Index
Symbols
2-WAY/DROTHER routers, 472
A
ABRs (Area Border Routers), 400, 532
access-class command, 611, 647
access control entries (ACEs), 572
access control lists (ACLs). See ACLs (access control lists)
access-list command, 597
ACEs (access control entries), 572
Acknowledgement packets (EIGRP), 246, 249
ACLs (access control lists), 382, 566-570, 646-647
extended IPv4, 614
applying to interfaces, 618-619
guidelines for creation, 584-586
guidelines for placement, 587-591
inbound, 574
IPv6, 635
applying to interfaces, 641
processing packets with, 625-627
applying to interfaces, 596-599
entering criteria statements, 591
logic, 592
versus extended, 575
matching ranges, 580
activating Evaluation RTU (Right-to-Use) licenses, 680-681
active states, routes, 298
AD (administrative distance), 46-47, 66
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 42
addresses
dynamically assigned IP, 16-17
global unicast, 443
IPv6 summary, configuring, 137-138
local-link, configuring IPv6, 314-316
loopback, EIGRP router IDs, 263
subnets, unused, 120
addressing
tables, 16
adjacencies
creating multiple, 465
adjacency database (OSPF), 397
administrative distance (AD), 46-47, 66
administrative distance information (IPv6 directly connected entries), 229
administrative distance information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
administrative distance information (remote network entries), 219
advanced configuration, EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
bandwidth utilization, 357-359
default route propagation, 353-357
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), 158
algorithms
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), EIGRP, 290-296, 302-308
dynamic routing protocols, 160
MD5 (Message Digest 5), 364-366
SPF (Shortest Path First), 201-203, 394, 398
area area-id authentication message-digest command, 496
Area Border Routers (ABRs), 400, 532
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 42
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), 158
ASBR (Autonomous System Boundary Router), 533-534
authentication
MD5 (Message Digest 5) algorithm, 364-366
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), MP5, 492-501
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000 router command, 429
auto-cost reference-bandwidth command, 427
auto-summarization
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 335
routing tables, troubleshooting, 382-385
auto-summary command, 339, 343, 347, 384, 387
automatic summarization, RIPv2, disabling, 192-193
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR), 533-534
autonomous system numbers, EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 257-259
availability, networks, 5
B
backbone (transit) area, OSPF two-layer area hierarchy, 530
backbone OSPF routers, 532
backing up Cisco IOS licenses, 682
Backup Designated Routers (BDRs). See BDRs (Backup Designated Routers)
backups, Cisco IOS images, 667-668
adjusting interface, OSPF, 433
default interface, OSPF, 430-433
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
reference, 289
bandwidth command, 357, 433, 434
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 406, 462
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 408-411
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472-473
best paths, 44
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 159, 172
boot system command, 670-672, 686
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 159, 172
border routers, 337
bounded triggered updates, EIGRP, 185
bounded updates, EIGRP, 242
Branch site devices, network connections, 13
broadcast multi-access networks, 463
C
cables, console, 19
calculating
IPv6 network addresses, 134, 137
summary routes, multiarea OSPF, 550
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) packet-forwarding mechanism, 11, 86-87
load balancing, 362
Central site devices, network connections, 14
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), 74, 109, 176
classless network addressing, 114-116
Cisco 1941 LEDs, 19
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF). See CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding)
Cisco IOS, 654
EM (extended maintenance) release, 660-661
licensing, 672
backing up, 682
Evaluation RTU license, 680-681
process, 674
purchasing, 675
TFTP servers as backup, 667
TFTP servers to upgrade, 671
managing system files, 654
standard maintenance release, 660-662
system image filenames, 663-666
system image packaging, 658-663
Cisco License Manager (CLM), 675
Cisco License Registration Portal, 676
classful network addressing, 109-110
classful routing protocols, 112-113, 171, 175-177
classful subnet masks, 110-111
classifying routing protocols, 171-174
classless EIGRP, 240
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), 74, 109, 176
classless network addressing, 114-116
classless routing protocols, 171, 177-178, 184
clear ip ospf process command, 478
clear ip ospf [ process-id ] process command, 505
clear ipv6 ospf process command, 449
clear ipv6 ospf [ process-id ] process command, 517
CLM (Cisco License Manager), 675
clock rate command, 24
Coltun, Rob, 395
commands
access-list, 597
