Accountability, 22, 32, 48, 62, 116

Accurate, 34, 94, 100–101, 109, 113, 126

Achievable, 79

Aggregated data, 105–106

Air France KLM, 118

Alma Media, 97–98

Apple, 112

ASICS, 41–44

Assurance, 34, 44, 108–110, 125, 127

auditing guidelines/standards, 123–124

confidence, 110–112

defined, 111

independence, 123

internal controls and internal audits, 113–118

internal vs. external, 112–113

limited and reasonable, 119, 121, 122, 125–127

provider and expertise, 121–122

scope, 124–125

third-party assurance, 118–126

third-party commentary, 119, 126–127

Assurance engagement, 119–120, 124

Assurance statement, 34, 111, 119–121, 126, 128

Auditing guidelines/standards, 123–124

 

Balance, 4, 22, 84, 95, 98–100

Bank of America, 79–80

Baxter, 86

Beinhocker, E., 7, 68

Benchmark, 79, 88, 101–103

Benefit Corporation, 8

Bhopal gas leak (1984), 25

BHP, 58, 59

Board of directors, 42, 61, 82, 101, 110, 113, 117

Braam, G., 126

Brundtland report, 11, 12, 20, 25

 

Canon, 75, 76

Capability, 61, 62, 65–68, 79, 115, 117

Capitalism, 1–4, 7, 21, 68

Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), 32, 33, 44, 104, 136

Careless illustrations, 105

Carson, R., 10, 11

CDP. See Carbon Disclosure Project

CDSB. See Climate Disclosure Standards Board

CERES. See Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies

Certain subject matter, 113, 117

Clear and specific disclosure, 106–107

Climate change, 31–32, 47, 78

Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB), 32, 33

Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), 26, 28

Commitment, 61–65, 67, 68, 115, 117

Comparability, 101–103

Comparable, 77, 101, 104

Complete, 96–98, 121, 136

Comply vs. innovate, 67–68

Conclusion, 120

Confidence, 110–112

Conflict minerals, 47, 138

ConocoPhillips, 115, 116

Control system, 43, 115

Corporate Reporting Dialogue, 32–37, 138

Corporate Responsibility Committee, 63, 64

Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 49

Cost-benefit principle, 138

Cost effective, 86

Credibility, 34, 36, 77, 92, 94, 96–107, 109, 122

Credible reporting, 91–92

accuracy and reliability, 100–101

aggregated data, 105–106

balance, 98–100

careless illustrations, 105

characteristics, 94–96

comparability, 101–103

completeness, 97–98

guidelines and standards, 103–104

imprecise and vague disclosure, 106–107

trust, 92–94

Customers, 50

 

Decision making, 4, 22–24, 31, 59, 64, 77, 80, 110

Dell, 73

Diversity, 44

Domtar Corporation, 99, 100

Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI), 36

 

Eco-efficiency indicators, 88–89

Economic, 3–5, 7–10, 13, 22, 44, 68, 81–85, 88

dimension, 5

emphasis, 9

indicators, 82

Edelman Trust Barometer, 93

Effectiveness indicators, 85–87

Efficiency, 69

Efficiency indicators, 85–87

Employees, 50

Environment, 3, 10, 13, 25, 44, 88, 93

Environmental dimension, 5, 10

Environmental indicators, 82

Environmental management system (EMS), 41

Environmental reporting, 32

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG), 36, 37, 82

External assurance, 112–113, 118–119, 122, 126

Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989), 26

Faithful representation, 111

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 33

Financial performance reporting, 22, 24

Financial reporting, 95–96

Five capitals and value creation, 16–19

5 Ps model, 16, 19

Formal system, 60

 

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), 27

GHG emissions, 75, 78, 88, 89, 104, 117

Gide, A., 40

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 44, 48–49, 75, 78, 95–98, 103, 118

Governments, 50

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 104

Greenwashing, 93, 98

GRI. See Global Reporting Initiative

GRI Sector Disclosures, 143

Guidelines, 25, 27–32, 59–60, 111, 123–124, 137–139

and standards, 103–104

 

Hanauer, N., 7, 68

 

Iberdrola, 137

IIRC. See International Integrated Reporting Council

Impact indicator, 82

Imprecise and vague disclosure, 106–107

Independence, 123

Independent assurance provider, 119–121

Indicators, 8, 27, 31, 43–44, 71–72, 91, 97, 109–111, 118, 124–126

characteristics, 77–81

classification, 81

eco-efficiency/socioeconomic, 88–89

economic, environmental, and social, 81–85

efficiency and effectiveness, 85–87

leading and lagging, 87–88

to policy, 74–76

quantitative vs. qualitative disclosure, 72–74

Informal system, 60

Input, 47, 81–87, 109

Integrated report/reporting (IR), 29–31, 44, 92, 135

Intel, 65–67

Internal assurance, 112–118

Internal audit, 112–119

Internal audit department (function), 113

Internal auditor, 101, 113, 116–118

Internal controls, 112–118

International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 33, 96

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), 27, 96

International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), 17, 29–30, 33

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 33, 58–60, 107

International Standard on Assurance Engagements, 119

ISO. See International Organization for Standardization

ISO 14000, 58

ISO 14001, 59

ISO 26000, 59

 

