Notes

Chapter 1

1.   Michael Bay is a prolific feature film director and producer. He is best known for big-budget action movies including: Transformers, Pearl Harbor, and Armageddon. BoxOfficeMojo.com. IMDB.com, 2015. Web. Oct. 2015.

2.   Bay was on hand to help introduce a new curved screen by Samsung. The news of his fumbled presentation hit social media immediately, with the video going viral. Andrea Chang and Salvador Rodriguez, “CES 2014 live: Michael Bay ‘embarrassed’ by meltdown on stage,” LATimes.com. Tribune Publishing Company, 2014. Web. 6 Jan. 2014.

3.   Career advice columnist Jay Leader writes, “Public speaking is a critical skill that is valuable to anyone, regardless of their general duties or responsibilities.” Jay Leader, “Why public speaking is a critical skill,” Computerworld.com. IDG Communications, 2011. Web. 8 April 2011.

4.   Jay Ingraham, “America’s top fears: Public speaking, heights and bugs,” WashingtonPost.com. Nash Hollings, LLC, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

5.   Rob Dunn, “What Are You So Scared of? Saber-Toothed Cats, Snakes, and Carnivorous Kangaroos,” Slate.com. The Slate Group, 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.

6.   Early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. An agricultural revolution began roughly 12,000 years ago, transiting these once mobile populations to sedentary societies based on crop production. Graeme Barker, The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers? (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009).

7.   Jon Hamilton, “From Primitive Parts, A Highly Evolved Brain,” NPR.com. National Public Radio, Inc., 2010. Web. 9 Aug. 2010.

8.   Natalie Angier, “So Much More Than Plasma and Poison,” NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company, 2011. Web. 6 June 2011.

9.   Lydia DePillis, “Lots of Americans fear flying. But not because of plane crashes,” WashingtonPost.com. Nash Hollings, LLC, 2014. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.

10. “Commercial aviation [is] the safest mode of travel in the United States.” There are 0.07 fatalities per billion passenger miles. The majority of aviation fatalities that occur each year (85 percent) involve private aircraft. On average, 549 people die each year through recreational flying (41 percent), business travel (24 percent), and instruction (17 percent). Leighton Walter Kille, “Transportation safety over time: Cars, planes, trains, walking, cycling,” JournalistsResources.org. Harvard Kennedy School, Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, 2014. Web. 5 Oct. 2014.

11. Chicago-based psychologist David Carbonell runs anxiety-management workshops for fearful fliers. He says, “There’s a social phobia aspect. [My clients are] afraid they will look so intensely nervous that they will alienate everybody in the airplane. They’re afraid they’re going to look weird.” Sophia Dembling, “Inner Turbulence: Don’t let fear of flying get in the way of your business,” Entrepreneur.com. Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013. Dec. 2013.

12. This quote is widely attributed to Mark Twain. Jerry Weissman, “Another Humorous View on the Fear of Public Speaking,” Forbes.com. Forbes, Inc., 2014. Web. 17 June 2014.

13. Barbara Schmidt, “Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures,” TwainQuotes. com. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.

14. The description for the book claims the author has “the proven method for overcoming your fear of public speaking and delivering dynamic presentations” and says he “explains how the brain processes information.” The author holds a BS in International Relations and French and there is no evidence he has any scientific, psychology, medical, or academic communication credentials. Bill Hoogterp, Your Perfect Presentation: Speak in Front of Any Audience Anytime Anywhere and Never Be Nervous Again (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014).

15. Homo sapiens began to evolve around 200,000 years ago. “History of life on earth,” BBC.co.uk. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2014. Web. Oct. 2014.

16. “Common Signs & Signals of Stress Reaction,” Foh.dhhs.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015. Web. 30, Oct. 2015.

17. Amy Cuddy, “Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are,” online video clip, TED.com. Sapling Foundation, 2012. June 2012.

Chapter 2

1.   This study found that self-talk affects only the cognitive process, helps people to remember what they are searching for, and helps via word-to-word matching. Gary Lupyan and Daniel Swingley, “Self-directed speech affects visual search performance,” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65.6 (June 2012): 1068–1085.

2.   The authors conclude that self-talk is effective in sports and encourage its use as a strategy to learn and enhance performance. Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, et al, “Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6.4 (July 2011): 348–356.

3.   Psychologists Robert Firestone and Lisa Firestone study what they call the “critical inner voice” and have published extensively on the topic. Robert W. Firestone, et al, Conquer Your Critical Inner Voice: A Revolutionary Program to Counter Negative Thoughts and Live Free from Imagined Limitations (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, May 2012).

