration schemes, 96
Euro-Mediterranean cooperation, 50, 200
Euro-Mediterranean countries, 281
Euro-Mediterranean electricity market integration debate, 33
Euro-Mediterranean energy
dimension, 123
forum, 27
integration, 117
market, 305
space, 120
Euro-Mediterranean energy cooperation, 28, 33, 34, 36, 57, 75, 124, 139, 150, 151
Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Integration Project (MED-EMIP), 57
Euro-Mediterranean energy relations, 23–36, 37, 119, 120
EU external energy policy, frameworks of analysis, 24–26
issue (re)definition in, securitization of energy matters, 34–36
Mediterranean solar plan and demise, 30–33
recent relaunch of regional energy cooperation, 33–34
redefinition of, 23
short history of, 27–30
Euro-Mediterranean energy sector, 278, 298
new regional and international developments to, 293–308
energy charter treaty, 303–306
energy legal reforms in MENA countries, 294–297
international energy charter , 306–308
introduction, 293–294
new Euro-Mediterranean energy platform, 297–302
new European neighbourhood policy, 300–303
Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference, 245
Euro-Mediterranean partnership (EMP), 26, 136, 250
Euro-Mediterranean Platform on Regional Electricity Market, 289, 290
Euro-Mediterranean region, 24, 27, 35, 152, 278
Euro-Mediterranean regional energy cooperation, 23, 29
Euro-Mediterranean regional energy market, 308
Euro-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Infrastructure Fund, 68, 69
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 218
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 65, 111, 279
shareholders, 66
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 218
European Commission (EC), 8, 23, 25, 185, 200, 214, 223, 294, 300, 301, 302
communications, 27, 34
decision-making process of, 92
European External Action Service (EEAS), 35
Foreign Policy, 37
future format of, 5
policy entrepreneurialism, 26
political background of, 6
Regulatory Board (ECRB), 12
European Continental Networks, 221
European Council, 33, 35, 185, 221
European Council Conclusions, 34
European Economic Area (EEA), 218
European Economic Community (EEC), 218
European Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), 163
European Energy Charter, 303, 306
European energy demand, 117
European energy discourse, 124
European energy market, 32, 293
European energy model, 117
European energy supplies, 123
European External Action Service (EEAS), 35
European financing mechanisms, 61
European infrastructure assets, 329
European Investment Bank (EIB), 65, 279
European legal standards, 4
European MC project, 197
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 114
financial instrument, 28
European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI), 302
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), 23, 136, 163, 294
Action Plans, 119
European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO), 298
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), 285, 299
European policy, 120
European Regulation (ER), 285
European Regulation on Energy Infrastructure, 286
European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG), 245
European regulatory frameworks, 329
European regulatory regimes, 326
European Regulatory Space, 152
European transmission systems, 7
European Union (EU), 3, 10, 155, 217
authorities, 271
best practice, 6
Commission Mediterranean platforms, 119
conformity with rules system, 143
countries, 7
DA markets in, 188
discourse, 128
energy dependency, 30
Energy Diplomacy Action Plan, 36
energy market, 136
energy model, 118
energy policy, 23, 26, 27, 29, 36
analyses, 25
energy security, 30
energy software, 118
energy strategy, 108
EU-ETS carbon price, 164
EU–MENA backbone grid, 298
EU–MENA energy cooperation, 300
EU–SEM cooperation, 155
EU–Southern Mediterranean Energy Community, 294
external energy policy, 23, 136, 148, 303
foreign energy policy, 114
foreign policy, 34
internal electricity market, 186
internal energy market, 31
internal energy policy, 28
internal market rules, 217
market, 16, 293
policies, 125
pressure for rule change, 140
renewable industry, 119
role in rules adoption, 141, 142
soft power, 119
