Index

Note: page numbers followed by f indicates figures and t indicates tables.

A

  • Aalborg heat planning

    • alternatives

      • public discussion, 168–169, 168f

      • renewable energy, 169

      • socioeconomics, 169–170

    • choice eliminating mechanisms and strategies, 172–173

    • institutional changes, 171–172

    • law, heat supply, 167–168

    • natural gas-based CHP station

      • city council criticism, 171, 172f

      • coal-based alternative, 171

      • promotion, 170

      • socioeconomic feasibility, 170

    • Nordkraft coal unit, 170, 173

  • Agile energy systems, 131, 131f, 134–135

  • Applied and concrete economics, 7

  • Average current high voltage (ACHV) cable, 192

B

  • Biofuel transportation, 142–143, 143f, 157

  • Biogas station

    • cost-benefit analysis

      • neoclassical welfare economic theory, 174

      • Risø report, 175, 175t

    • evaluation, 173–174

    • feasibility study

      • AAU report, 176

      • economic objectives, 176

      • employment, 176

      • examples, 177–178, 177t

      • positive effects, 178

      • resources and environmental effects, 178, 178t

    • socioeconomic impacts, 174

C

  • Carbon capture technology, 255, 256

  • Catch-22 choice, 14

  • CEEP See Critical excess electricity production

  • Choice awareness strategies, 34f

    • democratic infrastructure

      • corporative regulation, 46

      • Danish law, 46–47

      • decision-making process, 46

    • economic feasibility studies

      • “free market,”, 38

      • guidelines design, 40–41

      • neoclassical market economics, 37–38

      • social learning tool, 40

      • socio- and business-economic evaluations, 39

    • public regulation

      • business-economic strategy, 43

      • CO2 reduction policies, 45

      • design of, 45

      • “free market,”, 42

      • “real market,”, 41

      • relationship, 42f

      • socioeconomic feasibility, 43

      • supply and demand, 44

    • research methodology

      • aim of, 48

      • energy plans, 48

      • step-by-step method, 49f

    • technical alternatives

      • guidelines, 36

      • half-true statements, 34–35

  • Choice awareness theory

    • alternatives, 248

    • choice and change

      • individual level, 14–15

      • radical technological change, 18–20

      • societal level, 15–18

    • choice perception, 20–23

    • choice-eliminating mechanisms, 6, 23–27, 249

    • collective decision making, 248–249

    • collective perception, 6

    • concrete public regulation measures, 248

    • Danish energy policy, 250

    • definition, 5

    • economic objectives, 248

    • first thesis, 27–28

    • institutional proposals, 160

    • no choice perception, 247–248

    • political objectives, 249

    • public decision making, 248

    • raising awarness

      • administrative practice, 31

      • concrete technical alternatives, 29

      • Groupthink theory, 30

      • risk assessment replacement, 30

      • social viability and environmental sustainability, 31

    • second thesis, 31–32

    • socioeconomic feasibility, 249

    • technical alternatives and socioeconomic evaluations, 160

    • true vs. false choice, 5

  • Choice perception, 20–23

  • Choice-eliminating mechanisms

    • Aalborg heat planning, 24–25

    • concrete planning and policymaking process, 24

    • direct power execution, 25–26

    • indirect power execution, 26

    • mind-controlling power, 26

    • power theory, 25

    • rationality vs. power, 24

    • structural power execution, 27

  • Cleaner technology alternatives See European EIA procedures

  • Coal-fired power station, Germany

    • carbon capture technology, 256

    • DONG, 256

    • vs. alternative CHP station

      • primary energy supply, 257, 257f

      • reference, 256, 257f

  • Compare Options for Sustainable Energy (COMPOSE) model, 71

  • Compressed air energy storage (CAES) system

    • duration curves, 120f

    • feasibility analysis, 119

    • infinite station, 119

    • net operational income, 121f

    • RES fluctuations, 120

    • savings and investments, 122f

    • sensitivity analysis, 122

    • system-economic feasibility, 121

  • Critical excess electricity production (CEEP)