area area-id authentication message-digest, 496
auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 427
auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000 router, 429
auto-summary, 339, 343, 347, 384, 387
clear ip ospf process, 478
clear ip ospf [ process-id ] process, 505
clear ipv6 ospf process, 449
clear ipv6 ospf [ process-id ] process, 517
clock rate, 24
copy, 670
default-information originate, 195
eigrp router-id, 261-262, 316-317
end, 605
ip access-class, 641
ip access-group 1 out, 598
ip access-list, 600
ip access-list extended, 600
ip access-lists standard, 605
ip access-list standard, 600, 647
ip bandwidth-percent eigrp, 357, 387
ip mtu size, 511
ip ospf cost, 434
ip ospf database, 555
ip ospf message-digest-key, 496
ip ospf message-digest-key key md5 password, 496
ipv6 bandwidth-percent eigrp, 387
ipv6 eigrp, 327
ipv6 ospf 10 area 0 command, 451
ipv6 ospf area, 444
ipv6 ospf authentication ipsec spi, 496
ipv6 router eigrp, 327
ipv6 router ospf process-id, 450
ipv6 traffic-filter, 641
ipv6 unicast-routing, 97, 197, 316
license accept end user agreement, 680, 687
license save, 682
network, 264-266, 327, 376, 379, 420-422, 450, 455, 474, 501, 509, 513, 518
network network-address, 188
no 10, 605
no access-list, 595-597, 604, 647
no auto-summary, 384
no ip access-group, 647
no ipv6 access-list, 641
no ipv6 ospf dead-interval, 488
no ipv6 ospf hello-interval, 488
no ipv6 traffic-filter command, 641
no passive-interface, 195, 424, 510
no router rip, 187
OSPFv3 troubleshooting, 514-517
passive-interface, 194, 268-269, 319, 378-380, 423
passive-interface default, 195, 424
redistribute static, 354-356, 387
remark, 602
router eigrp, 257, 260, 263, 327
router eigrp as-number, 375
router ospf process-id, 455
show access-list, 595, 607-610, 623, 644, 647
show access-lists 1, 604
show cdp neighbors, 146
show interface, 31, 283-285, 286
show ip eigrp interfaces, 376
show ip eigrp neighbors, 270-271, 327, 369-371, 380, 388
show ip eigrp topology, 298, 304
show ip eigrp topology all-links, 301, 342
show ip interface, 31, 606, 623, 647
show ip interface brief, 29, 30, 271, 374, 505
show ip interface g0/0, 622
show ip ospf database, 397, 555
show ip ospf interface, 438, 470, 485, 503-505, 509
show ip ospf interface brief, 438, 553
show ip ospf interface s0/0/0, 430
show ip ospf interface serial 0/0/1, 438
show ip ospf neighbor, 397, 435-436, 456, 472, 486, 502, 505
show ip protocols, 191-194, 233, 263, 269, 272-273, 282, 338-347, 354, 361, 371, 375, 378, 381-383, 387-388, 423, 436-437, 456, 502, 509, 553
show ip route, 29-31, 49, 58, 273-276, 300, 371, 388, 397, 554
show ip route | begin Gateway, 148
show ip route ospf, 505-506, 554
show ipv6 eigrp neighbors, 320-321, 369
show ipv6 interface brief, 32, 316, 321, 444, 638
show ipv6 interface gigabitethernet 0/0, 32
show ipv6 ospf, 516
show ipv6 ospf interface, 453, 489, 515
show ipv6 ospf interface brief, 451
show ipv6 ospf neighbor, 451-452, 489, 515
show ipv6 protocols, 233, 319-321, 450-453, 514
show ipv6 route, 64, 228, 356, 484
show ipv6 route ospf, 453-454, 517
show license feature, 674
show running-config, 377-378, 595, 603-604, 609, 644, 647
show running-config interface, 29-31
terminal length number, 34
traceroute, 91
tracert, 12
troubleshooting EIGRP, 370-372
commenting, standard IPv4 ACLs, 601-603
composite metrics, EIGRP, 281-282
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
IPv6, 368
floating static routes, 140
interarea route summarization, 550-552
OSPF MP5 authentication, 496-497
enabling on interfaces, 450-451
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 186-188
single-area OSPF, advanced, 462-480
static routes
default IPv6, 106
connections
consoles, requirements, 20
connectivity
networks
filtering show command output, 34-36
verify interface settings, 29-31
verify IPv6 interface settings, 31-34
console
connection requirements, 20
convergence
dynamic routing protocols, 170
EIGRP, 280
copy command, 670
copying Cisco IOS images, 669-670
cost metric, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 425-434
manually setting, 434
criteria statements, standard IPv4 ACLs, entering, 591
D
data storage, routers, 6
data structures, dynamic routing protocols, 159
Database Description (DBD) packets, OSPF messages, 403
databases
LSDB (large link-state database), 528
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), synchronizing, 411-413
DBD (Database Description) packets, OSPF messages, 403
Dead interval (OSPF), 485
debug eigrp fsm command, 303-306
decision process, ACLs (access control lists), 628-629
default DR/BDR election process, 474-476
default-information originate command, 195
default OSPF interface bandwidth, 430-433
default route propagation, 195-196
default routes, 221
delay metrics, EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway), 286
denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, 490
Designated Routers (DRs). See DRs (Designated Routers)
destination network information (directly connected entries), 218
destination network information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
destination network information (remote network entries), 218
devices