European Union (EU) pressures and institutions
for future Mediterranean energy markets, 131–152
introduction, 133–135
normative diffusion in energy sector, 136–138
perception of rules promotion, results from semistructured survey, 138–151
bottom-up pressures for, 147–151
top-down and network pressures for, 139–147
European University Institute, 18
European utilities
profitability of, 317
European utility sector, 317
Executive and legislative institutions, 249
Executive–legislative–judiciary relations, 244
Exploitation, 281
F
Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP), 61
support package, 66
Trust Fund, 66
types of products, 65
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBIH), 12
Feed-in tariffs (FiT), 59, 77, 84, 95, 112, 170
Final energy intensity, 105
Financial markets
crisis of, 321
Financial model, 322
Financing mechanisms, 182
Financing Mediterranean electricity infrastructure, 275–275, 291
challenge of financing infrastructure in SEMCS, 279–281
policy implications and conclusions, 288–291
regional energy context and OME vision, 275–279
toward an interconnected Mediterranean grid, some regulatory perspectives, 281–288
Foreign direct investment, 280
Foreign investors, 305
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 5
Fossil fuels, 73, 74, 80, 81
based energy, 31
consumption, 55, 68, 109
exporter, 92
fired technologies, 159
resistance to, 109
volatile prices for, 227
France–Spain (SWE) real trading gain, 196
Free on board (FOB) export, 166
French–British interconnection, 192
French company Total Infrastructures Gaz France (TIGF), 321
French–Spanish interconnection, 192, 193
Functional separation, 200
Functioning judiciary system, 250
Funds under management, 319
G
Gas combined cycle technology, 170
Gas-fired power generation, 169
GEM-E3 model, 158
General electricity law, 201, 202, 208
Generic algorithm, 190
German Aerospace Center, 45
German Federal Ministry for Environment, 45
GHG emission, 156
Global electricity landscape, 227
Good energy governance, 125
Governmental intervention, 313
Green electricity, 129
Greenfield projects, 321
“Green growth” agendas, 84, 85
Greenhouse gases emissions, 293
“Green paper/white paper” process, 92
Grid reinforcement, 287
Gross domestic product (GDP), 133, 134, 228
energy intensity of, 166
growth, 257
index, 173
per capita, 160
primary energy consumption per unit of, 166
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 114, 120, 121, 239
countries, 206
H
Harmonization process, 3, 18, 136
High-capacity LNG terminals, 222
High-voltage direct current (HVDC), 50
cables, 57
electricity interconnections, 112
interconnectors, 163
lines, 156
power transmission, 298
Hybrid CSP projects, 170
Hydrocarbons, 170, 180, 276
importing countries, 156
resources, 120, 159, 160, 165, 300
Hydroelectric potential, 170
Hydropower potential, 111
I
IFA interconnector
MC flows for, 194
Import risk analysis (IRA), 140
Incentive-based approach, 302
Incentive mechanisms, 15
Independent power producers (IPPs), 202, 204
possibilities for, 206
Independent system operator (ISO) model, 202
Industrial policy, 93
Infant industry argument, 10
InfraMed Fund, 61
advantages, 68
Infrastructure, 230
Institutional investments
in green infrastructure
barriers to, 64
channel for, 63
Institutional investors, role of, 318–326
decision-making process and targets, 320–323
bottom-up analysis, 322–323
top-down analysis, 322
regulatory regimes, 324–326
very lively industry, 323
Insurance funds (IFs), 318
Integrated electricity market, 289, 293
Integrated tariff, 312
Interconnected electricity systems, 96
Interconnected energy sector, 303
Interconnected Mediterranean grid, 291
Interconnection capacity, 188
Interconnectors, 8
Intergovernmental agreement, 287
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 50
Inter-Ministerial Conferences, 27
Internal energy market (IEM), 29
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution, 222
International electricity transactions, 295
International Energy Agency (IEA), 41, 102, 224, 260, 278
International Energy Charter (IEC), 218, 303, 305–308
access to and development of energy sources, 306
access to national, regional, and international markets, 306
