Index
A amplifiers, class, 9
AB amplifiers, class, 11
design with DC gain control, 133–134
design of inverting, 130–131
with a negative supply, 132–133
with NVBE biasing, 132
design of noninverting, 131
amplifier design, 173–198
op-amps, 173–182
AI (mirror gain), 127–128
Alpha defined, 5–6
amplitude distortion, 13
bandpass, 169
basic tests, 35–76
bias networks, 7–9
amplifier operating point, 7
bias stabilization, 7–8
bias-stabilization techniques, 8–9
input/output impedances, 8
bipolar/FET direct-coupled, 21–23
bridge, 181
chopper-stabilized, 147–158
avoiding latchup, 151
capacitor connections, 149
circuits, 147–148
clock circuits, 150
combined chopper/bipolar op-amp, 154
comparison of chopper-stabilized and bipolar op-amps, 155–158
design of basic amplifier circuits, 152–153
design of booster circuits, 153
design of low offset comparators, 154
guarding, 152
intermodulation effects, 149
output clamp, 150
output load, 151
pin compatibility, 152
selecting capacitors, 150
static protection, 151
thermoelectric effects, 151
circuit basics, 1–34
circuit classifications, 1–2
alpha and beta, 5–6
amplifier gain basics, 5–7
frequency of operation, 2
function performed, 2
operating point, 1
type of signals, 2
common-base, 4
common-collector, 5
common-emitter, 2–4
confusion about DC, 2
crystal-tuned, 170–171
DC-accurate summing, 145
attack and decay times, 201
audiofrequency, 173–198
DC problems, 134
frequency response, 200–201
gain-controlled microphone preamplifier/VOGAD, 199–201
input characteristics, 199–200
special-purpose, 199–226
of unity-gain DC buffer, 136
direct-coupled complementary, 18–19
display problems during test, 65–76
distortion basics, 11–13
frequency distortion, 13
frequency limitation in, 13–16
gain, 143
alpha and beta, 5–6
current gain, 6
resistance (or impedance) gain, 6
voltage and power amplifiers, 7
voltage and power gain, 6
gated linear, 182–187
Harris CA 3020/CA3020A, 47
highpass, 168
IC (integrated circuit) form, 1
instrumentation, 145–146
lowpass, 167–168
multistage, 18–21
non-blocking direct-coupled, 22–23
Norton, 125
nulling, 147
phase distortion, 13
power, 2
square-wave, 1
successive-detection log, 216–218
summing, 167
test equipment, 35–36
distortion meters, 36
matching test equipment to circuits, 35–36
scopes, 36
voltmeters/multimeters, 36
three-stage complementary, 19–20
tuned, 169–170
typical bipolar/FET direct-coupled, 22
typical differential, 30
voltage, 2
voltage and power, 7
Amplitude, differential signal, 106
Amplitude distortion, 13
with muting, 202
muting function, 202
voltage gain and frequency response, 202
no-design, 190–198
BTL IC audio amplifier with 3–W output, 198
BTL IC audio amplifier with 3.4–W output, 196–198
BTL IC audio amplifier with built-in volume control, 194–195
BTL IC audio amplifier with external volume control, 195
BTL IC audio amplifiers, 193–194
BTL stereo IC audio amplifier, 195–196
BTL stereo IC audio amplifier with 3–W output, 198
stereo IC audio amplifiers, 190–193
AV (high gain), 133
Average temperature coefficient, 110
B amplifiers, class, 10
Background noise, 53–55
Bandpass amplifiers, 169
Bandwidth, 43
limiting, 143–144
slew rate, and output characteristics, 101–105
Beta defined, 5–6
Bias (operating point), 1
Bias-stabilization techniques, 7–9
common-mode, 134–136
NVBE, 132
Bipolar op-amps, 154–158
Bipolar transistors, 77
direct-coupled amplifiers, 21–23
non-blocking direct-coupled amplifiers, 22–23
typical direct-coupled amplifiers, 22
Blocking defined, 23
Bridge amplifiers, 181
BTL (bridge-tied load), 193
IC audio amplifier, 193–194
IC audio amplifier with 3–W output, 198
IC audio amplifier with 3.4–W output, 196–198
IC audio amplifier with built-in volume control, 194–195
IC audio amplifier with external volume control, 195
stereo IC audio amplifier, 195–196
stereo IC audio amplifier with 3-W output, 198
CA3060, Harris, 117
CA3140 IC, Harris, 98
Cable driver, 146
Capacitance, stray circuit, 123
Capacitive loads, driving, 165
coupling, 17
selecting, 150
Cascade defined, 18
