Title Page
by James E. Novak, John T Dygdon, Ivan L Hill, Henry C Spencer, Alva Mitchell, Fred
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, Fifteenth Edition
- About This eBook
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- About this Book
- Preface
- Chapter One the Worldwide Language for Graphic Design
- Understanding the Role of Technical Drawings
- 1.1 Graphics Tools in Action
- 1.2 Rapid Prototyping
- 1.3 Drafting Standards
- 1.4 Creativity Techniques
- 1.5 Product Definition
- 1.6 Showing the Design Process in a Portfolio
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Reverse Engineering Projects
- Chapter Two Layouts and Lettering
- Understanding Projections
- 2.1 Alphabet of Lines
- 2.2 Freehand Lines
- 2.3 Measurement Systems
- 2.4 Drawing Scale
- 2.5 Specifying the Scale On a Drawing
- 2.6 Lettering
- 2.7 Lettering Standards
- 2.8 Using Guidelines for Hand Lettering
- 2.9 Vertical and Inclined Letters and Numerals
- 2.10 Fractions
- 2.11 Spacing of Letters and Words
- 2.12 Lettering for Titles
- 2.13 Drawing Pencils
- 2.14 Templates
- 2.15 CAD Tools
- 2.16 Sketching and Drawing Media
- 2.17 Standard Sheets
- 2.18 Standard Layout Elements
- 2.19 Layouts
- 2.20 Planning Your Drawing or Sketch
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Three Visualization and Sketching
- Understanding Solid Objects
- Understanding Sketching Techniques
- 3.1 Technique of Lines
- 3.2 Sketching Straight Lines
- 3.3 Sketching Circles, Arcs, and Ellipses
- 3.4 Maintaining Proportions
- 3.5 One-View Drawings
- 3.6 Pictorial Sketching
- 3.7 Projection Methods
- 3.8 Axonometric Projection
- 3.9 Isometric Projection
- 3.10 Isometric Drawings
- 3.11 Making an Isometric Drawing
- 3.12 Offset Location Measurements
- 3.13 Hidden Lines and Centerlines
- 3.14 Angles in Isometric
- 3.15 Irregular Objects
- 3.16 Curves in Isometric
- 3.17 True Ellipses in Isometric
- 3.18 Orienting Ellipses in Isometric Drawings
- 3.19 Drawing Isometric Cylinders
- 3.20 Screw Threads in Isometric
- 3.21 Arcs in Isometric
- 3.22 Spheres in Isometric
- 3.23 Oblique Sketches
- 3.24 Length of Receding Lines
- 3.25 Choice of Position in Oblique Drawings
- 3.26 Ellipses for Oblique Drawings
- 3.27 Angles in Oblique Projection
- 3.28 Sketching Assemblies
- 3.29 Sketching Perspectives
- 3.30 Curves and Circles in Perspective
- 3.31 Shading
- 3.32 Computer Graphics
- 3.33 Drawing on Drawing
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Sketching Exercises
- Chapter Four Geometry for Modeling and Design
- Coordinates for 3D CAD Modeling
- Geometric Entities
- 4.1 Manually Bisecting a Line or Circular Arc
- 4.2 Drawing Tangents to Two Circles
- 4.3 Drawing an Arc Tangent to a Line or Arc and Through a Point
- 4.4 Bisecting an Angle
- 4.5 Drawing a Line Through a Point and Parallel to a Line
- 4.6 Drawing a Triangle With Sides Given
- 4.7 Drawing a Right Triangle With Hypotenuse and One Side Given
- 4.8 Laying Out an Angle
- 4.9 Drawing an Equilateral Triangle
- 4.10 Polygons
- 4.11 Drawing a Regular Pentagon
- 4.12 Drawing a Hexagon
- 4.13 Ellipses
- 4.14 Spline Curves
- 4.15 Geometric Relationships
- 4.16 Solid Primitives
- 4.17 Recognizing Symmetry
- 4.18 Extruded Forms
- 4.19 Revolved Forms
- 4.20 Irregular Surfaces