access to sustainable energy, 307
education and training, 307
energy efficiency, environmental protection, and sustainable and clean energy, 307
liberalization of trade, 307
objectives of, 306
promotion and protection of investments, 307
safety principles and guidelines and the protection of health and the environment, 307
International energy system, 120
International energy transmission networks, 307
International Labour Organization (ILO), 49
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 298
International Standards, 151
International Trade Center (ITC) compensation, 17
Interoperability agreement, 288
Inter-TSO compensation (ITC) mechanism, 284, 285
Investable universe, 320
Investment, 230
in infrastructures, financial markets, 311–331
clear “energy policy”, 330
country risk, 330
four key conditions, 330
four key conditions to stimulate investments in infrastructures, 326–329
attractiveness, 326–327
consistency, 328
independence, 328–329
transparency, 327–328
institutional investors, role of, 318–326
long-term contracts, use of, 329–330
from necessary evils to just “evils”, 317
takeaways for regulators/policy makers, 317–318
management risk, 318
political risks, 317–318
regulatory risk, 318
typical trade-off and the “usual temptation”, 331
utilities sector, historical perspective, 312–318
and regulation in MENA countries, empirical analysis
empirical results, impact of NRAs on investment in electricity capacity, 262
Investment and regulation in MENA countries
empirical analysis, 259–271
data, 260–262
institutional determinants of NRAs, 263–266
NRA, political institutions, and investment capacity, 266–271
research design, 259–260
establishment of regulatory authorities pitfalls of institutional endowment of countries, 245–250
restructuring utility industries, role of national regulators, 245–248
role of institutional framework, 248–250
impact of regulatory independence, 243–271
introduction, 243–244
regulatory and institutional landscape, 250–258
NRAs in, 252–254
political and legal institutions in, 254–258
Investment incentives mechanisms, 11
at regional level, 15–17
negative incentives, 17
nondomestic investment (the regulatory gap), 17
regional investment plans, 16–17
Investment mechanism, 9
IRR models, 324
Italian Regulatory Authority, 119
J
Jordan Electricity Authority (JEA), 296
Jordanian Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC), 203
Jordanian Electric Power Company (JEPCO), 209
Jordan’s Energy and Minerals Regulatory Commission (EMRC), 254
K
Key performance indicators (KPIs), 327
Kyoto Protocol, 93
L
Large-scale renewable energy projects, 114
Latin American (LAC) countries, 231
League of Arab States (LAS), 97, 298
Legal separation, 200
Liberalization, 312
level of, 199
Liberalized international power market, 220
Libyan hydrocarbon production, 122
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 159
M
Magnetic force, 24
Market-based approach, 186
Market coupling (MC), 189
algorithm, 190
approach, 189
benefit of, 189
in terms of social welfare, benefits of, 185–198
benefits from electricity cross-border trading, 187–189
day-ahead electricity markets in Europe, 186–187
day-ahead market coupling, 189–191
Pan-European Hybrid Electricity Market Integration Algorithm (EUPHEMIA), 190–191
Pan-European market coupling, benefits from, 191–197
introduction, 185–186
Market equilibrium, 186
Market exchange rates (MERs), 104
Market operators, 247
Median answer test, 138
Mediterranean Basin, 89, 133, 298
Mediterranean electricity systems, 58, 282
political cooperation, 282
regulatory harmonization, 282
technical coordination, 282
Mediterranean energy
developments, 123
markets, 119, 217, 305
platforms, 299
regulation, 138
sector, 228
security, 126
Mediterranean energy community, 117–129, 137
developing credible Euro-Mediterranean energy narrative, 127–129
high expectations, harsh realities, 120–123
introduction, 117
managing interdependency, elements for, 123–127
addressing energy-related hard security threats, 126–127
consolidating energy relations and launching new initiatives in new domains, 124–125
focusing on good governance of energy resources, 125–126
homework first, 123–124
pathways toward, 117–120