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL). See DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)
diagrams, topologies, 16
Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe, 200-201, 394
DijkstraDs algorithm. See SPF (shortest path first)
directly connected IPv4 route entries, routing tables, 217-218
directly connected IPv6 route entries, routing tables, 228-229
directly connected network information (IPv6 directly connected entries), 229
directly connected networks, 43
directly connected routes, 47, 51-56
directly connected static IPv6 routes, configuring, 102-103
discontinuous networks, 177
distance vector dynamic routing, 181-183
distance vector routing protocols, 173-174
EGRP (Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol), 184-186
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 183-196
DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network), 240
documenting network addressing, 15-16
DoS (denial-of-service) attacks, 490
Down state, OSPF, 406
DROTHERs, 410
DRs (Designated Routers), 406, 462
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472-473
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 241, 326
FS (Feasible Successor), 304-305
FSM (Finite State Machine), 302-303
dynamically assigned IP addresses, 16-17
dynamically learned IPv4 routes, 219-224
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 16
Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN), 240
dynamic routing, 75, 157-158, 232
protocols, 61, 66, 158, 163-166
achieving convergence, 170
distance vector protocols, 173-174
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
IPv6, 64
main components, 159
routing information exchange, 168-169
routing tables, 215
dynamically learned IPv4 routes, 219-224
IPv4 route lookup process, 224-227
E
editing
numbered standard ACLs, 604-605
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 171-173, 184-186, 232
EIGRP (Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol), 45, 159, 184-186, 240, 277, 326, 333-334, 386-388
authentication, 244-245, 364-368
autonomous system numbers, 257-259
auto-summarization, 335
bandwidth utilization, 357-359
bounded triggered updates, 185
bounded updates, 242
classless, 240
convergence, 280
default route propagation, 353-354
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 241, 290-296
FS (Feasible Successor), 304-305
hello keepalive mechanisms, 185
initial route discover, 277-280
IPv6 network topology, 312-313
verifying, 351
messages
encapsulating, 251
Hold Time, 253
TLV (type, length, value), 251-255
metrics, 280
delay, 286
interface values, 283
neighbor adjacencies, 241
no shutdown command, 317
packets
partial updates, 242
PDMs (protocol-dependent modules), 186, 242-243
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 243-244
topology tables, 278-279, 297-302
parameters, 375
eigrp router-id command, 261-262, 316-317
EM (extended maintenance) release, IOS, 660-661
empty routing tables, 51
encapsulation
EIGRP messages, 251
OSPF messages, 402
packets, 39
end command, 605
End User License Agreement (EULA), 675
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). See EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
equal cost load balancing, 45
EULA (End User License Agreement), 675
Evaluation RTU (Right-to-Use) licenses, activating, 680-681
event-driven updates, 213
Exchange state, OSPF, 406
ExStart state, OSPF, 406
extended IPv4 ACLs
applying to interfaces, 618-619
extended maintenance (EM) release, IOS, 660-661
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), 171-173, 184-186, 232
external route summarization, multiarea OSPF, 546-547
F
fast switching packet-forwarding mechanism, 10
FC (feasibility condition), 295, 327
FD (feasible distance), 294, 327
feasibility condition (FC), 295, 327
feasibility successors (FSs), 295
feasible distance (FD), 294, 327
feasible successor (FS), 327
Feature Navigator (Cisco), 659
Ferguson, Dennis, 395
FIB (Forwarding Information Base), 11, 87
filtering
traffic, extended IPv4 ACLs, 620-621
filtering show command output, 34-36
Finite State Machine (FSM), 302-303
fixed-length subnet masking (FLSM), 119-121
Flash, 6
floating static routes, 138-139
configuring, 140
static routing, 81
flooding
LSAs (link-state advertisements), 410
LSPs (link-state packets), 209-210
FLSM (fixed-length subnet masking), 119-121
forwarding database (OSPF), 397
Forwarding Information Base (FIB), 11, 87
FS (Feasible Successor), 327
FSM (Finite State Machine), 302-303
FSs (feasibility successors), 295
FULL/BDR routers, 472
FULL/DROTHER DR/BDR routers, 472
FULL/DR routers, 472
Full state, OSPF, 406
fully specified static IPv6 routes, configuring, 104-105
fully specified static routes, configuring, 89-91
G
Gateway of Last Resort, 43
gateways, 15
default, 14
global unicast addresses, 443
H
headers, EIGRP messages, 252-255
Hello intervals
hello keepalive mechanisms, EIGRP, 185
Hello packets
High-Speed WAN Interface Card (HWIC), 24
Hold Time, EIRGP messages, 253, 359-360
Home Office devices, network connections, 13
hosts, enabling IP (Internet Protocol) on, 16-17
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure), 19
HWIC (High-Speed WAN Interface Card), 24
hybrid routing protocol, 242
