Note: page numbers followed by f indicates figures and t indicates tables.
A
Aalborg heat planning
alternatives
public discussion, 168–169, 168f
renewable energy, 169
socioeconomics, 169–170
choice eliminating mechanisms and strategies, 172–173
institutional changes, 171–172
law, heat supply, 167–168
natural gas-based CHP station
city council criticism, 171, 172f
coal-based alternative, 171
promotion, 170
socioeconomic feasibility, 170
Nordkraft coal unit, 170, 173
Agile energy systems, 131, 131f, 134–135
Applied and concrete economics, 7
Average current high voltage (ACHV) cable, 192
B
Biofuel transportation, 142–143, 143f, 157
Biogas station
cost-benefit analysis
neoclassical welfare economic theory, 174
Risø report, 175, 175t
evaluation, 173–174
feasibility study
AAU report, 176
economic objectives, 176
employment, 176
examples, 177–178, 177t
positive effects, 178
resources and environmental effects, 178, 178t
socioeconomic impacts, 174
C
Carbon capture technology, 255, 256
Catch-22 choice, 14
CEEP See Critical excess electricity production
Choice awareness strategies, 34f
democratic infrastructure
corporative regulation, 46
Danish law, 46–47
decision-making process, 46
economic feasibility studies
“free market,”, 38
guidelines design, 40–41
neoclassical market economics, 37–38
social learning tool, 40
socio- and business-economic evaluations, 39
public regulation
business-economic strategy, 43
CO2 reduction policies, 45
design of, 45
“free market,”, 42
“real market,”, 41
relationship, 42f
socioeconomic feasibility, 43
supply and demand, 44
research methodology
aim of, 48
energy plans, 48
step-by-step method, 49f
technical alternatives
guidelines, 36
half-true statements, 34–35
Choice awareness theory
alternatives, 248
choice and change
individual level, 14–15
radical technological change, 18–20
societal level, 15–18
choice perception, 20–23
choice-eliminating mechanisms, 6, 23–27, 249
collective decision making, 248–249
collective perception, 6
concrete public regulation measures, 248
Danish energy policy, 250
definition, 5
economic objectives, 248
first thesis, 27–28
institutional proposals, 160
no choice perception, 247–248
political objectives, 249
public decision making, 248
raising awarness
administrative practice, 31
concrete technical alternatives, 29
Groupthink theory, 30
risk assessment replacement, 30
social viability and environmental sustainability, 31
second thesis, 31–32
socioeconomic feasibility, 249
technical alternatives and socioeconomic evaluations, 160
true vs. false choice, 5
Choice perception, 20–23
Choice-eliminating mechanisms
Aalborg heat planning, 24–25
concrete planning and policymaking process, 24
direct power execution, 25–26
indirect power execution, 26
mind-controlling power, 26
power theory, 25
rationality vs. power, 24
structural power execution, 27
Cleaner technology alternatives See European EIA procedures
Coal-fired power station, Germany
carbon capture technology, 256
DONG, 256
vs. alternative CHP station
primary energy supply, 257, 257f
reference, 256, 257f
Compare Options for Sustainable Energy (COMPOSE) model, 71
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) system
duration curves, 120f
feasibility analysis, 119
infinite station, 119
net operational income, 121f
RES fluctuations, 120
savings and investments, 122f
sensitivity analysis, 122
system-economic feasibility, 121
Critical excess electricity production (CEEP)
avoidance, 95
definition, 76
expert analysis, 76
D
Danish Economic Council (DEC)
balance of payment and technological innovation, 228
employment, 229
environmental energy policy, 223–224
missing capacity benefits (unfair premises)
large power stations, 227
overcapacity, 228
saved capacity cost, 226, 227
small-scale CHP stations, 224–225
neoclassical economics
cost-benefit analysis, 224
radical technological change, 224
Danish energy system
energy planning, 1
energy policy, 11
primary energy supply, 2f
Danish reference energy system, large-scale integration
characteristics, 76–77
CHP, 78
compressed air energy storage (CAES)
duration curves, 120f
feasibility analysis, 119
infinite station, 119
net operational income, 121f
RES fluctuations, 120
savings and investments, 122f