Mediterranean HVDC transmission links, 58
Mediterranean integration
benefits of, 283
Mediterranean Observatory of Energy (OME) projection, 34, 58, 119, 156, 229
Conservative Scenario, 275
Electricity Committee Meeting Minutes, 33
scenarios, 275
Mediterranean Partner Countries, 126
Mediterranean power system, 287
Mediterranean producers, 126
Mediterranean region
energy paradigm in, 135
Mediterranean regional energy, 29
Mediterranean renewable energy, 64
Mediterranean renewable energy market, 60
Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP), 23, 32, 50, 96, 113, 118, 163, 297
Mediterranean transmission system operators, 119
MEDPRO research program, 158
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities, 321
MIBEL, 192
market, 195, 196
Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, 24, 25, 30, 73, 89, 93, 141, 199, 203, 210, 227, 240, 293
demand for energy (Mtoe) in, 251
electricity sectors, 95
energy systems, 99
institutional determinants of NRA in, 265
MENA–EDS model, 157, 158
National Regulatory Agencies in, 253
parliamentary regimes of, 255
region, 98, 203
RE deployment in, 201
region’s energy sectors, 95
renewable energy targets, 211
RE-sourced electricity from, 213
rule of law, 250
structural reforms in, 294
total electricity installed capacity in, 252
Mid-term scenario-building process, 113
Ministerial Council (MC), 17
Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, 295
Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Housing, 79
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), 75, 77
Ministry of National Infrastructures, 295
Model-based analysis, 159
“Money management” industry, 318
Monopoly regulation, 18
Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN), 79, 296
Multilateral development banks, 280
Mutual harmonization
degree of, 19
N
National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ADEREE), 296
National electricity policy, 295
National electricity systems, 229
National Electric Power Company (NEPCO), 201, 296
National energy resources, 305
National energy strategy, 79
National energy systems
emergence of, 10
National infrastructure roadmap, 64
National legislation, 285
Nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA), 113
National market, 294
National regulators, 16, 17
National Regulatory Agency (NRA), 12, 140, 185, 227, 240, 243, 252
accountability, 254
significant role of, 271
National regulatory regimes, 280
National renewable energy and efficiency plan, 51
National Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), 77, 206
National renewable energy plans, 50
National transmission systems, 7
Natural gas
producing country, 107
production of, 176
Natural monopoly, 10
Negative incentives, 16
Neighborhood Investment Facility (NIF), 61
Net energy-exporting countries (NECs), 28, 48
of interconnected markets, 189
Net energy-importing countries (NICs), 28, 48, 101
Net export curve (NEC), 188
Net oil-exporting countries (NOEC), 252
New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), 77, 207, 295
New Euro-Mediterranean energy roadmap
energy as prerequisite for sustainable regional development, 101–102
Euro-med energy landscape, 102–107
energy consumption and efficiency, 102–104
energy production, 104–107
fifth Euro-med energy milestone
promoting new interconnected market, 112–113
first Euro-Med energy milestone, enhancing hydrocarbon cooperation in region, 108
fourth Euro-med energy milestone
unlocking the renewable energy potential, 111–112
need for, 114–115
second Euro-med energy milestone
challenging persistence of energy subsidies, 108–110
setting key milestones, 101–115
sixth Euro-med energy milestone
financing sustainable energy transition, 113–114
third Euro-med energy milestone
promoting energy efficiency, 110–111
Nonprogrammable renewable generation, 134
Nordic energy regulators (NordREG), 221
Nord pool spot (NPS), 220
Nord Stream project, 222
Normative power, 136
North Africa
fossil fuel reserves and renewable energy deployment in, 76
large-scale energy generation in, 82
renewable energy targets in, 77
Northern Mediterranean countries (NMCs), 33, 134, 229
economic maturity, 229
North–south interconnector project, 287