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), 19
I-J
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 257
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 171-173, 232, 395
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 159, 326
images (Cisco IOS)
TFTP servers as backup, 667
TFTP servers to upgrade, 671
inbound ACLs, 574
initial configuration, routers, 4-12
initial route discovery, EIGRP, 277-280
installation, Cisco IOS licensing, 677-678
Integrated Services Routers (ISR), 666
interarea route summarization, multiarea OSPF, 546-548
interfaces
applying
IPv6 ACLs to, 641
EIGRP
values, 283
loopback, 28
verifying settings, 438
OSPFv3, verifying, 453
passive, single-area OSPF, 422-424
standard IPv4 ACLs, applying to, 596-599
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), 171-173, 232, 395
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), 159, 326
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS), 159, 395
internal OSPF routers, 532
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 257
intervals
OSPF
Dead, 485
IOS (Internetwork Operating System), 654
EM (extended maintenance) release, 660-661
licensing, 672
backing up, 682
Evaluation RTU license, 680-681
process, 674
purchasing, 675
TFTP servers as backup, 667
TFTP servers to upgrade, 671
managing system files
standard maintenance release, 660-662
system image filenames, 663-666
system image packaging, 658-663
IP (Internet Protocol)
ip access-class command, 641
ip access-group 1 out command, 598
ip access-group command, 596-597, 647
ip access-list command, 600
ip access-list extended command, 600
ip access-list standard command, 600, 647
ip access-lists standard command, 605
IP addresses, 14
statically and dynamically assigned, 16-17
ip bandwidth-percent eigrp command, 357, 387
ip mtu size command, 511
ip ospf cost command, 434
ip ospf database command, 555
ip ospf message-digest-key command, 496
ip ospf message-digest-key key md5 password command, 496
IP packets, 3
IPv4
EIGRP
loopback interfaces, configuring, 28-29
router interfaces, configuring, 24-25
IPv4 ACLs
applying to interfaces, 618-619
guidelines for creation, 584-586
guidelines for placement, 587-591
interface
configuring routers, 24-25, 28-29
processing packets with, 625-627
applying to interfaces, 596-599
entering criteria statements, 591
logic, 592
statistics, 607
versus extended, 575
static summary routes, configuring, 128-133
matching ranges, 580
IPv6
ACLs
applying to interfaces, 641
directly connected routes, 53-56
EIGRP
configuring for authentication, 368
interface, configuring routers, 25-28
router interfaces, configuring, 25-28
routing protocols, 64
static routes
configuring default, 106
ipv6 access-list command, 640, 647
ipv6 address command, 315, 445
ipv6 bandwidth-percent eigrp command, 387
ipv6 eigrp command, 327
ipv6 eigrp interface command, 318-319
ipv6 ospf 10 area 0 command, 451
ipv6 ospf area command, 444
ipv6 ospf authentication ipsec spi command, 496
ipv6 router eigrp command, 327
ipv6 router ospf process-id command, 450
ipv6 traffic-filter command, 641
ipv6 unicast-routing command, 97, 197, 316
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 159, 395
ISR (Integrated Services Routers), 666
K-L
keywords, wildcard masks, 582-584
LANs (local-area networks), 8
large link-state database (LSDB), 397, 528
large routing table, 528
Layer 3 connectivity, EIGRP, troubleshooting, 374-375
level 1 parent routes, routing tables, 221-222
level 1 routes, routing tables, 220-221
level 2 child routes, routing tables, 222-224
license accept end user agreement command, 680, 687
license install command, 682-683
license save command, 682
licensing (IOS), 672
backing up, 682
Evaluation RTU license, 680-681
process, 674
purchasing, 675
link-local addresses, OSPF, 444-446
Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck) packets, OSPF messages, 403
link-state advertisements (LSAs). See LSAs (link-state advertisements)
link-state databases, building, 210-211
link-state dynamic routing, 200-213
link-state operation, OSPF, 398
link-state packets (LSPs)
building, 208
Link-State Request (LSR) packets, OSPF messages, 403
link-state routing protocols, 174-175, 213-215
link-state updates (LSUs), 203-208
load balancing
equal cost, 361
routing packets, 45
Loading state, OSPF, 406
local-area networks (LANs), 8
local-link addresses, configuring IPv6, 314-316
logic
ACLs (access control lists), 627-628
outbound, 626
standard IPv4 ACLs, 592
loopback addresses, 261
EIGRP router IDs, 263
loopback interfaces, 28
LSAck (Link-State Acknowledgement) packets, OSPF messages, 403
LSAs (link-state advertisements), 398, 405
extensive flooding, 465
flooding, 410
multiarea OSPF, 534
type 2 network LSAs, 536
LSDB (large link-state database), 397, 528
LSPs (link-state packets)
building, 208
LSR (Link-State Request) packets, OSPF messages, 403
LSUs (link-state updates), 203-208
M
MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, 15
mainline trains (IOS), 655-662
managing IOS system files, naming conventions, 654-666
manual summarization, EIGRP, 347-353
verifying, 351
maximum-paths command, 362, 387
MD5 (Message Digest 5) algorithm, 364-366
Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, 15
memory, routers, 6
Message Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm, 364-366
messages
dynamic routing protocols, 160
EIGRP
encapsulating, 251
OSPF, 401
encapsulating, 402
routing protocol, 397
metric information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
EIGRP, 280
delay, 286
interface values, 283
missing routes, troubleshooting, 144-146
modifying standard IPv4 ACLs, 603-611
MP5 (Message Digest 5) authentication, OSPF, 492-496
multi-access networks, 463-466
calculating, 550
two-layer area hierarchy, 530-532
type 2 network LSAs, 536
N
named extended IPv4 ACLs, creating, 621-622
named standard IPv4 ACLs, creating, 600-601
naming conventions, IOS system files, 654-666
NBMA (nonbroadcast multi-access) networks, 404, 463, 536
neighbor adjacencies
EIGRP, 241
neighbor table (OSPF), 397
neighbors
EIGRP
OSPF
securing between routing events, 489-501
troubleshooting single-area, 508-511
network addressing
network command, 264-266, 327, 376, 379, 420-422, 450, 455, 474, 501, 509, 513, 518
network discovery, dynamic routing protocol, 166-168
network network-address command, 188
networks, 3-4. See also routing; subnets
addresses, summarizing, 133
availability, 5
broadcast multiaccess, 463
filtering show command output, 34-36
verify interface settings, 29-31
verify IPv6 interface settings, 31-34
directly connected, 43
discontinuous, 177
NBMA (nonbroadcast multiaccess), 404, 463, 536
point-to-multipoint, 463
point-to-point, 462
reliability, 5
remote, 43
reaching, 75
data storage, 6
packet-forwarding mechanisms, 9-12
paths, 9
routes, 220
scalability, 5
topologies, 4
EIGRP, 255-256, 312-313, 335-338
type 2 network LSAs, 536
next hop information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
next hop information (remote network entries), 219
next-hop static routes, configuring, 85-87, 100-102
no 10 command, 605
no access-list command, 595-597, 604, 647
no auto-summary command, 384
no bandwidth command, 285, 433
no ip access-group command, 647
no ipv6 access-list command, 641
no ipv6 ospf dead-interval command, 488
no ipv6 ospf hello-interval command, 488
no ipv6 traffic-filter command, 641
no passive-interface command, 195, 424, 510
no router rip command, 187
nonbroadcast multi-access (NBMA) networks, 404, 463, 536
Nonstop Forwarding (NSF), 376
Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory (NVRAM), 6
not-so-stubby area (NSSA), 531
NSF (Nonstop Forwarding), 376
NSSA (not-so-stubby area), 531
null authentication, OSPF, 492
numbered ACLs, editing, 604-605
NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory), 6
O
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). See OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
operational states, OSPF, 406
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 44, 158, 455-456. See also OSPFv3
adjacency database, 397
adjusting interface bandwidth, 433
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 408-411
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472-473
classless, 395
manually setting, 434
default interface bandwidth, 430-433
default route propagation, 480-485
DRs (Designated Routers), 408-411, 467-468
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472-473
establishing neighbor adjacencies, 407-408
fine-tuning interfaces, 485-489
forwarding database, 397
intervals
Dead, 485
link-state operation, 398
LSDB (link-state database), 397
LSUs (link-state updates), 203-208
messages, 401
encapsulating, 402
interarea route summarization, 546-552
two-layer area hierarchy, 530-532
network topology, 414
null authentication, 492
operational states, 406
reduced calculations, 530
reference bandwidth, adjusting, 427-430
routing protocol messages, 397
routing process, 28
routing tables, adding routes to, 212-213
securing routing updates between neighbors, 489-501
simple password authentication, 493
single-area, 394, 462, 521-522, 528-529
advanced configurations, 462-480
single-area versus multiarea, 399-401
SPF algorithm, 398
states, 501
synchronizing databases, 411-413
troubleshooting
routing table issues, 511, 514
verifying
interface settings, 438
OSPFv3, 214
configuring router ID, 446-449
configuring single-area, 439-451
enabling on interfaces, 450-451
verifying, 451
interfaces, 453
outbound logic, ACLs (access control lists), 626-627
outgoing interface (directly connected entries), 218
outgoing interface information (IPv6 directly connected entries), 229
outgoing interface information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
outgoing interface information (remote network entries), 219
output, show commands, filtering, 34-36
P
packet-forwarding mechanisms, routers, 9-12
packet headers, EIGRP messages, 252-255
packets, 3
EIGRP
encapsulating, 39
forwarding, static routes, 143
link-state
building, 208
processing, ACLs (access control lists), 625-627
AD (administrative distance), 46-47
load balancing, 45
testing, extended IPv4 ACLs, 614-615
PAK (Product Activation Key), 663, 675, 687
parameters, EIGRP, troubleshooting, 375
partial updates, EIGRP, 242
passive interface
EIGRP, 268
passive-interface command, 194, 268-269, 319, 378-380, 423