sensitivity analysis, 122
system-economic feasibility, 121
critical excess electricity production (CEEP), 76
electric vehicles and V2G
advantage, 118
annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions, CHP, 115f
annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions, non-CHP, 116f
national energy reference systems, 113
night charge BEV, 113
reference case input parameters, 114t
V2G fleet, storage capacity, 117f
excess electricity diagrams
comparison diagram, 85–86
onshore wind power, 82f
photovoltaic electricity production, Sol300, 81f
synthetic PV curve, 83–84
wave power, 83f
West Denmark 2020, 80f
expert analysis results, 77t
exportable excess electricity production (EEEP), 76
flexible energy systems
CHP regulation, 91
electricity balance, 89f, 92f, 93f
Energy 21 implememtation, 90f
excess electricity production, 93f
fluctuation problem solution, 94
grid-stabilizing CHP and wind power, 91
heat pumps and heat storage capacity, 91
transport electrification, 92
grid stability
current electricity system, 99f
energy systems designs, 101f
excess electricity production, 102f, 103f
System 0 (reference), 100
System 1 (activating small and medium-sized CHP stations), 100
System 2 (adding heat pumps), 100
System 3 (including electricity for transport), 102
heat production replacing variants, 95
Nordic energy markets
annual income, wind trading, 105f
annual net earnings, 107f
cost calculation, 105
flexible vs. nonflexible energy system, 107f
net profit and marginal cost benefit, 106f
Nord Pool model, 104, 104f
price elasticity function, 104
regCHP system, 106
regCHP+HP system, 106
sensitivity analysis, 108, 108f
spot market price fluctuation, 104f
wind power calculation, 105
optimal combinations, RES
individual source vs. optimal mixture, 88f
minimum excess production, 87f
photovoltaic and onshore wind power, 87f
principles and methodologies, 123–124
recommendations, 124–125
reference regulation, 94–95
transport integration
BEV and HFCV, 109f
CO2 balance calculation, 112
ethanol and methanol, 110f
excess electricity diagram, 111f
high-voltage semiconductor regulation equipment, 111
marginal costs and benefits, 112f
transport scenario electrification, 78–79
vs. 50 percent more CHP, 95
vs. fuel cell technology, 95
Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan, 128
alternatives, 146
Danish Reference, 150f
Energy Year 2006, 144, 145
IDA 2030 system
business potential, 147, 148f, 149
CO2 emission, 149, 150f
domestic resources, 144–145
economic cost, 147, 148–149, 148f
energy policy, 145
EnergyPLAN computer model, 145–146
method, 145
net revenues, 149, 151, 151f
proposal, 146–147
residual resources, 152–154
targets, 145
IDA 2050 system
energy flow, 152, 153f
energy supply and CO2 emissions, 152, 154f
proposals, 151–152, 155
Ref 2030 and IDA 2030, 152, 153f
socioeconomic
consequences, 146
feasibility, 147, 149
work, 145
Demand side management (DSM), 218
Democratic infrastructure, choice awareness
corporative regulation, 46
Danish law, 46–47
decision-making process, 46
Denmark
energy consumption, 136–137, 137f
energy flow, 136–137, 138f
potential renewable energy sources (RES), 135–136, 136t
primary energy supply, 135–136, 137f
problems, electricity production, 137–138
renewable energy system
biofuel transportation, 142–143, 143f
design, 127, 138–139
development strategies, 128
electric and hydrogen vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f
excess electricity production, 139, 140f , 140t
flexible energy system, 141, 142f
principles and methodologies, 155
technological changes, 138–139, 139f
wind power capacity, 141, 142t Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan
Direct Current High Voltage (DCHV) cable, 192
Discourse theory
central element, 22
climate change, 21–22
linguistic philosophy, 21
renewable energy systems, 22
Domestic resources, 144–145
Duke Energy Carolinas (Duke), 231
E
Economic feasibility studies, choice awareness
“free market,”, 38
guidelines design, 40–41
neoclassical market economics, 37–38
social learning tool, 40
socio- and business-economic evaluations, 39
EEEP See Exportable excess electricity production
Electric vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f, 157