Norwegian energy regulator, 220
O
Obligatory fuel-switching arrangements, 222
Office National d’Electricité (ONE), 95
Office National de l’Electricité et de l’Eau (ONEE), 296
Official energy policy, 330
Old market algorithm, 195
Operated power distribution projects, 235
Operating expenses (OPEX), 329
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 25, 42, 62, 89, 233
Ownership separation, 200
P
Palestine Electricity Transmission Line Company (PETL), 202
Palestinian Electricity Regulatory Council, 297
Palestinian Energy and Natural Resources Authority (PENRA), 297
Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy, 97, 98
Pan-European Energy Community, 23
Pan-European market coupling
benefits from, 191–197
cross-border electricity flows in right direction, 192–194
cross-border trade between the Liberian electricity market (MIBEL) and Northern Africa, 195–197
existing cross-border capacities, optimization use of, 192
improving price convergence, 194–195
market coupling and interconnectors, gross welfare of, 195–197
Pan-Mediterranean energy cooperation, 129
Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM), 298
Path-dependent frameworks, 25
Paving the Way for the Mediterranean Solar Plan (PWMSP), 31
Pension funds (PFs), 318
Perception surveys, 138
Photovoltaic (PV)
economic potential of, 46
generation, 173
modules, 90
projects, 77
Policy agenda, 26
Policy makers, 138, 328
Political authorities, 281
Political science concept, 125
Political stability measures, 256
Pollitt’s thesis, 3
Population density, 259
Positive institutional endowment, 249
Posttax model, 13
Power and patronage networks, 73
Power-generating actors, 204
Power-generating sector, 168
Power generation, majority of, 201
Power markets, 200
Power market structure
and renewable energy deployment experiences from MENA region, 199–214
introduction, 199
policy implication, 213
power sector, unbundling of, 200–203
private sector participation, 203–210
renewable energy for direct export, 208
renewable energy for self-consumption, 208–210
renewable energy for third-party sales, 207
renewable energy for utility supply, 205–207
renewable energy shares and targets, 210–213
Power plants, 295
Power purchase agreements (PPAs), 77, 204, 284
model, 324
projects, 206
Power sectors, 203
current unbundling situation in MENA region, 201–203
on reform of, 200–201
unbundling
in MENA countries, status of, 204
unbundling of, 200–203
Power source
nordic generation capacity (MW) by, 220
Power transmission network, 191
Pragmatic approach, 282
Price coupling of regions (PCR), 185
Primary energy fuel, 134
PRIMES energy model, 92, 157
Private actors, 204
Private and public investors, 114
Private equity, 66
features of, 66
Private infrastructure projects, 231
Private investment flows, 304
Private operators
interconnections by, 295
Private participation in infrastructure (PPI), 230
database, 240
for energy, 234
energy investment, 237
Proactive green scenario, 293
Proactive scenario (PS), 134
Profitability, 316
Project-by-project approach, 94
Projects of common interest (PCI), 15, 223, 286
Projects of Energy Community Interest (PECI), 15
Prolific framework, 24
PROMETHEUS projection, 165
Prudent person principle, 62
Public and private partnership (PPP), 227
investments, 240
performance and trends of, 230
Public competitive bidding processes, 204, 205
Public Establishment for Electricity Generation and Transmission, 297
Public finance stability, 166
Public–private approach, 279
Public private partnership (PPP), 230
Public service provision, 239
Public Services Authority, 295
Purchasing power agreements (PPAs), 323
Purchasing power parity (PPP), 104
Q
Qualitative analysis, 240, 241
R
Recoverable resources, 121
RE electricity, 208
Reference Scenario projects, 165–167, 169, 174
Reforming processes, 245
Regional barriers, 53
Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), 115, 208, 298, 299
Regional cooperation, 7
Regional Cooperation Council (RCC), 5
Regional electricity market
platform on, 299
Regional electricity transmission systems, 56
Regional energy, 128
markets, 306
Regionalism, 24
Regionalization concept, 5
Regional networks, 148
Regional regulatory framework, 60
