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by Anil Maini, Varsha Agrawal
Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, 3rd Edition
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Part I: Satellite Technology
Chapter 1: Introduction to Satellites and their Applications
1.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum
1.2 What is a Satellite?
1.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites
1.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles
1.5 Future Trends
Further Reading
Glossary
Chapter 2: Satellite Orbits and Trajectories
2.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory
2.2 Orbiting Satellites – Basic Principles
2.3 Orbital Parameters
2.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories
2.5 Types of Satellite Orbits
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 3: Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations
3.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit
3.2 Launch Sequence
3.3 Launch Vehicles
3.4 Space Centres
3.5 Orbital Perturbations
3.6 Satellite Stabilization
3.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite's Performance
3.8 Eclipses
3.9 Look Angles of a Satellite
3.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 4: Satellite Hardware
4.1 Satellite Subsystems
4.2 Mechanical Structure
4.3 Propulsion Subsystem
4.4 Thermal Control Subsystem
4.5 Power Supply Subsystem
4.6 Attitude and Orbit Control
4.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem
4.8 Payload
4.9 Antenna Subsystem
4.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability
Further Reading
Glossary
Chapter 5: Communication Techniques
5.1 Types of Information Signals
5.2 Amplitude Modulation
5.3 Frequency Modulation
5.4 Pulse Communication Systems
5.5 Sampling Theorem
5.6 Shannon–Hartley Theorem
5.7 Digital Modulation Techniques
5.8 Multiplexing Techniques
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 6: Multiple Access Techniques
6.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques
6.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
6.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems
6.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems
6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
6.6 TDMA Frame Structure
6.7 TDMA Burst Structure
6.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability
6.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency
6.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic
6.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization
6.12 FDMA vs. TDMA
6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
6.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA)
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 7: Satellite Link Design Fundamentals
7.1 Transmission Equation
7.2 Satellite Link Parameters
7.3 Frequency Considerations
7.4 Propagation Considerations
7.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects
7.6 Noise Considerations
7.7 Interference-related Problems
7.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio
7.9 Link Design
7.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 8: Earth Station
8.1 Earth Station
8.2 Types of Earth Station
8.3 Earth Station Architecture
8.4 Earth Station Design Considerations
8.5 Earth Station Testing
8.6 Earth Station Hardware
8.7 Satellite Tracking
8.8 Some Representative Earth Stations
Glossary
Chapter 9: Networking Concepts
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Network Characteristics
9.3 Applications and Services
9.4 Network Topologies
9.5 Network Technologies
9.6 Networking Protocols
9.7 Satellite Constellations
9.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks
Further Readings
Glossary
Part II: Satellite Applications
Chapter 10: Communication Satellites
10.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites
10.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites
10.3 Frequency Bands
10.4 Payloads
10.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks
10.6 Satellite Telephony
10.7 Satellite Television
10.8 Satellite Radio
10.9 Satellite Data Communication Services
10.10 Important Missions
10.11 Future Trends
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 11: Remote Sensing Satellites
11.1 Remote Sensing – An Overview
11.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems
11.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits
11.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads
11.5 Passive Sensors
11.6 Active Sensors
11.7 Types of Images
11.8 Image Classification
11.9 Image Interpretation
11.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites
11.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions
11.12 Future Trends
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 12: Weather Satellites
12.1 Weather Forecasting – An Overview