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), 216
Energy conservation measures, 254
Energy conversion technologies, 8–9
Energy plan Energy 21, 209
Energy plan Energy 2000
Nordjyllandsværk, 180
transmission lines, 188
Energy storage technologies, 9
EnergyBALANCE model, 70, 211
EnergyPLAN model
100 percent renewable energy system design, 252
aim of, 51
business-economic optimization, 146
comparative analysis, energy system, 251
conversion technologies, 252
demand-supply issues, 252
design of alternatives, 251
energy system analysis, 145–146
flexible energy system, 91
fluctuating RES, 252
green energy plan, 211
grouping, 58t
hourly simulation model, national level, 61t, 253
international electricity markets, 60
load dispatch models, 59
planning models, 59
implementation phases
100 percent renewable energy phase, 53
introduction phase, 53
large-scale integration phase, 53
input tab sheet, 62f
input-output structure, 63f
key considerations, 51–61
large-scale integration analysis, RES, 251
methodology
feasibility studies, 66
market exchange analysis, 66
technical analysis, 66
Nord Pool model, 104
purpose and application
aggregated in system description, 64
analytical programming, 64
deterministic model, 62
hour-simulation model, 62
optimizes operation, 64
radical technological changes, 251
reflections
coherent documentation, 72
cost calculation, 72
energy systems comparative analysis, 72
radical technological change analysis, 72
sister models
COMPOSE, 71
EnergyBALANCE model, 70
energy-PRO model, 71
socioeconomic feasibility, 251
step-by-step approach
defining alternatives, 70
defining reference energy demands, 67–68
defining reference energy supply system, 68–69
defining the regulation, 69–70
structure
operation strategies, 64
principle, 65, 66f
procedure stucture, 65f
types, 54t
Energy-PRO model, 71
European EIA procedures
Avedøreværk, 194, 200
choice awareness, 200–201
discourse, 201
high voltage transmission lines, 199
implementation
energy supply area and geographic location, 196f
environmental policy, 195
planning legislation, 195
public participation, 195
Nordjyllandsværk
alternatives, 196, 197t
decentralized CHP station, 198–199
impact assessment, 198
Nature Protection Appeal Board, 197–198
Regional Authority report, 196–197
European Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, 194
Excess electricity production, 255
Exportable excess electricity production (EEEP), 76
F
Flexible renewable energy system, 141, 142f, 144
G
German Lausitz power station
alternative
CHP usage, 205
economic feasibility, 206–207
energy consumption, 205
energy flow, 206f
heating system regulation, 204–205
vs. reference strategy, 207–208
wind power and biomass resources, 205–206
brown coal power station, 202, 204
CO2 emission reduction, 208
cost structure, 208
discourse, 209
electricity capacity, 204
geographical boundaries, energy supply, 202, 203f
modernization, energy system, 202–203
Green building, 134
Green Energy Plan
CO2 reduction policies, 210
concrete technical alternative, 210–211
environment and energy efficiency, 214
evaluation
computer model, 211
cost estimation, 211
public finances, 213, 213t
public regulation, 213–214
public debate, 209
vs. reference strategy, 211–212
Green energy policy, 228
Groupthink theory, 30–31
H
Half-true statements
incorrect context, 34
incorrect time dimension, 34
non-equalized evaluation, 34
Hobson's choice, 13–14
Hourly simulation model, EnergyPLAN, 61t
international electricity markets, 60
load dispatch models, 59
planning models, 59
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f, 157
I
IDA Energy Plan 2030
cost-effective investments, 239
Energy Year 2006, 237
fuel price, 237
institutional barriers, 238
interest rate, 237
macroeconomic model, 238
socioeconomically feasible investments, 239
targets, 237
Institutional economics, 7
Integrated energy system, 255
K
Kinesiology, 15
L
La Capra Associates, 232–233
Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED), 129–130
Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD)
agile energy systems, 131, 131f, 134–135
basic concept, 131–132
energy independence, 130, 130f
energy resources, 130
green building components, 134
hybrid technologies, 135