Region’s hydropower production
Turkey, role in, 107
Regulated asset-based (RAB), 12
determination, 4
regulation, 323
tariffs, 311, 324, 330
premia to, 325, 326
Regulated energy sector, 245
Regulation, 281
definition of, 249
Regulatory agencies, 12, 67, 248
independence of, 247
Regulatory barriers, 60
Regulatory bodies
in Europe, 328
Regulatory credibility, 246
Regulatory ex ante tests, 4
Regulatory frameworks, 27, 79, 289
alignment of, 85
definition of, 244
Regulatory market rules
harmonization of, 16
Regulatory mechanisms, 3
Regulatory reform process, 138
Regulatory regimes, 11, 325–328
Regulatory system
flexibility of, 249
Renewable energy (RE), 32, 68, 288, 296
development of, 56
and Energy Efficiency Program, 51
and Energy Program, 80
financial dimension of, 68
generation projects, 300
law, 95
policy document, 97
potential, 44
economic benefit of, 49
programs, 83
projects, 68, 94, 111, 112, 210
in southern and eastern Mediterranean, 41–69
barriers to development in region, 53–69
commercial barrier, need to reform energy subsidies, 53–55
EIB’s FEMIP, 65–66
Euro-mediterranean renewable energy platform, 67–69
financial barrier, key role of institutional investors , 61–65
infrastructural barrier, key role of med-TSO, 55–56
national level, 56
new role of EBRD in, 66–67
regional level, 57–59
regulatory barrier, key role of MEDREG, 59–61
subregional level, 56
booming energy demand, 41–43
potential benefits of, 48–51
cooperation benefits, enhancing both intra-SEMC and EU–SEMC cooperation, 50
environmental benefits, lowering energy intensity, 49–50
macroeconomic benefits, meeting rising energy demand at lower price, 48–49
socioeconomic benefits, creating new jobs and alleviating energy poverty, 49
potential of region, 44–48
concentrated solar power (CSP) potential, 44–46
photovolaic (PV) potential , 46–47
wind power potential, 47–48
SEMC national renewable energy plans, 51–53
support policy, 59
Renewable energy deployment, 61, 81, 122
challeng as scaling up, 81–83
access to financing, 82–83
commitment to “green growth” agenda, 81–82
energy prices, 82
private sector engagement, 83
regional perspective, 83
regulatory framework, 82
energy systems in need of transformation, 73–74
in North Africa, scaling up, 73–85
support deployment, initial steps to, 75–80
Algeria, 80
Egypt, 75–78
Morocco, 79–80
Tunisia, 78–79
transform energy sector and scale up renewables
capitalizing on early steps to, 84–85
Renewable energy source (RES), 30, 107, 119, 155, 160, 276, 293
electricity, 210
generated electricity, 31, 33
generation, 134, 135, 227
subsidies, 223
technology, 31, 35, 135
Renewable energy targets, 89–99, 199
analysis, 92–96
achievability, 94–95
commitment, 93–94
motivation, 92–93
relevance, 95–96
background, 90–92
critical appraisal of, 92
introduction, 89–90
key features of, 91
transnational perspective, 96–99
types of, 90
Renewable energy technologies, 73, 90
disadvantage for, 73, 77
Renewables-based energy mix, 120
Republic of Srpska (RS), 12
Robin Hood tax, 317
Rule of Law (RoL), 237, 240, 245, 258, 263, 271
scenario, 126
Rule of thumb, 330
S
Samra Electric Power distribution, 296
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), 202
Securitizing energy, 36
SEM-EU Cooperation scenario, 156, 173, 175, 181
model-based quantification of, 180
scenario, 163, 171, 179
SEM–EU energy system, 157
SEM infrastructure projects, 279
Substantial investments in, 280
SEM region
carbon emissions in, 175
energy indicators for, 161
Separating transmission
importance of, 200
Shrimp-processing factory, 209
Small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 65
Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz (STEG), 297
Sociological isomorphism, 24
Solar and wind energy projects, 53, 61
Solar energy, 44, 46
Solar energy technology
deployment of, 80
Solar PV systems, 209
Solar water heaters
regulatory framework for, 78
South Eastern Europe (SEE) region, 28
countries, 8
energy market, 137
reform process in, 6
small transitional countries of, 5
Stability Pact, 5
South East Europe (SEE) energy community (EC), 12
different approach, 17–19
EC as condition for transferring EU policies and mechanisms
political background of, 5–6