passive-interface default command, 195, 424
passive states, routes, 298
paths
routers, 9
bets paths, 44
load balancing, 45
PDMs (protocol-dependent modules), EIGRP, 242-243
placing ACLs (access control lists), 587-591
point-to-multipoint networks, 463
point-to-point networks, 462
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) encapsulated frame, 39
ports, VTY, securing with IPv4 ACLs, 611-614
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) encapsulated frame, 39
process information, OSPF, verifying, 437-438
process switching packet-forwarding mechanism, 9-10
processing packets, ACLs (access control lists), 625-627
Product Activation Key (PAK), 663, 675, 687
propagating default routes
static
protocol data unit (PDU), 15
protocol-dependent modules (PDMs), EIGRP, 186, 242-243
protocols. See also specific protocols
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 159, 172
dynamic routing, 61, 66, 158, 163-166, 232
achieving convergence, 170
IPv6, 64
main components, 159
routing information exchange, 168-169
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 171-173
EIGRP (Enhanced Gateway Routing Protocol), 45, 159, 240, 277, 334, 386-388
autonomous system numbers, 257-259
bandwidth utilization, 357-359
bounded updates, 242
classless, 240
convergence, 280
default route propagation, 353-357
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 241, 290-296, 302-308
initial route discover, 277-280
interface values, 283
IPv6 network topology, 312-313
neighbor adjacencies, 241, 277-278
partial updates, 242
PDMs (protocol-dependent modules), 242-243
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), 241
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 243-244
topology tables, 278-279, 297-302
hybrid routing, 242
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 171-173, 395
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 159
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 159
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 44, 158, 455-456
adjusting interface bandwidth, 433
adjusting reference bandwidth, 427-430
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 408-411
default interface bandwidth, 430-433
DRs (Designated Routers), 408-411
establishing neighbor adjacencies, 407-408
link-state operation, 398
network topology, 414
operational states, 406
routing protocol messages, 397
single-area versus multiarea, 399-401
SPF algorithm, 398
synchronizing databases, 411-413
configuring router ID, 446-449
configuring single-area, 439-451
enabling on interfaces, 450-451
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 44, 158
characteristics, 179
distance vector protocols, 173-174
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
EGRP (Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol), 184-186
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 183-196
single-area OSPF
advanced configurations, 462-480
default route propagation, 480-485
fine-tuning interfaces, 485-489
securing routing updates between neighbors, 489-501
purchasing Cisco IOS licensing, 675
Q-R
quad zero routes, 93
Query packets (EIGRP), 246, 249-250
RAM (Random-Access Memory), 6
ranges, matching, wildcard masks, 580
RD (reported distance), 295-296, 327
Read-Only Memory (ROM), 6
recursive lookups, 86
redistribute static command, 354-356, 387
reduced calculations, OSPF, 530
reference bandwidth, 289
regular (non-backbone) area, OSPF two-layer area hierarchy, 531
release families, Cisco IOS, 655-656
reliability, networks, 5
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), EIGRP, 241-244
remark command, 602
remote IPv6 route entries, routing tables, 230-231
remote network route entries, routing tables, 218-219
remote network routing entries, 49-50
remote networks, 43
reaching, 75
remote routes, 47
Reply packets (EIGRP), 246, 250-251
reported distance (RD), 295-296, 327
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 44, 158, 183-196
automatic summarization, disabling, 192-193
default static routes, propagating, 195-196
passive interfaces, configuring, 193-195
ROM (Read-Only Memory), 6
route lookup process, routing tables, 224-227
route propagation
static
route source information (directly connected entries), 217
route source information (IPv6 directly connected entries), 229
route source information (remote IPv6 network entries), 231
route source information (remote network entries), 218
route summarization, multiarea OSPF, 545-546
calculating, 550
route timestamp information (remote network entries), 219
router eigrp as-number command, 375
router eigrp autonomous-system command, 257
router eigrp command, 260, 263, 327
router ID (OSPFv3)
OSPFv3
router ospf process-id command, 455
2-WAY/DROTHER, 472
ABRs (Area Border Routers), 400
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 406, 462
border, 337
IPv4 loopback interface, 28-29
data storage, 6
default gateways, 15
DROTHERs, 410
DRs (designated routers), 406, 462
FULL/BDR, 472
FULL/DR, 472
FULL/DROTHER DR/BDR, 472
IRS (Integrated Services Routers), 666
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) types, 532-534
packet-forwarding mechanisms, 9-12
packets
AD (administrative distance), 46-47
load balancing, 45