CFAs (current-feedback amplifiers), 143–146
basic circuit, 125–126
testing, 127–130
IBIAS test circuits, 128–129
mirror-gain test circuits, 129–130
test conditions, 130
typical performance characteristics, 126–127
CFAs (current-feedback amplifiers) design, 125–146
Chopper stabilization, 23–24
Clamp design considerations, 139–143
accuracy, 142
effect of clamp voltages on linearity, 143
overdrive recovery, 142
range, 142
Class A amplifiers, 9
Class AB amplifiers, 11
Class B amplifiers, 10
Class C amplifiers, 11
CMOS (complementary MOS) transistors, 77
CMRR (common-mode rejection ratio), 26
Common-base amplifiers, 4
Common-collector amplifiers, 5
Common-emitter amplifiers, 2–4
highest power gain, 4
popularity, 2
Common-mode biasing, 134–136
Common-mode definitions, 28
Common-mode signals defined, 25
Components, low-inductance, 139
Converters, digital to analog, 139
capacitor, 17
interstage, 17
methods, 16–17
RC (resistance-capacitance), 17
Crystal-tuned amplifiers, 170–171
effect of input-offset, 108
gain, 6
input-bias, 62–63
Current drain, power output, efficiency, and sensitivity, 47
Current sources, voltage-controlled, 160
Current-feedback amplifier design, 143–146
amplifier integrators, 145
bandwidth limiting, 143–144
cable driver, 146
DC-accurate summing amplifier, 145
gain amplifiers, 143
instrumentation amplifiers, 145–146
amplifier with output clamping, 136–143
clamp design considerations, 139–143
PC-board layout considerations, 139
DACs (digital to analog converters), 139
Darlington compound, 20
DC amplifier design problems, 134
DC buffer-amplifier, design of unity, 136
DC level-shifting problems, 33–34
Decibel measurement basics, 36–39
adding decibels, 38
decibels and reference levels, 39
doubling power ratios, 37–38
using decibels to compare voltages and currents, 38–39
Decibels, adding, 38
Delay times, 68
Differential amplifiers, 25–34
common-mode definitions, 28
DC level-shifting problems, 33–34
floating inputs, 28–29
ground-current conditions, 29
as IC op-amps, 30
typical, 30
typical op-amp circuits, 30–33
uses, 25
Differential-signal amplitude, 106
Direct-coupled amplifiers, voltage change problems, 23
power, 111
total device, 111
amplitude, 13
frequency, 13
harmonic, 50–52
intermodulation, 52–53
meters, 36
phase, 13
emitter, 8
external, 85
inverse, 8
inverse-current, 8
inverting and noninverting, 85
measurement, 60–62
negative, 8
Feedback resistance to input resistance, ratio of, 108
amplifier basics, 17–18
amplifiers, 1
voltage-controlled devices, 17
FETs (field-effect transistors) types, 17
JFET (junction), 17–18
MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor), 17–18
Finite output impedance, 163
Flicker (1/f noise), 190
Frequency distortion, 13
Frequency limitation in amplifiers, 13–16
Frequency response, 39–42
Frequency response and gain, 85–99
built-in phase compensation, 98–99
example of phase-lead compensation, 96–98
inverting and noninverting feedback, 85
loop gain, 85–89
open loop input-impedance modifications, 93–96
open-loop frequency and phase response, 89–90
phase-compensation methods, 90–91
selecting a phase-compensation scheme, 91–93
Frequency-rolloff characteristics, 99
Full-power response defined, 104
amplifiers, 143
current, 6
DC, 133–134
frequency response and, 85–99
high, 133
open loop, 39–40
open-loop (without feedback), 85
power, 43
resistance (or impedance), 6
restrictions, 74
voltage, 42
voltage and power, 6
Gated linear amplifiers, 182–187
design considerations, 182–186
design example, 186–187
SL561B/C, 187
SL1615, 216
SL3522, 218
SL6270, 199
SL6310, 202
ZN424P, 182–183
Ground connections, 176
Ground currents defined, 29
Ground loops defined, 29
Ground referenced differential inputs, design of, 135–136
Ground-current conditions, 29
Harmonic distortion, 50–52
CA3020/CA3020A op-amps, 43
CA3060, 117
CA3100 op-amp, 39–40
CA3140IC, 98
CA 3020/CA3020A, 50
CA 3020/CA3020A IC amplifiers, 47
HA-2510 op-amps, 56
HA-5147 op-amps, 56
HFA1130, 136
HFA 1130, 138
ICL7650, 147
Heat sink, Thermalloy type 6141, 181