12.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals
12.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites
12.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits
12.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads
12.6 Image Processing and Analysis
12.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications
12.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions
12.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 13: Navigation Satellites
13.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems
13.2 Global Positioning System (GPS)
13.3 Working Principle of the GPS
13.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes
13.5 GPS Error Sources
13.6 GLONASS Satellite System
13.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration
13.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System
13.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems
13.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)
13.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System
13.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems
13.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems
13.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 14: Scientific Satellites
14.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques
14.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites
14.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites – Study of Earth
14.4 Observation of the Earth's Environment
14.5 Astronomical Observations
14.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System
14.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System
14.8 Other Fields of Investigation
14.9 Future Trends
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 15: Military Satellites
15.1 Military Satellites – An Overview
15.2 Military Communication Satellites
15.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems
15.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems
15.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems
15.6 Reconnaisance Satellites
15.7 SIGINT Satellites
15.8 Early Warning Satellites
15.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites
15.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites
15.11 Military Navigation Satellites
15.12 Space Weapons
15.13 Strategic Defence Initiative
15.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons
15.15 Advanced Concepts
Further Readings
Glossary
Chapter 16: Emerging Trends
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Space Tethers
16.3 Aerostat Systems
16.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication
16.5 Space Stations
Further Reading
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
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Index
A3E system
ABL system
Accelerometer
ACeS (Asia cellular satellite)
Access track scanner, see
optical mechanical scanner
Active altitude control
Active remote sensing
Active sensors (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Non-scanning sensors
Scanning sensors
Active thermal control
Adaptive delta modulator
Adjacent channel interference
Advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU)
Aerial remote sensing
Aerostat system
Airship
Applications
Components of
Free balloon
Helikite
Moored balloon
PAGEOS
Tethered balloon
Types of
Vega-1/2
Akatsuki orbiter
Almaz commercial programme
ALOHA
Slotted ALOHA
Amplitude modulation
Different forms
Frequency spectrum
Noise
Power
Amplitude phase shift keying
Analogue pulse communication systems
Pulse amplitude modulation
Pulse position modulation
Pulse width modulation
Anatomy (
Launch vehicles
)
Liquid fuelled engine
Solid fuelled engine
Stages
Anik-A
Anik-B
Anik-C
Anik-D
Anik-E
Anik-F
Anik-G
Antenna gain-to-noise temperature (G/T) ratio
Antenna noise temperature
Ground noise
Sky noise
Antenna parameters
Aperture
Bandwidth
Beam width
EIRP
Gain
Polarization
Antennas
Parameters
Types
Antenna types
Helical antenna
Horn antenna
Lens antenna
Phased array antenna
Reflector antennas
Apogee
Apogee distance
Applications (
Military satellites
)
Applications (
Navigation satellites
)
Civilian applications
Military applications
Applications (
Remote sensing satellites
)
CHAMP (Challenging mini-satellite payload)
Deforestation
Disaster prediction
Flood monitoring
Global monitoring
GRACE (Gravity recovery and climate experiment)
Land cover change detection
Land cover classification
Sea surface temperature measurement
Urban monitoring and development
Water quality management
Applications (Scientific satellites)
Dynamic geodesy
Geometric geodesy
Internal geodynamics
Joint gravity model
Space gradiometry
Space geodesy
Tectonics
Terrestrial magnetic fields
Applications (Weather forecasting satellites)
Air pollution
Cloud parameters
Fisheries
Fog
Ground level temperature
Haze
Oceanography
Prediction of hurricanes, cyclones and tropical storms