PAK (Product Activation Key), 663
passive interfaces, configuring, 193-195
paths, 9
routes
active states, 298
default, troubleshooting, 144-146
missing, troubleshooting, 144-146
passive states, 298
packet forwarding, 143
supernet, summarizing, 115-116
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), 176
classful routing protocols, 112-113
exchanging information, 168-169
AD (administrative distance), 46-47
paths, 45
default static routes, 106-109
floating static routes, 81
standard routes, 79
summary static routes, 80
Routing Information Protocol (RIP). See RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
routing protocols, 171, 232, 241. See also protocols
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 159
characteristics, 179
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
EGRP (Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol), 159, 184-186, 240, 277, 334, 386-388
authentication, 244-245, 364-370
autonomous system numbers, 257-259
bandwidth utilization, 357-359
bounded updates, 242
classless, 240
convergence, 280
default route propagation, 353-357
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 241, 290-296, 302-308
initial route discover, 277-280
interface values, 283
IPv6 network topology, 312-313
neighbor adjacencies, 241, 277-278
partial updates, 242
PDMs (protocol-dependent modules), 242-243
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), 241
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 243-244
topology tables, 278-279, 297-302
hybrid, 242
IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), 172-173
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 159
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 159
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 158, 455-456
adjusting interface bandwidth, 433
adjusting reference bandwidth, 427-430
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 408-411
default interface bandwidth, 430-433
DRs (Designated Routers), 408-411
establishing neighbor adjacencies, 407-408
link-state operation, 398
network topology, 414
operational states, 406
routing protocol messages, 397
single-area versus multiarea, 399-401
SPF algorithm, 398
synchronizing databases, 411-413
OSPFv3
configuring router ID, 446-449
configuring single-area, 439-451
enabling on interfaces, 450-451
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 158, 183-196
adding OSPF routes to, 212-213
auto-summarization, troubleshooting, 382-385
dynamically learned IPv4 routes, 219-224
EIGRP, troubleshooting, 378-385
empty, 51
IPv4 route lookup process, 224-227
large, 528
level 1 parent routes, 221-222
missing network statement, 380-382
single-area OSPF, troubleshooting, 511, 514
summarized routes, 116
ultimate route, 220
routing updates, OSPF, securing between neighbors, 489-501
RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), EIGRP, 241-244, 326
S
saving Cisco IOS licenses, 682
scalability, networks, 5
Secure Shell (SSH), 19
security
ACLs (access control lists), 566-570, 646-647
extended, 576
guidelines for creation, 584-586
guidelines for placement, 587-591
inbound, 574
processing packets with, 625-627
standard, 575
standard versus extended, 575
authentication, EIGRP, 364-370
sending packets, routers, 39-40
sequence numbers, standard ACLs, 608-610
servers, TFTP, 687
Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm. See SPF (Shortest Path First) algorithm
show access-list command, 595
show access-lists 1 command, 604
show access-lists command, 607-610, 623, 644, 647
show cdp neighbors command, 146
show flash command, 664-665, 686
show interface command, 283, 286
show interfaces command, 31, 284-285
show ip eigrp interfaces command, 376
show ip eigrp neighbors command, 270-271, 327, 369-371, 380, 388
show ip eigrp topology all-links command, 301, 342
show ip eigrp topology command, 298, 304
show ip interface brief command, 29-30, 271, 374, 505
show ip interface command, 31, 606, 623, 647
show ip interface g0/0 command, 622
show ip ospf command, 437-438, 503
show ip ospf database command, 397, 555
show ip ospf interface brief command, 438, 553
show ip ospf interface command, 438, 470, 485, 503-505, 509
show ip ospf interface s0/0/0 command, 430
show ip ospf interface serial 0/0/1 command, 438
show ip ospf neighbor command, 397, 435-436, 472, 486, 502
show ip ospf neighbors command, 456, 505
show ip protocols command, 191, 193-194, 233, 263, 269, 272-273, 282, 338-347, 354, 361, 371, 375, 378, 381-383, 387-388, 423, 436-437, 456, 502, 509, 553
show ip route | begin Gateway command, 148
show ip route command, 29-31, 49, 58, 273-276, 300, 371, 388, 397, 481, 554
show ip route ospf command, 505-506, 554
show ip route static command, 92-94
show ipv6 eigrp neighbors command, 320-321, 369
show ipv6 interface brief command, 32, 316, 321, 444, 638
show ipv6 interface command, 33, 644
show ipv6 interface gigabitethernet 0/0 command, 32
show ipv6 ospf command, 516
show ipv6 ospf interface brief command, 451
show ipv6 ospf interface command, 453, 489, 515
show ipv6 ospf neighbor command, 451-452, 489, 515
show ipv6 protocols command, 233, 319-321, 450-453, 514
show ipv6 route command, 64, 228, 356, 484