High-frequency amplifiers, low-noise, 202–208
circuit description, 204
common-base line driver, 205–206
common-emitter low-noise preamplifier, 207
common-emitter wideband amplifier, 207–208
PC-board layout considerations, 205
Highpass amplifiers, 168
IABC (input amplifier bias current), 117
IC op-amp design, basic, 77–116
ICL7650, Harris, 147
true-log, 212–216
IGFETs (insulated-gate FETs), 18
IMD (intermodulation distortion), 52–53
IMIRROR, 129
dynamic output, 45
finite output, 163
high input, 133
input/output, 8
output, 105
dynamic input, 45
dynamic output, 45
Input current, lowest practical, 82
Input and feedback, 107
Input sensitivity, 43
Input-bias current, 62–63
Input-offset current, 107–108
Input-offset voltage, 107
and current, 63–64
effect of, 108
sensitivity, 110
Inputs, design of ground-referenced differential, 135–136
Instrumentation amplifiers, 145–146
Interstage coupling, 17
Inverse feedback, 8
Inverse-current feedback, 8
IOS (input offset current), 145
IOS (output-offset current), 163
Line equalization, 172
Linear Applications Handbook (1993), 76
LT1001, 158
LT1220, 143
LT1223, 143
LTC1006, 154
LTC1007, 154
LTC1049, 155
LTC1051, 154
LTC1150, 158
LM359, National Semiconductor, 127–30
resistance and capacitance, 99
sensitivity, 43–45
defined, 85
reduction in, 105
Low-noise preamplifiers, ultra, 187–190
Lowpass amplifiers, 167–168
LT1001, Linear Technology, 158
LT1220, Linear Technology, 143
LT1223, Linear Technology, 143
LTC1006, Linear Technology, 154
LTC1007, Linear Technology, 154
LTC1049, Linear Technology, 155
LTC1051, Linear Technology, 154
LTC1150, Linear Technology, 158
Meters, distortion, 36
Miller-effect compensation, 98
Mirror-gain test circuits, 129–130
Multimeters, 36
Multistage amplifiers, 18–21
Darlington compound, 20–21
direct coupling between unlike stages, 20
direct-coupled complementary amplifiers, 18–19
three-stage complementary amplifiers, 19–20
Negative feedback, 8
Networks, phase-compensation, 85
background, 53–55
getting into a circuit, 72
Norton amplifiers, 125–146
Nulling amplifiers, 147
NVBE biasing, 132
Offset minimization, need for, 107–110
Op-amps; See also Power op-amps
application, 77
bipolar, 154–158
circuits, 77–85
bias circuits, 80
input noise considerations, 84–85
input stages, 79
input-current variations, 82–83
input-offset voltage variations, 84
interpreting IC op-amp data sheets, 99–111
offset nulling, 84
output stages, 80
power-supply design considerations, 80–82
second stages, 79
data sheets, 99–111
basic IC op-amp definitions, 101–105
input common-mode voltage swing (VICM), 106–107
input impedance, 105–106
input-bias current, 107
input-offset voltage and current, 107–110
noise voltages, 110
open-loop voltage gain, 99–100
output impedance, 105
phase shift and phase margin, 100
power dissipation, 111
power-supply sensitivity, 110
definitions, 101–105
bandwidth, 101
frequency range, 101
maximum output voltage and current, 101–103
power bandwidth, 101
slew rate, 103–104
Harris CA3020/CA3020A, 43
Harris CA 3100, 39–40
Harris HA-2510, 56
Harris HA-5147, 56
IC, 30
low-distortion wideband, 173–182
basic IC, 76–116
chopper-stabilized, 147–158
example, 111–116
closed-loop resistances, 113
comparison of circuit characteristics, 114
decoupling or bypass capacitors, 113
frequency-gain relationship, 112–113
gain versus phase compensation, 114
input voltage, 114–115
noise voltages, 114
offset minimizing resistance, 114
op-amp characteristics, 111–112
output power, 115–116
output voltage, 115
supply voltages, 113
Operating-point classifications, 9–11
class A amplifiers, 9
class AB amplifiers, 11
class B amplifiers, 10
class C amplifiers, 11
Operational amplifiers, glossary of terms, 102–103
Oscilloscopes, 36
basic circuits, 117
design of, 117–124
design procedures, 120–124
calculating RABC, 121–122
capacitance effects, 123
input offset circuit, 122
output swing, 120–121
phase compensation, 123–124
transconductance, 120
terms defined, 117–119
Output current, significant, 82
Output impedance, 105
Overdrive recovery time, 142