Rainfall estimation
Snow and ice studies
Wind speed and direction
Arabsat-5 18, 512
ARCJET thruster
Argument of perigee
Arthur C. Clarke
Ascending nodes
Right ascension of
AsiaSat
Astronomical observations
Apollo telescope mount (ATM)
COBE (Cosmic background explorer)
CORONAS (Complex orbital observations of near earth activity of the sun)
Doppler-Fizeau effect
EXOSAT (European X-ray observatory satellite)
Extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope (EIT)
HETE-2 (High energy transient explorer)
Hubble space telescope
INTEGRAL (International gamma ray astrophysics laboratory)
IRIS (Interface region imaging spectrograph)
IRAS (Infrared astronomical satellite)
ISO (Infrared space observatory)
LASCO (Large angle spectroscopic coronograph)
Michelson Doppler imager (MDI)
Observation of sun
Orbital solar observatory (OSO)
Solar activity
Solar maximum mission (SMM)
Solar physics
STEREO (Solar terrestrial relations observatory)
TRACE satellite
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
Atlas series rockets
Atmospheric tether mission (ATM)
Attenuation compensation techniques
Diversity
Power control
Signal processing
Attitude control
Automatic tracking
Availability (
Networks
)
Azimuth angle
B8E system
Backscattering coefficient
Baikonur cosmodrome
Balanced modulator
Balanced slope detector
Bath tub curve
Batteries
Lithium ion
Nickel-Cadmium
Nickel hydrogen
Nickel metal hydride
Bernal sphere
Bigelow commercial space station
Bit error rate test (BERT) (
Network Reliability
)
Black powder propellants
Block bit error rate test (BLERT) (
Network Reliability
)
Bridges
Broadcast satellite service (BSS) earth stations
Bukit Timah satellite earth station
BURAN
Bus topology
C3F system
Cable TV
Canberra deep space communication complex
Cape Canaveral satellite launch centre
Candy propellants
Cartosat-1, 2
Cassini/Huygens
Central perspective scanner
Centrifugal force
Centripetal force
Circuit switched networks
Civilian applications
Archeology
Construction
Environment monitoring
Mapping
Monitoring structural deformations
Precision farming
Precise timing information
Saving lives
Vehicle tracking
Classification (
Launch vehicles
)
Expendable
Heavy lift launch vehicle
Large launch vehicle
Medium launch vehicle
Re-usable
Small launch vehicle
Classification (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Code division multiple access
Comparison DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA, TH-CDMA
Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)
Frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)
Time hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA)
Commercial space station
Communication satellite missions
INMARSAT satellite system
INTELSAT satellite system
IRIDIUM satellite constellation
National satellite systems
Regional satellite systems
Communication satellites
Applications
Frequency bands
Future trends
Missions
Payloads
Satellite data communication services
Satellite radio
Satellite telephony
Satellite television
Compass satellite navigation system
Composite propellants
Compton gamma ray observatory (CGRO)
Computer vandalism (
Network security
)
Conditional access (
DVB
)
Conical scan
Constituent parts (Space launch centres)
Control centre
Launch complex
Technical centre
Cost (
Networks
)
Courier-1B
Cross polarization
Data collection system (DCS)
Data compression (
DVB
)
Data interception (
Network security
)
Data signals
Dawn (flyby)
De-emphasis
Delta series rockets
Demand assigned multiple access
De-polarization compensation techniques
Descending nodes
Differential absorption lidar
Digital modulation techniques
Amplitude phase shift keying
Frequency phase shift keying
Phase shift keying
Digital pulse communication systems
Adaptive delta modulator
Delta modulation
Differential PCM
Pulse code modulation
Digital video broadcasting
DVB-C
DVB-H and DVB-SH
DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 493
DVB-S and DVB-S2
DVB-T and DVB-T2
Direct broadcasting satellite (DBS) services
Directed energy laser weapons
Advanced tactical laser (ATL)
Advantages
Airborne laser (ABL)
Beam control
Chemical lasers
Chemical oxy-iodine laser (COIL)
Components of
Design parameters
Fiber laser
Gas dynamic CO
2
laser
HF/DF laser
Laser sources
Limitations
Solid state laser
Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA)
Sequence asynchronous DS-CDMA
Sequence synchronous DS-CDMA
Disaster prediction (Remote sensing satellites)
Predicting earthquakes
Predicting volcanic eruptions
Doppler lidar
Double base propellants
Dry dock
Early bird
Early warning satellites
MIDAS system
SBIRS (Space based infrared system)
SPIRALE
Earth coverage
Effects of altitude
Effects of latitude
Earth's observation (Scientific satellites)
Aeronomy
ALOS (Advanced land observing satellite)
AMPTE (Active Magnetospheric particle tracer explorer)