4.   Although scholars believe woolly mammoths disappeared from most of the world starting 10,000 years ago, a small population survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until 2,000 BC. Dhruti Shah, “Mammoth’s extinction not due to inbreeding, study finds,” BBC.co.uk. British Broadcasting Company, 2012. Web. 23 March 2012.

5.   Rick Hanson, “Wake Up to Good News,” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

6.   A study at the Harvard Medical Lab found that “mental practice” can alter the physical structure and function of the brain. Sharon Begley, “The Brain: How the Brain Rewires Itself,” Time.com. Time Inc., 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2007.

7.   Elisha Goldstein, “If You Can Name It, You Can Tame It,” Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. Psych Central, 6 Jan. 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.

8.   A.J. LeVan, “Seeing Is Believing: The Power of Visualization,” Psychology Today, 3 Dec. 2009. Web. 8 Aug. 2015.

Chapter 3

1.   “Letter from Wallace, A.R. to Darwin, C.R. (July 2, 1866),” DarwinProject.ac.uk, University of Cambridge. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

2.   “Life Expectancy,” CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Web. 30, Oct. 2015.

3.   FDR gave this advice on public speaking to his son James Roosevelt. Paul L. Soper, Basic Public Speaking (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1963).

4.   Abraham Lincoln is said to have used a similar phrase in a speech in Clinton, Illinois on September 2, 1858, but historians have disputed this. The version of this phrase is also attributed to John Lydgate of Bury (1370–1451), a monk and poet. Still others claim showman P.T. Barnum is the source.

Chapter 4

1.   The Brothers Grimm “sought the purist form of straightforward narration…. They realized the educational value of stories.” William Harrer, “The Value of Grimm’s Fairy Tales,” WaldorfLibrary.org. Research Institute for Waldorf Education. Web. 14 Nov. 2014.

2.   Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Novato, CA: New World Library, July 2008).

3.   “American Masters: George Lucas,” online video, PBS.org. Public Broadcasting Service, March 1993.

4.   Ishaan Tharoor, “Before Noah: Myths of the Flood Are Far Older Than the Bible,” Time.com. Time Inc., 2014. Web. 1 April 2014.

5.   “Story of Noah,” Genesis 6:9, Good News Bible: The Bible in Today’s English Version (New York: American Bible Society, 1976).

6.   Leo Widrich, “The Science of Storytelling: Why Telling a Story is the Most Powerful Way to Activate our Brains,” LifeHacker.com. Gawker Media, 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2012.

7.   Jonathan Gottschall, “Why Storytelling Is The Ultimate Weapon,” Co.Create. Fast Company, Inc., 2 May 2012. Web. 2 July 2015.

8.   Jeremy Hsu, “The Secrets of Storytelling: Why We Love a Good Yarn,” ScientificAmerican.com. Nature Publishing Group, 2008. Web. 8 Sept. 2008.

9.   Nicole Sperling, “With help from a friend, Mel cut to the chase,” WashingtonPost.com. Nash Hollings, LLC, 2006. Web. 15 Dec. 2006.

10. “David and Goliath,” 1 Samuel 17: 1–58, Good News Bible: The Bible in Today’s English Version (New York: American Bible Society, 1976).

11. The article notes: “Duke is a Champion today, but Butler is a winner.” Lenn Robbins, “Butler’s underdogs triumphant in defeat,” NYPost.com. News Corp, 2010. Web. 7 April 2010.

12. This interview features Dr. Nadav Goldschmied who studies Social Psychology at the University of San Diego, Dr. Scott T. Allison, Professor of Psychology at the University of Richmond, and Daniel Engber who laments his penchant for supporting the underdog. “Games,” RadioLab, NPR. 23 Aug. 2011. Radio.

13. Ryan Niemiec, “The Psychology of the Underdog,” Character Strengths, PsychCentral.com, 19 Mar. 2012. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.

14. Katy Waldman, “Sunshine, Baseball, and Etch A Sketch: How Politicians Use Analogies,” Slate.com. The Slate Group, 23 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.

15. “Franklin D. Roosevelt,” HISTORY, AETN. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

16. “Questions over Greg Mortenson’s Stories,” CBSNews.com. CBS Interactive, 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

17. Matt Pearce, “‘Three Cups’ Author Greg Mortenson Must Pay $1 Million to Charity,” Los Angeles Times, 5 Apr. 2012.

Chapter 5

1.   Ronald B. Adler and Lawrence B. Rosenfeld, “Interpersonal Communication and Self,” Interplay: The Process of Interpersonal Communication. Thirteenth ed. (Oxford UP, 2015). 72, 73.