Kramer, M. R., 68

 

Lagging indicators, 83, 87–88

Leading indicators, 81, 87–88

Legitimacy theory, 8

Legitimate, 9, 11, 22

Limited assurance, 121, 122, 125, 127

Local communities, 50

 

Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A), 73

Management systems, 43, 91, 109, 111, 114, 115

approach, 57–58

commitment and capability, 61–70

formal and informal systems, 60

standards, 58–60

Marks and Spencer (M&S), 99, 101, 102

Marriott International, 83

Material, 31, 42, 44, 47–49, 77, 96, 97

Materiality, 96, 98

Materiality matrix, 42, 49–51

Measurability indicator, 83–88

Measurable, 78

Microsoft, 65

Millennium development goals (MDGs), 13–14,
16, 19, 29

Multi-stakeholder process, 28, 41, 42, 58, 64, 75, 109

 

Nested circles, 13, 19

NGOs, CSR councils, specialized institutions, 49

Nike, 64, 116

 

Objective, 42–44, 49, 66–68, 85, 86, 113, 123

Off-the-shelf vs. customized policies, 46–47

Operational organizational level, 62

Organizational commitment and capability, 61–70

Organizational sustainability, 40–44, 132–135

Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD), 25

Outcome, 7, 18, 82–88, 111

Outotec, 127

Output, 18, 81–88

 

Peeters, R., 126

Performance, 12, 34, 40, 41, 43–44, 57, 79, 84, 91–93, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 109–113, 116, 126. See also Indicators

Performance and Disclosure Committee, 64

Performance indicators, 83, 84

Performance measurement system, 71–72, 81, 91

Policy, 42, 44–54

indicators to, 74–76

Porritt, J., 17

Porter, M. E., 68

Practitioner, 119

Primary stakeholder, 6, 23

Principles of Responsible Investing (PRI), 37

Priority of humans vs. nature, 46

Public Environmental Reporting Initiative (PERI), 27, 29

 

Quaker Oats, 11

Quantitative vs. qualitative disclosure, 72–74

 

Reasonable assurance, 119, 121, 122, 124–127

Regulator, 6, 24

Relevant, 80

Reliability, 100–101

Reporting. See also Credible reporting; Sustainability reporting

organization, 75, 123, 139

Rio Earth Summit, 12

Risk strategy, 32, 34, 43, 49

 

SAM, 36

Samsung

internal assurances, 114

and stakeholder engagement, 49–50

working hours benchmark, 101, 102

SASB. See Sustainability Accounting Standards Board

Schneider Electric, 80

Secondary stakeholder, 6, 7, 24, 32, 34

Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), 138

Self- vs. community interest, 46

Selling general and administrative expenses, 105

Shareholder, 3, 4, 6, 8, 23, 37, 44, 54

Shareholders & investors, 50

Shell, 24

Short-term vs. long-term thinking, 46

Social, 3, 5, 9–12, 27, 81–85, 88

Social dimension, 5, 10–12

Social indicators, 82

Social license, 8, 9, 22

Socioeconomic indicators, 88–89

Specific, 77–79

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely (SMART), 77–81

Spin, 93–94

Stakeholder engagement, 45, 47–50, 52, 53, 74, 80, 91, 97

Stakeholders, 6–8, 42, 45, 47–48, 92

Starbucks, 69–70

Strategic organizational level, 62

Subject matter information, 120

Suncor Energy Inc, 106

Suppliers, 49

Sustainability, 2–5

assurances (See Assurance)

capitalism, 1–4, 7, 21, 68

commitment and capability, 61–70

dimensions, 3, 5

evolution of, 8–12

and financial reporting, 95–96

formal and informal systems, 60

management systems, 58–60 (See also Management systems)

models, 12–20

organizational model, 40–44, 132–135

performance measurement, 71–72

reports and reporting, 137–138

and stakeholders, 2–8, 44–54

systems approach, 57–58

Sustainability Accounting
Standards Board (SASB), 31, 33, 38, 75

Sustainability management system (SMS), 41

Sustainability performance, 24, 29, 39, 72, 93, 97, 131

Sustainability reporting, 34, 41, 44, 49–51, 66, 72–75, 83, 85, 91–99, 101, 103, 104, 134, 138–140

assurances (See Assurance)

corporate reporting dialogue, 32–37

evolution of, 24–26, 35

and financial reporting, 95–96

guidelines, 27–32

plethora of, 135–136

progress, 21–24

Sustainable capitalism, 2, 4, 7

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 14–16, 19, 20, 29, 72

 

Tactical organizational level, 62

Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TFCD), 32, 75

Teck’s materiality matrix, 50–51, 96–97

Third-party assurance, 118–126

Third-party commentary, 119, 126–127

3Ps (profits, planet, and people), 3

Timely, 80

Transparent, 8, 25, 36, 38, 49, 50

Trust, 92–94

 

Unbiased party, 123

Unilever, 16

 

Vague and imprecise disclosure, 106–107

Value creation capitals model, 16–18

Values orientation, 45

Venn diagram, 3–4, 12, 19

 

Wells Fargo & Company, 63

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 89

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 11, 12, 25

 

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language), 103

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