CERES (Cloud and earth radiant energy sensor)
Earth's radiation budget)
ERBE (Earth radiation budget experiment)
ERBS (Earth radiation budget satellite)
Ionosphere
Ionospheric composition
Magnetosphere
Magnetospheric waves
MAPS (Measurement of air pollution from satellites)
Ozone measurements
Polar aurora
SABER (Sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometers)
TIMED (Thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere energetics and dynamics)
UARS (Upper atmosphere research satellite)
Earth station
Architecture
Bukit Timah satellite earth station
Canberra deep space communication complex
Design considerations
Environmental considerations
Goldstone deep space communication complex
Goonhilly satellite earth station
Hardware
Honeysuckle Creek tracking station
Indian deep space network
INTELSAT teleport earth station
Kaena point satellite tracking station
Madley communication centre
Madrid deep space communication complex
Makarios satellite earth station
Performance parameters
Raisting earth station
Site considerations
SUPARCO satellite ground station
Terrestrial interface
Testing
Types
Earth station characteristics
Access method
Antenna diameter
EIRP
Frequency band
G/T ratio
Modulation type
Polarization
Earth station hardware
Antenna
High power amplifier
IF and base band equipment
Low noise amplifier
RF equipment
Terrestrial interface
Up converter/Down converter
Earth station testing
Subsystem level testing
System level testing
Unit level testing
Eccentricity
Echo-1 10
Echo effects (
Satellite networks
)
Eclipses
Equinoxes
Solar eclipse
Umbral cone
ECS series satellites
EGNOS satellite navigation system
Electrodynamic tether
Applications
EIRP-Earth station
Ekran series satellites
Electric propulsion
Energetic proton, electron and alpha detector (EPEAD)
Electronics launching group (ELG)
Energetic particle sensor (EPS)
Energia series rockets
Equinoxes
ESSA series
ESTRACK network
EUTELSAT-II
EUTELSAT satellite systems
EUTELSAT-W
Explorer-1
Explorer-2
Extreme ultraviolet sensor (EUV)
Femto satellites
Feng Yun series
File transfer protocol
Final mass
First cosmic (or orbital) velocity
Fixed satellite service (FSS) earth stations
Flood monitoring (Remote sensing satellites)
FM detectors
Balanced slope
Foster-Seeley
Phase locked loop based
Ratio detector
Formation flying tethers
Separated spacecraft interferometer (SSI)
Space interferometry mission
SPECS mission
Structurally connected interferometer (SCI)
Terrestrial planet finder
Tethered formation flight interferometer
Frame acquisition and synchronization
Extraction of traffic bursts
Frame synchronization
Transmission of traffic bursts
Frequency bands
Frequency considerations, satellite link design
Frequency allocation and coordination
Frequency division multiple access
Demand assigned FDMA
Multiple channel per carrier (MCPC) systems
Pre-assigned FDMA
Single channel per carrier (SCPC) system
Frequency modulation
De-emphasis
Detection of FM signals
Frequency spectrum
Generation of FM signals
Narrowband FM
Noise
Pre-emphasis
Wideband FM
Frequency shift keying
Fresnel lens
Future trends (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Future trends-satellites
Communication satellites
Earth observation satellites
Military satellites
Navigation satellites
Weather forecasting satellites
Future trends (
Scientific satellites
)
Galileo satellite navigation system
Development program
Services
Gateway stations
Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV)
GERB instrument
German aerospace centre
Global mobile personal communication services (GMPS)
Global monitoring
Global navigation satellite system
Global positioning system (GPS)
Control segment
GPS error sources
GPS positioning services
GPS signal structure
Operational principle
Pseudo range measurement
Receiver location determination
Space segment
User segment
Globalstar constellation
GLONASS navigation system
Control segment
Signal structure
Space segment
User segment
GOES
Payloads
Salient features
Goldstone deep space communication complex
Goonhilly satellite earth station
Gorizont series satellites
GPS error sources
Clock errors
Ephemeris errors
Multipath reflections
Satellite geometry
Selective availability
Signal propagation errors
GPS positioning modes
Point positioning
Relative positioning
GPS positioning services
Precision positioning system
Standard positioning system
Gravity gradient (
space tethers
)
Guiana space centre
H3E system
Hall thruster
HEAO (High energy astronomy observations)
High definition television (HDTV)
High energy composite propellants
High resolution infrared sounder (HIRS)
HIPPARCOS (High precision parallax collecting satellite)
Honeysuckle Creek tracking station
Hot air balloon
Hubble space telescope
Hybrid navigation system
Hybrid propellants
Hybrid satellite
Hybrid topology
Hypergolic (
Propellants