    • avoidance, 95

    • definition, 76

    • expert analysis, 76

D

  • Danish Economic Council (DEC)

    • balance of payment and technological innovation, 228

    • employment, 229

    • environmental energy policy, 223–224

    • missing capacity benefits (unfair premises)

      • large power stations, 227

      • overcapacity, 228

      • saved capacity cost, 226, 227

      • small-scale CHP stations, 224–225

    • neoclassical economics

      • cost-benefit analysis, 224

      • radical technological change, 224

  • Danish energy system

    • energy planning, 1

    • energy policy, 11

    • primary energy supply, 2f

  • Danish reference energy system, large-scale integration

    • characteristics, 76–77

    • CHP, 78

    • compressed air energy storage (CAES)

      • duration curves, 120f

      • feasibility analysis, 119

      • infinite station, 119

      • net operational income, 121f

      • RES fluctuations, 120

      • savings and investments, 122f

      • sensitivity analysis, 122

      • system-economic feasibility, 121

    • critical excess electricity production (CEEP), 76

    • electric vehicles and V2G

      • advantage, 118

      • annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions, CHP, 115f

      • annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions, non-CHP, 116f

      • national energy reference systems, 113

      • night charge BEV, 113

      • reference case input parameters, 114t

      • V2G fleet, storage capacity, 117f

    • excess electricity diagrams

      • comparison diagram, 85–86

      • onshore wind power, 82f

      • photovoltaic electricity production, Sol300, 81f

      • synthetic PV curve, 83–84

      • wave power, 83f

      • West Denmark 2020, 80f

    • expert analysis results, 77t

    • exportable excess electricity production (EEEP), 76

    • flexible energy systems

      • CHP regulation, 91

      • electricity balance, 89f, 92f, 93f

      • Energy 21 implememtation, 90f

      • excess electricity production, 93f

      • fluctuation problem solution, 94

      • grid-stabilizing CHP and wind power, 91

      • heat pumps and heat storage capacity, 91

      • transport electrification, 92

    • grid stability

      • current electricity system, 99f

      • energy systems designs, 101f

      • excess electricity production, 102f, 103f

      • System 0 (reference), 100

      • System 1 (activating small and medium-sized CHP stations), 100

      • System 2 (adding heat pumps), 100

      • System 3 (including electricity for transport), 102

    • heat production replacing variants, 95

    • Nordic energy markets

      • annual income, wind trading, 105f

      • annual net earnings, 107f

      • cost calculation, 105

      • flexible vs. nonflexible energy system, 107f

      • net profit and marginal cost benefit, 106f

      • Nord Pool model, 104, 104f

      • price elasticity function, 104

      • regCHP system, 106

      • regCHP+HP system, 106

      • sensitivity analysis, 108, 108f

      • spot market price fluctuation, 104f

      • wind power calculation, 105

    • optimal combinations, RES

      • individual source vs. optimal mixture, 88f

      • minimum excess production, 87f

      • photovoltaic and onshore wind power, 87f

    • principles and methodologies, 123–124

    • recommendations, 124–125

    • reference regulation, 94–95

    • transport integration

      • BEV and HFCV, 109f

      • CO2 balance calculation, 112

      • ethanol and methanol, 110f

      • excess electricity diagram, 111f

      • high-voltage semiconductor regulation equipment, 111

      • marginal costs and benefits, 112f

    • transport scenario electrification, 78–79

    • vs. 50 percent more CHP, 95

    • vs. fuel cell technology, 95

  • Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan, 128

    • alternatives, 146

    • Danish Reference, 150f

    • Energy Year 2006, 144, 145

    • IDA 2030 system

      • business potential, 147, 148f, 149

      • CO2 emission, 149, 150f

      • domestic resources, 144–145

      • economic cost, 147, 148–149, 148f

      • energy policy, 145

      • EnergyPLAN computer model, 145–146

      • method, 145

      • net revenues, 149, 151, 151f

      • proposal, 146–147

      • residual resources, 152–154

      • targets, 145

    • IDA 2050 system

      • energy flow, 152, 153f

      • energy supply and CO2 emissions, 152, 154f

      • proposals, 151–152, 155

      • Ref 2030 and IDA 2030, 152, 153f

    • socioeconomic

      • consequences, 146

      • feasibility, 147, 149

    • work, 145

  • Demand side management (DSM), 218

  • Democratic infrastructure, choice awareness

    • corporative regulation, 46

    • Danish law, 46–47

    • decision-making process, 46

  • Denmark

    • energy consumption, 136–137, 137f

    • energy flow, 136–137, 138f

    • potential renewable energy sources (RES), 135–136, 136t

    • primary energy supply, 135–136, 137f

    • problems, electricity production, 137–138

    • renewable energy system

      • biofuel transportation, 142–143, 143f

      • design, 127, 138–139

      • development strategies, 128

      • electric and hydrogen vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f

      • excess electricity production, 139, 140f , 140t

      • flexible energy system, 141, 142f

      • principles and methodologies, 155

      • technological changes, 138–139, 139f

      • wind power capacity, 141, 142t Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan

  • Direct Current High Voltage (DCHV) cable, 192

  • Discourse theory

    • central element, 22

    • climate change, 21–22

    • linguistic philosophy, 21

    • renewable energy systems, 22

  • Domestic resources, 144–145

  • Duke Energy Carolinas (Duke), 231

E

  • Economic feasibility studies, choice awareness

    • “free market,”, 38

    • guidelines design, 40–41

    • neoclassical market economics, 37–38

    • social learning tool, 40

    • socio- and business-economic evaluations, 39

  • EEEP See Exportable excess electricity production

  • Electric vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f, 157

  • Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), 216

  • Energy conservation measures, 254

  • Energy conversion technologies, 8–9

  • Energy plan Energy 21, 209

  • Energy plan Energy 2000

    • Nordjyllandsværk, 180

    • transmission lines, 188

  • Energy storage technologies, 9

  • EnergyBALANCE model, 70, 211

  • EnergyPLAN model

    • 100 percent renewable energy system design, 252

    • aim of, 51

    • business-economic optimization, 146

    • comparative analysis, energy system, 251

    • conversion technologies, 252

    • demand-supply issues, 252

    • design of alternatives, 251

    • energy system analysis, 145–146

    • flexible energy system, 91

    • fluctuating RES, 252

    • green energy plan, 211

    • grouping, 58t

    • hourly simulation model, national level, 61t, 253

      • international electricity markets, 60

      • load dispatch models, 59

      • planning models, 59

    • implementation phases

      • 100 percent renewable energy phase, 53

      • introduction phase, 53

      • large-scale integration phase, 53

    • input tab sheet, 62f

    • input-output structure, 63f

    • key considerations, 51–61

    • large-scale integration analysis, RES, 251

    • methodology

      • feasibility studies, 66

      • market exchange analysis, 66

      • technical analysis, 66

    • Nord Pool model, 104

    • purpose and application

      • aggregated in system description, 64

      • analytical programming, 64

      • deterministic model, 62

      • hour-simulation model, 62

      • optimizes operation, 64

    • radical technological changes, 251

    • reflections

      • coherent documentation, 72

      • cost calculation, 72

      • energy systems comparative analysis, 72

      • radical technological change analysis, 72

    • sister models

      • COMPOSE, 71

      • EnergyBALANCE model, 70

      • energy-PRO model, 71

    • socioeconomic feasibility, 251

    • step-by-step approach

      • defining alternatives, 70

      • defining reference energy demands, 67–68

      • defining reference energy supply system, 68–69

      • defining the regulation, 69–70

    • structure

      • operation strategies, 64

      • principle, 65, 66f

      • procedure stucture, 65f

    • types, 54t

  • Energy-PRO model, 71

  • European EIA procedures

    • Avedøreværk, 194, 200

    • choice awareness, 200–201

    • discourse, 201

    • high voltage transmission lines, 199

    • implementation

      • energy supply area and geographic location, 196f

      • environmental policy, 195

      • planning legislation, 195

      • public participation, 195

    • Nordjyllandsværk

      • alternatives, 196, 197t

      • decentralized CHP station, 198–199

      • impact assessment, 198

      • Nature Protection Appeal Board, 197–198

      • Regional Authority report, 196–197

  • European Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, 194

  • Excess electricity production, 255

  • Exportable excess electricity production (EEEP), 76

F

  • Flexible renewable energy system, 141, 142f, 144

G

  • German Lausitz power station

    • alternative

      • CHP usage, 205

      • economic feasibility, 206–207

      • energy consumption, 205

      • energy flow, 206f

      • heating system regulation, 204–205

      • vs. reference strategy, 207–208

      • wind power and biomass resources, 205–206

    • brown coal power station, 202, 204

    • CO2 emission reduction, 208

    • cost structure, 208

    • discourse, 209

    • electricity capacity, 204

    • geographical boundaries, energy supply, 202, 203f

    • modernization, energy system, 202–203

  • Green building, 134

  • Green Energy Plan

    • CO2 reduction policies, 210

    • concrete technical alternative, 210–211

    • environment and energy efficiency, 214

    • evaluation

      • computer model, 211

      • cost estimation, 211

      • public finances, 213, 213t

      • public regulation, 213–214

    • public debate, 209

    • vs. reference strategy, 211–212

  • Green energy policy, 228

  • Groupthink theory, 30–31

H

  • Half-true statements

    • incorrect context, 34

    • incorrect time dimension, 34

    • non-equalized evaluation, 34

  • Hobson's choice, 13–14

  • Hourly simulation model, EnergyPLAN, 61t

    • international electricity markets, 60

    • load dispatch models, 59

    • planning models, 59

  • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 140–141, 141f, 142, 143f, 157

I

  • IDA Energy Plan 2030

    • cost-effective investments, 239

    • Energy Year 2006, 237

    • fuel price, 237

    • institutional barriers, 238

    • interest rate, 237

    • macroeconomic model, 238

    • socioeconomically feasible investments, 239

    • targets, 237

  • Institutional economics, 7

  • Integrated energy system, 255

K

  • Kinesiology, 15

L

  • La Capra Associates, 232–233

  • Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED), 129–130

  • Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD)