location, 129, 129f
power generation, 134
renewable technologies, 132, 133f
solar farms, 131, 132, 132t
sustainable energy system, 134–135
M
Micro hydro power, 218
N
National Energy Policy Office of Thailand (NEPO), 217
Neoclassical market economics, 38
applied neoclassical economics, 37–38, 41
cost-benefit analysis, 174–175
definition, 7
free market, 38
Nordic energy markets
annual income, wind trading, 105f
annual net earnings, 107f
cost calculation, 105
flexible vs. nonflexible energy system, 107f
net profit and marginal cost benefit, 106f
Nord Pool model, 104, 104f
price elasticity function, 104
regCHP system, 106
regCHP+HP system, 106
sensitivity analysis, 108, 108f
spot market price fluctuation, 104f
wind power calculation, 105
Nordjyllandsværk
400 MW coal-fired power station
arguments, 181
location, 180
plan approval, 180–181
alternatives
construction prices, 182
electricity savings, 185
and ELSAM proposal, 182, 183t
environmental impact, 182
official proposal, 182
production hours, 185
transmission line, 185–186
CO2 emission reduction, 180
energy plan Energy 2000, 180
institutional barriers, 187
“no alternative” situation, 179, 180–181
overcapacity, 187
Parliament, radical technological change, 186
Nordjyllandsværk-transmission line (NEV-TRI), 189
Nordkraft power station
alternative resources, 161, 162
CHP station, 164–166
cost-benefit analysis, 164, 165, 165f
decision-making process, 160
discourse, 166
district heating, 161
ELSAM cooperation, 160–161
heating prices, 162, 163f
local citizen participation, 162, 164f
location, 160
natural gas-fired station, 164–166
observations, 166
oil-fired station, 161
North Carolina
alternative choice, 235–236
Duke and Progress, 231
integrated resource plans, 235
monopoly system, 231
renewable energy and energy efficiency, 232
Renewable energy Portfolio Standard (RPS), 232
economic and environmental benefits, 233
feasibility study, 233
La Capra Associates, 232
law, 234–235
political decision making, 234
public comments, 234
resource assessment, 233
North Jutland Power Station See Nordjyllandsværk
O
Onshore wind power
hourly distribution, electricity production, 82f
photovoltaic and, 87f
slowdown, 258–259
P
Power theory, 25, 27–28
Progress Energy Carolinas (Progress), 231
Public regulation, choice awareness
business-economic strategy, 43
CO2 reduction policies, 45
design of, 45
“free market,”, 42
“real market,”, 41
relationship, 42f
socioeconomic feasibility, 43
supply and demand, 44
R
Radical technological change
definition, 6–7
fossil fuel-renewable energy change, 19
multipurpose organizations, 19
technology definition, 18
Renewable energy
definition, 7
and democracy, 12
end use and demand, 8
energy conversion technologies, 8–9
energy storage technologies, 9
political reasons for, 10–11
vs. sustainable energy, 9–10
Renewable energy Portfolio Standard (RPS), 232
Residual resources, 152–154
S
Societal level choice
collective perception, 15, 16
Ingeniøren, climate change, 17
Solar farms, 131, 132, 132t, 134, 157
Sustainable energy system, 9–10, 134–135
T
Thai power station
comparative feasibility study
economic investment costs, 219
employment effects, 220
energy consumption, 219
production costs, 220
rural economy, 220–221
concrete technical alternative, 218–219
energy planning and public awareness, 221–222
Hin Krut power station project, 216–217
main economic and employment results, 222t
official social and economic objectives, 217–218
political objectives, 215
public participation, 222
Transmission line
400 kV NEV-TRI, 189
arguments for need, 189–190
centralized system, 188
choice-eliminating mechanisms, 193
concrete technical alternatives, 192–193
Parliamentary energy policy, 188
public participation, 188–189, 190
radical technological change, 194
security of supply
overload, 190–191
transmission capacity, 191–192, 191t
voltage towers, 189
Transportation technologies, 254
True choices, alternatives, 245
V
Vehicle to grid (V2G) technology
advantage, 118
annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions
CHP, 115f
non-CHP, 116f
national energy reference systems, 113
night charge battery EV, 113
reference case input parameters, 114t
V2G fleet, storage capacity, 117f
3.143.25.144