)
Hyper text transfer protocol
Image classification (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Supervised classification
Unsupervised classification
Image interpretation
Contextual information
Geometrical information
GIS in remote sensing
Microwave images
Optical images
Radiometric information
Spectral information
Textural information
Thermal images
Images
Advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU)
Differential absorption lidar (DIAL)
Doppler lidar
Images formed by active probing
IR images
Laser altimeter
Microwave images
Precipitation radar
Tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM)
Visible and infrared spin scan radiometry (VISSR)
Visible images
Water vapour images
Inclination
Indian deep space network
Indian regional navigational satellite system (IRNSS)
Indian remote sensing satellite system
Cartosat-1
Oceansat-1
Resourcesat-1
Resourcesat-2
Risat-1
Inflatable space modules
Initial mass
Injection point
Injection velocity
INMARSAT satellite services
INSAT series
Intelligent tracking
INTELSAT-1
INTELSAT-2
INTELSAT-3
INTELSAT-4
INTELSAT-5
INTELSAT-6
INTELSAT-7
INTELSAT-8
INTELSAT-9
INTELSAT-10
INTELSAT satellites
INTELSAT teleport earth station
Interference related problems
Adjacent channel interference
Cross polarization interference
Interference from adjacent satellites
Interference from terrestrial links
Inter-modulation distortion
International space station (ISS)
Internet protocol
Internet services
Email
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
Multicast streaming for content distribution
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Voice over Internet phone (VoIP)
Interplanetary TV link
Inter satellite link (ISL)
Ionospheric effects
Fading due to multipath signals
Faraday Effect
Scintillation
Ion propulsion
IRAS (Infrared astronomy satellite)
Iridium satellite constellation
ISTRACK
J3E system
JCSAT (Japanese communication satellite)
Jiuquan satellite launch centre
John F. Kennedy space centre
Juno (orbiter)
Jupiter-C
Kaena point satellite tracking station
Kepler's laws
Kepler's first law
Kepler's second law
Kepler's third law
Land cover classification
Land cover change detection
Landsat
Enhanced thematic mapper
Multispectral scanner (MSS)
Operational land imager
Return beam vidicon (RBV)
Thematic mapper
Thermal infrared sensor
Launch sequence
Expendable launch vehicle
Launch from Baikonur
Launch from Cape Canaveral
Launch from Kourou
Perigee motor
Re-usable launch vehicle
Space shuttle launch
Types
Launch vehicles
Anatomy
Ariane series
Atlas series
Buran
Classification
Delta series
Energia
Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV)
Long March
Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV)
Principal parameters
Proton series
Soyuz series
Space shuttle
Titan series
Liquid fuel propulsion
Liquid propellants
LITE (Laser-in-space technology experiment)
Lobe switching
Logical topology (
Networks
)
Long March series
Look angles
Azimuth angle
Elevation angle
Madley communication centre
Madrid deep space communication complex
Magellan probe
Magnetic electron detector (MAGED)
Makarios satellite earth station
Mandatory tests-Earth station
EIRP stability
Receiver figure-of-merit measurement
Spectral shape
Transmit cross-polarization isolation measurement
Mariner planetary mission
Mars 2 to
Mars reconnaissance orbiter
Mars exploration rover
Mars express
Mars global surveyor
Mars path finder
Mass fraction
Mean time between failures (MTBF) (
Network Reliability
)
Mean time to repair (MTTR) (
Network Reliability
)
Microwave remote sensing
Mean time between outages (MTBO) (
Networks
)
Medium en
Medium satellites
Mesh topology
Meteor series
Meteosat series
Payloads
Micro satellites
Microwave humidity sounder (MHS)
MIDAS 10rgy proton and electron detector (MEPED)
Military applications (
Navigation satellites
)
Map updation
Missile guidance
Navigation
Rescue operations
Tracking
Military communication satellites
AEHF (Advanced extremely high frequency)
AFSATCOM (Air force satellite communication system)
American systems
AMOS-1 725
Applications
Defence satellite communication system (DSCS)
DFH (Dong Fang Hong) series
Dual use systems
FH (Feng Huo) series
FLTSATCOM system
Frequency spectrum
LEASAT
Milstar system
Mobile and tactical systems
Parus
Potok series
Protected satellite systems
Raduga series
Russian systems
SICRAL series
Spacenet series
Strela series
TACSAT
Telecom series
Wideband systems
Military navigation satellites
Military satellites
Applications
Early warning satellites
Military communication satellites
Military navigation satellites
Military weather forecasting satellites
Nuclear explosion satellites
Reconnaissance satellites
SIGINT satellites
Space weapons
Strategic Defence Initiative
Military weather forecasting satellites
Millimeter wave satellite communication
Advantages