    • agile energy systems, 131, 131f, 134–135

    • basic concept, 131–132

    • energy independence, 130, 130f

    • energy resources, 130

    • green building components, 134

    • hybrid technologies, 135

    • location, 129, 129f

    • power generation, 134

    • renewable technologies, 132, 133f

    • solar farms, 131, 132, 132t

    • sustainable energy system, 134–135

M

  • Micro hydro power, 218

N

  • National Energy Policy Office of Thailand (NEPO), 217

  • Neoclassical market economics, 38

    • applied neoclassical economics, 37–38, 41

    • cost-benefit analysis, 174–175

    • definition, 7

    • free market, 38

  • Nordic energy markets

    • annual income, wind trading, 105f

    • annual net earnings, 107f

    • cost calculation, 105

    • flexible vs. nonflexible energy system, 107f

    • net profit and marginal cost benefit, 106f

    • Nord Pool model, 104, 104f

    • price elasticity function, 104

    • regCHP system, 106

    • regCHP+HP system, 106

    • sensitivity analysis, 108, 108f

    • spot market price fluctuation, 104f

    • wind power calculation, 105

  • Nordjyllandsværk

    • 400 MW coal-fired power station

      • arguments, 181

      • location, 180

      • plan approval, 180–181

    • alternatives

      • construction prices, 182

      • electricity savings, 185

      • and ELSAM proposal, 182, 183t

      • environmental impact, 182

      • official proposal, 182

      • production hours, 185

      • transmission line, 185–186

    • CO2 emission reduction, 180

    • energy plan Energy 2000, 180

    • institutional barriers, 187

    • “no alternative” situation, 179, 180–181

    • overcapacity, 187

    • Parliament, radical technological change, 186

  • Nordjyllandsværk-transmission line (NEV-TRI), 189

  • Nordkraft power station

    • alternative resources, 161, 162

    • CHP station, 164–166

    • cost-benefit analysis, 164, 165, 165f

    • decision-making process, 160

    • discourse, 166

    • district heating, 161

    • ELSAM cooperation, 160–161

    • heating prices, 162, 163f

    • local citizen participation, 162, 164f

    • location, 160

    • natural gas-fired station, 164–166

    • observations, 166

    • oil-fired station, 161

  • North Carolina

    • alternative choice, 235–236

    • Duke and Progress, 231

    • integrated resource plans, 235

    • monopoly system, 231

    • renewable energy and energy efficiency, 232

    • Renewable energy Portfolio Standard (RPS), 232

      • economic and environmental benefits, 233

      • feasibility study, 233

      • La Capra Associates, 232

      • law, 234–235

      • political decision making, 234

      • public comments, 234