Overshoot, 56–60
Peltier effects, 151
Phase compensation, built-in, 98–99
Phase distortion, 13
Phase shift, 60
Phase-compensation methods, 90–91
closed-loop feedback, 91
Miller-effect phase-lag compensation, 91
open-loop gain, 91
open-loop input impedance, 91
phase-lag compensation, 91
phase-lead compensation, 91
RC rolloff, 91
straight rolloff, 91
Phase-compensation networks, 85
Phase-compensation scheme, selecting a, 91–93
Phase-lag compensation techniques, 34
example of, 96–98
techniques, 34
Phase-shift network, 77
Philips Semiconductors, 190
TDA7052A, 194
TDA7052AT, 195
Plessey; See also GEC Plessey
Power amplifiers, 2
Power dissipation, 111
Power gain, 43
Power op-amps, low-distortion wideband, 173–182
circuit layout considerations, 176
crossover distortion performance, 175–176
driving capacitive loads, 180–181
driving inductive loads, 179–180
heat sink calculations, 178–179
limiting output current, 176–177
low-distortion 40–W audio amplifier, 181–182
power amplifier circuits, 173–175
power-derating curves, 178
safe operating areas, 177–178
Power output and power gain, 43
Power ratios, doubling, 37–38
Power-supply design considerations, 80–82
dual supply operating, 81
single-supply operation, 81
Power-supply rejection ratio, 110
RC (resistance-capacitance) coupling, 17
dynamic output, 45
gain, 6
Resistors, current-sense, 176
Rise time, 56–60
characteristics, 99
defined, 15
point, 40
RSC (current-sense resistors), 176
Scopes, 36
Settling time, 56–60
Signal to noise ratio, 55
Simplified Design of Linear Power Supplies (1994), 7
Simplified Design of Switching Power Supplies (1995), 7
Sine-wave analysis, 47
Single-chip successive-detection log-limiting amplifiers, 218–226
layout suggestions, 223–226
RF-output buffer, 222–223
video performance, 226
SL561B/C, GEC Plessey, 187
SL1615, GEC Plessey, 216
SL3522, GEC Plessey, 218
SL6270, GEC Plessey, 199
SL6310, GEC Plessey, 202
Sound, humans response to, 37
Square-wave amplifiers, 1
Square-wave analysis, 47–50
Successive-detection log amplifiers, 216–218
design considerations, 216–218
TCV (average temperature coefficient), 110
TDA7052A, Philips Semiconductors, 194
TDA7052AT, Philips Semiconductors, 195
Temperature coefficient, average, 110
Temperature-compensated constant-current source, 27
Test equipment, amplifier, 35–36
Tests, amplifier display problems during, 65–76
THD (total harmonic distortion), 50–52
Thermalloy type 6141 heat sink, 181
Thermoelectric effects, 151
Total device dissipation, 111
Transconductance defined, 117
bipolar, 77
CMOS (complementary MOS), 77
True-log IF amplifiers, 212–216
circuit description, 213–214
layout precautions, 215
low-frequency response, 215
six-stage log IF strip, 216
supply voltage options, 215
Tuned amplifiers, 169–170
VICM (input common-mode voltage swing), 106–107
VICR (input common-mode voltage range), 106–107
VITS (vertical interval test signal), 172
VOGAD (voice-operated gain-adjusting device), 199
Voltage-controlled current sources, 160
amplifiers, 2
followers, 85
gain, 42
overcoming problems, 23
and power amplifiers, 7
and power gain, 6
Voltmeters/multimeters, 36
VOS (input-offset voltage), 162–163
Wideband amplifiers with external gain control, low-noise, 208–212
decreasing gain variation with temperature, 211
gain-control input, 209–210
high-frequency stability, 212
high-impedance current output, 210
input impedance, 209
low-input impedance, 211
minimum supply current, 210
two-stage wideband amplifier, 212
Williams, Jim, 76
board layout and power-supply bypassing, 164–165
DC accuracy of, 162–164
design, 159–172
design examples, 165–172
bandpass amplifiers, 169
coaxial cable drivers, 165–167
crystal-tuned amplifiers, 170–171
highpass amplifiers, 168
lowpass amplifiers, 167–168
summing amplifiers, 167
tuned amplifiers, 169–170
video twisted-pair driver/receiver, 171–172
driving capacitive loads, 165
setting gain, 161
setting internal currents, 162
shutdown mode, 162
workings of, 160
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