Applications
Millimeter wave band
Missions
Propagation considerations
Millimeter wave satellite missions
Application technology satellite-6 (ATS-6)
Communications and broadcasting Engineering test satellite (COMETS)
Engineering test satellite-II (ETS-II)
Experimental communication satellite (ECS)
FLORAD
Odin satellite mission
Mini satellites
Missions (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Indian remote sensing satellite system
Landsat
Radarsat
SPOT
Missions (Scientific satellites)
Asteroids
COMETS
CONTOUR (Comet nucleus tour)
Cosmic ray research
Fundamental research
GRAIL (Gravity recovery and interior laboratory)
Jupiter
LADEE (Lunar atmosphere and dust environment explorer)
Life sciences
Mars
Material sciences
Mercury
MESSENGER
Microgravity experiments
Moon
NEAR (Near earth asteroid rendezvous)
Neptune
Solar system
Uranus
Venus
Missions (
Weather forecasting satellites
)
GOES
Meteosat
NOAA
Mobile satellite service (MSS) earth stations
Mobile satellite telephony
Molniya series rockets
Molniya series satellites
Momentum exchange tether
Applications
Bolo
Gravity gradient stabilization
Rotovator
Monopulse track
MSL curiosity (rover)
Multiple access techniques
Code division multiple access
Frequency division multiple access
Space division multiple access
Time division multiple access
Multiple channels per carrier (MCPC) systems
MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA system
MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA system
Multiple spot beam technology
Multiplexing techniques
Code division multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing
Time division multiplexing
Nano satellites
National satellite systems
Indian national satellite
Navigation satellites
Applications
Compass satellite navigation system
EGNOS satellite navigation system
Future trends
Galileo satellite navigation system
Global positioning system (GPS)
GLONASS navigation system
GPS-GLONASS integration
Hybrid navigation system
Indian regional navigational satellite system (IRNSS)
Operational principles
Network characteristics
Availability
Cost
Reliability
Scalability
Security
Throughput
Topology
Networking protocols
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
File transfer protocol
Hyper text transfer protocol
Internet protocol
Open system interconnect (OSI) model
Simple mail transfer protocol
Transmission control protocol
User datagram protocol
Network services
Network technologies
Circuit switched networks
Packet switched networks
Network topologies
Bus topology
Hybrid topology
Logical topology
Mesh topology
Physical topology
Ring topology
Star topology
Tree topology
New Horizons
Newton's law of gravitation
Newton's second law of motion
NOAA satellites
Payloads
Salient features
Noise considerations, satellite link design
Noise figure
Noise temperature
Thermal noise
Noise figure
Noise temperature
Antennas noise temperature
Cascaded stages
System noise temperature
Non-scanning sensors
ERS-1,
Laser distance meter
Laser water depth meter
Microwave altimeters
Microwave scatterometer
Nozomi
Nuclear explosion satellites
Number of stages
OEDIPUS
O'Neill cylinder
Open system interconnect (OSI) model
Operational principles (
Navigation satellites
)
Doppler effect based systems
Trilateration based systems
OPSEK
OPSNET
Optical mechanical scanner
Optical remote sensing
Orbcomm satellite constellation
Orbit
Circular
Elliptical
Equatorial
Geostationary earth orbit (GEO)
Low earth orbit (LEO)
Medium earth orbit
Molniya
Polar
Prograde
Retrograde
Sun synchronous
Orbital effects
Doppler shift
Orbital distance variation
Solar eclipse
Sun transit outrage
Orbital parameters
Angles defining direction
Apogee
Argument of perigee
Ascending nodes
Descending nodes
Eccentricity
Equinoxes
Inclination
Perigee
Period
Right ascension of ascending node
Semi-major axis
Semi-minor axis
Solstices
True anomaly of satellite
Orbital perturbations
Orbit control
Orbits (Weather forecasting satellites)
Packet switched networks
Palapa-A
Palapa-B
Palapa-C
Palapa-D
Passive remote sensing
Passive sensors (
Remote sensing satellites
)
Central perspective scanner
Optical mechanical scanner
Push broom scanner
Payload
Multispectral scanner
Radiometer
Thematic mapper
Transponder
Payloads (
Scientific satellites
)
Accelerometers
Charged particle detectors
Corner reflectors
Gamma ray telescopes
Imagers
Infrared telescopes
Ionosphere sounders
Laser altimeters
LEGRI (Low energy gamma ray scanner)
LIMS instrument
Optical telescopes
Photometers
Radar altimeters
Spectrographs
Spectrometers
Synthetic aperture radar
TOMS instrument
X-ray telescopes
Payloads (
Weather forecasting satellites
)
Active payloads
Altimeter
Lidar
Radiometer
Scatterometer
Sounder
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Pegasus series
Perigee
Argument of
Perigee distance
Perigee motor
Personal communication services