      • resource assessment, 233

  • North Jutland Power Station See Nordjyllandsværk

O

  • Onshore wind power

    • hourly distribution, electricity production, 82f

    • photovoltaic and, 87f

    • slowdown, 258–259

P

  • Power theory, 25, 27–28

  • Progress Energy Carolinas (Progress), 231

  • Public regulation, choice awareness

    • business-economic strategy, 43

    • CO2 reduction policies, 45

    • design of, 45

    • “free market,”, 42

    • “real market,”, 41

    • relationship, 42f

    • socioeconomic feasibility, 43

    • supply and demand, 44

R

  • Radical technological change

    • definition, 6–7

    • fossil fuel-renewable energy change, 19

    • multipurpose organizations, 19

    • technology definition, 18

  • Renewable energy

    • definition, 7

    • and democracy, 12

    • end use and demand, 8

    • energy conversion technologies, 8–9

    • energy storage technologies, 9

    • political reasons for, 10–11

    • vs. sustainable energy, 9–10

  • Renewable energy Portfolio Standard (RPS), 232

  • Residual resources, 152–154

S

  • Societal level choice

    • collective perception, 15, 16

    • Ingeniøren, climate change, 17

  • Solar farms, 131, 132, 132t, 134, 157

  • Sustainable energy system, 9–10, 134–135

T

  • Thai power station

    • comparative feasibility study

      • economic investment costs, 219

      • employment effects, 220

      • energy consumption, 219

      • production costs, 220

      • rural economy, 220–221

    • concrete technical alternative, 218–219

    • energy planning and public awareness, 221–222

    • Hin Krut power station project, 216–217

    • main economic and employment results, 222t

    • official social and economic objectives, 217–218

    • political objectives, 215

    • public participation, 222

  • Transmission line

    • 400 kV NEV-TRI, 189

    • arguments for need, 189–190

    • centralized system, 188

    • choice-eliminating mechanisms, 193

    • concrete technical alternatives, 192–193

    • Parliamentary energy policy, 188

    • public participation, 188–189, 190

    • radical technological change, 194

    • security of supply

      • overload, 190–191

      • transmission capacity, 191–192, 191t

    • voltage towers, 189

  • Transportation technologies, 254

  • True choices, alternatives, 245

V

  • Vehicle to grid (V2G) technology

    • advantage, 118

    • annual excess electricity production and CO2 emissions

      • CHP, 115f

      • non-CHP, 116f

    • national energy reference systems, 113

    • night charge battery EV, 113

    • reference case input parameters, 114t

    • V2G fleet, storage capacity, 117f

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