EC concept and its background, 4–5
EC member states, outline of investment incentive schemes in regulatory frameworks, 11–17
mechanisms for investment incentives at regional level, 15–17
overview of tariff methodologies as instruments, 11–15
favorable investment environment creation, role of regulatory agencies, 9–11
introduction, 3–4
investments in transmission network as precondition for energy sector reform, 7–9
regional concept as precondition, 6–7
regulatory framework of, 1–19
Southern and eastern Mediterranean countries (SEMCs), 24, 31, 34, 41, 101, 134, 229, 275, 276, 294
annual DNI in, 45
carbon footprint of, 50
current energy situation of, 102
current transition phase in, 114
economies, 162
electricity demand in, 56
electricity generation in, 44, 45
energy efficiency in, 110
energy supply and consumption in, 101
energy systems, 43, 156, 157, 162
development of, 162
environmental benefits in, 49
financing infrastructure in, 279
national renewable energy, 64
plans, 51
natural gas production of, 106
oil production, 104
and exports in, 177
policy
key indicators of, 54
makers in, 59
population of, 41
primary energy, 160
demand in, 42, 102
primary production and exports of natural gas in, 178
regulatory framework in, 280
renewable energy, 50
agencies in, 52
development in, 113
projects in, 61, 111
advantages, 111
source generation in, 134
support policies in, 60
targets in, 51
sectoral breakdown of, 103
SEMC–EU electricity interconnection projects, 57
support, 29
TFC by sector in, 103
total primary energy demand
by fuel, 43
growth rates of, 43
total primary energy production in, 106
by fuel, 106
oil production of, 106
wind power potential of, 47, 48
economic potential of, 48
South Mediterranean hydrocarbon sector, 155
Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), 61, 318
Spain–Morocco interconnection, 284
Spain–Portugal interconnection, 194
Spanish electricity market, 322
Stable regulatory framework, 59
State-level energy policies, 229
State-owned holding company, 201
Streamlined tendering processes, 213
Structural market reforms, 308
STXE index constituents, 313
Sustainable Energy Initiative (SEI), 67
Sustainable Energy Procurement Company (SEPC), 206
System changer, 95
T
Target sectors, 323
Technical assistance, 66
Telecom bubble, 315
Telecom bubble burst, 315
Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP), 286
Third Package, 185
Third party access (TPA), 252, 312
regime, 140
Time-based electricity tariffs, 208
Top-down approaches, 139
Top-down pressure, 151
TOTal EXpenses (TOTEX), 329
based regulations, 329
Total final energy consumption (TFC), 102
Total primary energy supply (TPES), 41, 102
Trans-European Infrastructure (EU), 286
Transitional processes, 6
Transmission and distribution (T&D) network, 9, 10, 323
Transmission system operators (TSOs), 9, 30, 191, 197, 282, 290
planning, 11
Transmission systems, 3, 15
Transparent regulation, 331
Treaty on European Union, 300
Tunisian Solar Plan, 78
Tunisia’s National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME) export, 208
U
UAE, dominating power sector in, 201
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 113
Union for Mediterranean (UfM), 23, 113, 119, 282
energy platforms, 290
establishment of, 298
Secretariat, 289, 299
United Nations, 165
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 49
Universal energy
elimination of, 109
Universal market-based principles, 294
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), 315
US African Command (USAFRICOM), 127
US Department of Energy, 260
US Geological Survey (USGS), 106
Utilities Index, 312
Utilities sector
historical perspective of, 311–318
utilities safe investments, 312–316
commodity bonanza, 316
postcommodity bonanza, 316
restructuring phase and the dual-fuel strategy, 315–316
telecom bonanza and multiutility strategy, 315
V
VAT exemptions, 78
W
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC), 11, 13
formula, 326, 327
Wind power
technical potential of, 47
Wind-promoting policies, 170
Win–win cooperation situation, 180
World Bank (WB), 25, 94, 230
World Energy Council, 171
World Trade Organization (WTO), 218, 305
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