Phase shift keying
8PSK
16PSK
Amplitude phase shift keying (APSK)
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK)
Offset QPSK
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
Phobos 1 and 2
Phoenix lander
Physical topology (
Networks
)
Pico satellites
Pioneer Venus orbiter
Plasma motor generator (PMG)
Point-to-point trunk telephone network
Polarization loss
Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV)
Power supply subsystem
Batteries
Solar panels
Types
Pre-assigned multiple access
Precipitation radar
Pre-emphasis
Principal parameters (
Launch vehicles
)
Initial mass
Final mass
Hybrid propellants
Liquid propellants
Mass fraction
Number of stages
Propellant mass fraction
Solid propellants
Specific impulse
Thrust
Thrust-to-weight ratio
Type of propellant
Progress cargo craft
Propagation considerations, satellite link design
Cloud attenuation
Free space loss
Gaseous absorption
Ionospheric effects
Rain attenuation
Signal fading due to multipath signals
Signal fading due to refraction
Propellant mass fraction
Propulsion
Basic principle
Electric propulsion
Ion propulsion
Liquid fuel propulsion
Solid propulsion
Protocol translation
Proton series rockets
Analogue
Digital
Pulsed plasma thruster
Push broom scanner
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
Quality of service (QoS)
R3E system
Raduga series satellites
Random multiple access
Radarsat
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Raisting earth station
Receive-only earth station terminals
Receiver figure-of-merit-Earth Station
Reconnaissance satellites
Electro-optical imaging satellites
IMINT satellites
Optical imaging satellites
Radar imaging satellites
Regional satellite systems
EUTELSAT
Relay-1
Reliability (
Networks
)
Remote sensing satellites
Active remote sensing
Active sensors
Aerial remote sensing
Applications
Classification
Future trends
Image classification
Image interpretation
Microwave remote sensing
Missions
Optical remote sensing
Orbits
Passive remote sensing
Passive sensors
Payloads
Satellite remote sensing
Thermal (or infrared) remote sensing
Types of images
Repeaters
Resourcesat-1
Right ascension of ascending node
Ring topology
RISAT
RITA thruster
Rotating wheel
Routers
Salyut
Sampling theorem
Satellite constellations
Geometry
Major constellations
Satellite data communication
Satellite data broadcasting
Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
Satellite link design
Link budget
Procedure
Satellite link parameters
Frequency considerations
Interference related problems
Noise considerations
Propagation considerations
Satellite networks advantages
Satellite networks disadvantages
Satellite phone
Satellite radio
Satellite remote sensing
Advantages
Satellite services
Satellite stabilization
Spin stabilization
Station keeping
Three-axis stabilization
Satellite subsystems
Antennas
Attitude control
Mechanical structure
Orbit control
Payload
Power supply
Propulsion
Reliability
Space qualification
Telemetry, tracking and command
Thermal control
Satellite telephony
Global mobile personal communication services (GMPS)
Mobile satellite telephony
Point-to-point trunk telephone network
Satellite television
Digital video broadcasting
Direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television
Satellite cable television
Satellite TV network
Satellite tracking
Block diagram
Techniques
Satellite tracking techniques
Conical scan
Intelligent tracking
Lobe switching
Monopulse track
Sequential lobing
Step track
Satish Dhawan space centre
Scalability (
Networks
)
Scanning sensors
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Scientific satellites
Applications
Astronomical observations
Comparison with ground based techniques
Earth's observation
Future trends
Missions
Payloads
Search and rescue processor (SARP)
Search and rescue repeater (SARR)
Search and rescue transponder (SARSAT)
Sea surface temperature measurement
Second cosmic (or orbital) velocity
Security (
Network Reliability
)
Sequential lobing
SEVIRI sensor
Shanon-Hartley theorem
Shared media topology (
Networks
)
SIGINT satellites
Cerise satellite
Chalet series
Essaim series
GRAB (Galactic radiation and background)
JSSW series (China)
Magnum/Orion satellites
Russian satellites
Tselina series
USA satellites
Vortex
Simple mail transfer protocol
Single channel per carrier system
SCPC/FM/FDMA system
SCPC/PSK/FDMA system
Single function earth stations
Sirius XM radio
Sky Bridge satellite constellation
Skylab
Slant range
Slotted ALOHA
Small expendable deployer system (SEDS)
Small satellites
Femto satellites
Medium satellites
Micro satellites
Mini satellites
Nano satellites
Pico satellites
Smokeless propellants
Solar backscatter ultraviolet radiometer (SBUV)
Solar observatory (SOHO)
Solar X-ray imager (SXI)
Solid fuel propulsion
Solid propellants
Solid state power amplifiers (SSPA)