2.   Ibid., 71.

3.   “Identity Management Theory,” Communication Theory RSS. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

4.   Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die (New York: Random House, 2007).

5.   Marco Iacoboni, Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).

Chapter 6

1.   “Francis Bacon,” Bio.com, A&E Networks Television. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

2.   Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008).

3.   “Top 10 Tips for QSR Suggestive Selling,” QSRweb.com. 18 Mar. 2010. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

4.   Jeff Thompson, “Is Nonverbal Communication a Numbers Game?” Psychology Today, 30 Sept. 2011. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Chapter 7

1.   David Rock and Jeffrey Schwartz, “The Neuroscience of Leadership,” Strategy Business. PWC, 30 May 2006. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

2.   Evian Gordon, Integrative Neuroscience: Bringing Together Biological, Psychological and Clinical Models of the Human Brain (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 2000).

3.   Robert Siegel, Melissa Block, and Mark Liberman, “In ‘Um’ Or ‘Uh,’ A Few Clues To What We’re Saying—And Who’s Saying It,” NPR, 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2015.

4.   There is some debate of the actual origins of Uptalk, but researchers have looked to Southern California, Australia, and New Zealand as the most likely candidates. “The Unstoppable March of the Upward Inflection?” BBC News, British Broadcasting Company, 11 Aug. 2014. Web. 1 Oct. 2015.

5.   The UK publisher, Pearson, surveyed 700 managers. More than half said a high-rising terminal would hinder their prospects and 85 percent said the trait was a “clear indicator of insecurity.” “Want a Promotion? Don’t Speak like an AUSSIE: Rising in Pitch at the End of Sentences Make You Sound ‘insecure,’” Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 13 Jan. 2014. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

6.   Sue Langley, “The Neuroscience of Change: Why It’s Difficult and What Makes It Easier,” Langley Group, 23 May 2012. Web. 9 Aug. 2015.

Chapter 8

1.   Francis Flynn, “Francis Flynn: What Makes People Want to Help Others?” Stanford Graduate School of Business, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 15 Aug. 2015.

2.   N. Howlett, K.L. Pine, I. Orakçιoğlu, and B. Fletcher, “The Influence of Clothing on First Impressions: Rapid and Positive Responses to Minor Changes in Male Attire,” Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2013): 38–48.

3.   N. Howlett, K.L. Pine, I. Orakçιoğlu, and B. Fletcher, “Small Changes in Clothing Equal Big Changes in Perception: The Interaction between Provocativeness and Occupational Status,” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 72.3–4 (2015): 105–16.

4.   Adam Haro and Adam Galinsky, “Enclothed Cognition,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48.4 (2012): 918–25.

5.   Judith Sjo-Gaber, “The Real Cost of a Fabulous Smile: Put Your Best Smile Forward,” Bloomberg.com. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Chapter 9

1.   Stephen Shankland, “Moore’s Law: The Rule That Really Matters in Tech,” CNET.com. 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

2.   Charles Duhigg, The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business (New York: Random House, 2012).

3.   “Flyers History: Kate Smith,” FlyersHistory.com. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

4.   Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford: Stanford U, 1985).

5.   “To Savor the Flavor, Perform a Short Ritual First,” Association for Psychological Science RSS. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

6.   Tracy Epton and Peter R. Harris, “Self-affirmation Promotes Health Behavior Change,” Health Psychology 27.6 (2008): 746–52.

7.   Hara Marano, “Our Brain’s Negative Bias,” Psychology Today, 29 Oct. 2010. Web. 2 Oct. 2015.

8.   Max Gunther, Steven Beach, Nathan Yanasak, and L. Stephen Miller, “Deciphering Spousal Intentions: An FMRI Study of Couple Communication,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26.4 (2009): 388–410.

9.   Rick Nauert, “Why We Want to Do the Opposite of Our Spouses’ Wishes,” Psych Central News. Psych Central. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

10. Stephanie Pappas, “Even Grown-Ups Need Security Blankets,” LiveScience, TechMedia Network, 10 Oct. 2010. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Chapter 10

1.   Caitlin Johnson, “Cutting Through Advertising Clutter,” CBSNews.com. CBS Interactive, 17 Sept. 2006. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

2.   “The Power of Categories,” NPR.com, 6 Feb. 2015. Web. 18 Aug. 2015.