show ipv6 route ospf command, 453-454, 517
show license command, 679-681, 687
show license feature command, 674
show license udi command, 676, 687
show running-config command, 377-378, 595, 603-604, 609, 644, 647
show running-config interface command, 29-31
show version command, 670, 678, 687
simple password authentication, OSPF, 493
single-area OSPF, 394, 462, 521-522, 528-529
BDRs (Backup Designated Routers), 408-411
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472
advanced configurations, 462-480
default route propagation, 480-485
DRs (Designated Routers), 408-411, 467-468
default election process, 474-476
verifying adjacencies, 472-473
establishing neighbor adjacencies, 407-408
fine-tuning interfaces, 485-488
intervals
Dead, 485
link-state operation, 398
messages, 401
encapsulating, 402
network topology, 414
operational states, 406
priorities, 477
routing protocol messages, 397
securing routing updates between neighbors, 489-501
SPF algorithm, 398
states, 501
synchronizing databases, 411-413
verifying
interface settings, 438
single-area OSPFv3
configuring router ID, 446-449
enabling on interfaces, 450-451
verifying
interfaces, 453
software licensing (IOS), 672
backing up, 682
Evaluation RTU license, 680-681
process, 674
purchasing, 675
SPF (shortest path first) algorithm, 201-203, 394, 398, 529
SSH (Secure Shell), 19
standard IPv4 ACLs (access control lists)
applying to interfaces, 596-599
entering criteria statements, 591
logic, 592
standard maintenance release, IOS, 660-662
standard routes, static routing, 79
states, OSPF, 501
statically assigned IP addresses, 16-17
statically connected routes, 56-58
static routes, 78
configuring, 140
IPv6
configuring default routes, 106
packet forwarding, 143
configuring IPv4, 85
floating static routes, 81
standard routes, 79
static routes, 78
configuring default static IPv6 routes, 106
configuring IPv4 default, 93-94
configuring IPv6 static routes, 96-106
verifying default static IPv6 routes, 108-109
verifying IPv6 static routes, 105-106
summary static routes, 80
versus dynamic, 76-77, 161-162
statistics, ACLs (access control lists), 607-608
stub routers, 106
FLSM (fixed-length subnet masking), 120-121
VLSM, 119
subnet masks, 14
unused addresses, 120
VLSMs (variable-length subnet masks), 121-128, 176, 179
subnetting
VLSMs (variable length subnet masks), 74, 109
successors, 293
FSs (feasibility successors), 295
summarized routes, routing tables, 116
summarizing
auto-summarization
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 335-347
troubleshooting routing tables, 382-385
manual summarization, EIGRP, 347-353
summary routes
calculating, 550
static IPv4, configuring, 128-133
static IPv6, configuring, 133-138
summary static routes, static routing, 80
supernet routes, 221
SVI (switched virtual interface), 20-22
switches, enabling IP on, 20-22
switching functions, routers, 38-39
synchronizing OSPF databases, 411-413
system files (IOS), managing, 654-666
system image filenames (IOS), 663-666
system image packaging (IOS), 658-663
T
T (technology) trains, IOS, 655-662
tables
addressing, 16
routing
adding OSPF routes to, 212-213
dynamically learned IPv4 routes, 219-224
empty, 51
IPv4 route lookup process, 224-227
large, 528
level 1 parent routes, 221-222
missing network statement, 380-382
summarized routes, 116
troubleshooting EIGRP, 378-385
ultimate route, 220
topology
OSPF, 397
technology package, IOS licensing, 673-674
terminal emulation software, 19
terminal length number command, 34
testing floating static routes, 141-142
TFTP servers, 687
Cisco IOS images, 667
upgrades, 671
TLV (type, length, value), data fields, EIGRP messages, 251-255
topologies, 4
diagrams, 16
topology table
OSPF, 397
traceroute command, 91
tracert command, 12
traffic, filtering, extended IPv4 ACLs, 620-621
trains, Cisco IOS
transit (backbone) area, OSPF two-layer area hierarchy, 530
troubleshooting
ACLs (access control lists), 625-629
connectivity problems, 147-149
parameters, 375
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
routing table issues, 511, 514
two-layer area hierarchy, multiarea OSPF, 530-532
Two-way state, OSPF, 406
type 2 network LSAs, 536
type, length, value (TLV), data fields, EIGRP messages, 251-255
U
UDIs (Unique Device Identifiers), 676-677
ultimate route, routing tables, 220
unequal cost load balancing, 45, 242
uninstalling Cisco IOS licenses, 682-684
Unique Device Identifiers (UDIs), 676-677
unused addresses, subnets, 120
Update packets (EIGRP), 246-248
updates
EIGRP, 242
event-driven, 213
V
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). See VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
verifying
EIGRP
manual summary routes, 351
OSPF
interface settings, 438
OSPFv3
interfaces, 453
propagated default route, 481-482
propagated IPv6 route, 484-485
propagated default routes, 355-357
static routes, default IPv6, 108-109
virtual links, 464
VLSMs (Variable Length Subnet Masks), 74, 109, 119-128, 176, 179
VTY ports, securing with standard IPv4 ACLs, 611-614
W-Z
WANs (wide-area networks), 8
waste, classful addressing, 113-114
wide-area networks (WANs), 8
wildcard masks
ACLs (access control lists), 577-584
matching ranges, 580