Solstices
Sounding rocket
Soyuz series
Space division multiple access
Frequency re-use
SDMA/CDMA system
SDMA/FDMA system
SDMA/TDMA system
Space environment monitor (SEM)
Space docking
Space elevator
Space launch centres
Baikonur cosmodrome
Constituent parts
German aerospace centre
Guiana space centre
Jiuquan satellite launch centre
John F. Kennedy space centre
Location considerations
Major centres
Satish Dhawan space centre
Tanegashima space centre
Uchinoura space centre
Xichang satellite launch centre
Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training centre
SPACENET
Space shuttle
Space stations
Almaz commercial programme
Bernal sphere
Bigelow commercial space station
Commercial space station
Dry dock
Inflatable space modules
International space station (ISS)
Mir
Modular
O'Neill cylinder
OPSEK
Progress cargo craft
Rotating wheel
Salyut
Skylab
Space docking
Stanford torus
Tiangong-1
Tiangong-2
Tiangong-3
Space tether experiment (STEX)
Space tether missions
Atmospheric tether mission (ATM)
OEDIPUS
Plasma motor generator (PMG)
Small expendable deployer system (SEDS)
Space tether experiment (STEX)
STEP-AIRSEDS
Tethered satellite system (TSS)
Tether physics and survivability (TiPS)
Space tethers
Applications
Electrodynamic tether
Formation flying
Hybrid tethers
Missions
Momentum exchange tether
Space weapons
Almaz programme
Classification
Earth-to-space weapons
Integrated flight experiment (IFX)
Manned orbital laboratory (MOL)
OPS-1, 2 and
Space based laser (SBL)
Space-to-earth weapons
Space-to-space weapons
Specific impulse
Spin stabilization
Spitzer space telescope
SPOT series
HRV instrument
HR VIR instrument
High resolution stereoscopic instrument
NAOMI
Vegetation instrument
Sputnik-1
Sputnik-2
Sputnik-3
Sputnik-5
Sputnik-6
Stacking
Stanford torus
Star topology
Unidirectional star networks
Station keeping
STEP-AIRSEDS
Step track
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
Extended range interception system (ERINT)
Flexible lightweight agile guided experiment (FLAGE) experiment
Ground based programmes
Homing overlay experiment (HOE)
Kinetic kill vehicle (KKV)
SUPARCO satellite ground station
Superbird
Switches
SYNCOM
System level testing-Earth station
Additional tests
Mandatory tests
Tanegashima space centre
TDMA burst structure
Carrier and clock recovery sequence
Signaling channel
Traffic information
Unique word
TDMA frame structure
Guard time
Reference burst
Traffic burst
Teledesic satellite constellation
Telemetry, tracking and command
Teleports
Television receive-only satellite systems (TVRO)
Telstar
Terrestrial interface-Earth station
Interface
Tail options
Tether physics and survivability (TiPS)
Tethered satellite system (TSS)
Thermal control subsystem
Heat transfer mechanism
Thermal inequilibrium
Types of heat transfer
Thermal (or infrared) remote sensing
Third cosmic (or orbital) velocity
Three-axis stabilization
Throughput (
Network security
)
Thrust
Thrust-to-weight ratio
Thuraya
Tiangong-1
Tiangong-2
Tiangong-3
Time division multiple access
Comparison with FDMA
Frame acquisition and synchronization
TDMA burst structure
TDMA frame efficiency
TDMA frame structure
Traffic control and coordination
TIROS-1 to TIROS-10
Titan series rockets
Topology (
Networks
)
Total energy detector (TED)
Trajectory
Transfer rate of information bits (TRIB) (
Network throughput
)
Transit-1B
Transmission control protocol
Transmission delay (
Satellite networks
)
Transmission equation
Transmit-only earth station terminals
Transponder
Bent pipe transponders
Performance parameters
Regenerative transponders
Transparent transponders
Types
Transponder assignment modes
C/N ratio
Demand assigned multiple access
Pre-assigned multiple access
Random multiple access
Traveling wave tube amplifiers (TWTA)
Tree topology
Trojan horse (
Network security
)
Tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM)
True anomaly of satellite
Tunneling
Type of propellant (
Launch vehicles
)
Uchinoura space centre
Ulysses
Unidirectional star networks
Urban monitoring and development
User datagram protocol (UDP)
Vanguard-1
Vanguard-2
Venera atmospheric probe
Very small aperture terminal (VSAT)
Video signals
Viking 1 and 2
Viruses (
Network security
)
(VISSR) Visible and infrared spin scan radiometer
VISSR atmospheric sounder (VAS)
Voice signals
Vostok series rockets
Voyager-1 and 2
Water quality management
Water vapour images
Weather facsimile transponder (WEFAX)
Weather forecasting
Weather satellites
Applications
Future trends
Images
Weather satellites (
Continued
)
Missions
Orbits
Payloads-587--92
Weather forecasting
Xichang satellite launch centre
X-ray sensor (XRS)
Yinghuo-I
Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training centre
Zenit series rockets
Zinc Sulpher propellants
Zone antenna
Zone lens see
Fresnel lens
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