- 4.21 User Coordinate Systems
- 4.22 Transformations
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Skills Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Five Modeling and Design
- Refinement and Modeling
- Kinds of Models
- 5.1 2D Models
- 5.2 3D Models
- 5.3 Types of 3D Models
- 5.4 Constraint-Based Modeling
- 5.5 Constraints Define the Geometry
- 5.6 Planning Parts for Design Flexibility
- 5.7 Sketch Constraints
- 5.8 The Base Feature
- 5.9 Editing the Model
- 5.10 Constraint-Based Modeling Modes
- 5.11 Choosing the Right Modeling Method
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Six Orthographic Projection
- Understanding Projections
- Views of Objects
- The Six Standard Views
- Principal Dimensions
- Projection Method
- The Glass Box
- Spacing between Views
- Transferring Depth Dimensions
- Measuring from a Reference Surface
- Necessary Views
- Orientation of the Front View
- First- and Third-Angle Projection
- Third-Angle Projection
- Alternative Arrangements for Third-Angle Projection
- First-Angle Projection
- Projection System Drawing Symbol
- Hidden Lines
- Centerlines
- 6.1 Hidden Line Technique
- 6.2 Precedence of Lines
- 6.3 Centerlines
- 6.4 Laying Out a Drawing
- 6.5 Developing Views From 3D Models
- 6.6 Visualization
- 6.7 Views of Surfaces
- 6.8 Normal Surfaces
- 6.9 Inclined Surfaces
- 6.10 Oblique Surfaces
- 6.11 Edges
- 6.12 Normal Edges
- 6.13 Inclined Edges
- 6.14 Oblique Edges
- 6.15 Parallel Edges
- 6.16 Angles
- 6.17 Vertices
- 6.18 Interpreting Points
- 6.19 Interpreting Lines
- 6.20 Similar Shapes of Surfaces
- 6.21 Interpreting Views
- 6.22 Models
- 6.23 Projecting a Third View
- 6.24 Becoming a 3D Visualizer
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Understanding Projections
- Chapter Seven 2D Drawing Representation
- Practices for 2D Documentation Drawings
- 7.1 Visualizing and Drawing Complex Cylindrical Shapes
- 7.2 Cylinders When Sliced
- 7.3 Cylinders and Ellipses
- 7.4 Intersections and Tangencies
- 7.5 Fillets and Rounds
- 7.6 Runouts
- 7.7 Conventional Edges
- 7.8 Necessary Views
- 7.9 Partial Views
- 7.10 Alignment of Views
- 7.11 Removed Views
- 7.12 Right-Hand and Left-Hand Parts
- 7.13 Revolution Conventions
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Eight Section Views
- Understanding Sections
- 8.1 Placement of Section Views
- 8.2 Labeling Cutting Planes
- 8.3 Line Precedence
- 8.4 Rules for Lines in Section Views
- 8.5 Cutting-Plane Line Style
- 8.6 Section-Lining Technique
- 8.7 Half Sections
- 8.8 Broken Out Sections
- 8.9 Revolved Sections
- 8.10 Removed Sections
- 8.11 Offset Sections
- 8.12 Ribs in Section
- 8.13 Aligned Sections
- 8.14 Partial Views
- 8.15 Intersections in Sections
- 8.16 Conventional Breaks and Sections
- 8.17 Assembly Sections
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Nine Auxiliary Views
- Understanding Auxiliary Views
- 9.1 Using Triangles to Sketch Auxiliary Views
- 9.2 Using Grid Paper to Sketch Auxiliary Views
- 9.3 Using CAD to Create Auxiliary Views
- 9.4 Circles and Ellipses in Auxiliary Views
- 9.5 Hidden Lines in Auxiliary Views
- 9.6 Partial Auxiliary Views
- 9.7 Half Auxiliary Views
- 9.8 Reverse Construction
- 9.9 Auxiliary Sections
- 9.10 Viewing-Plane Lines and Arrows
- 9.11 Uses of Auxiliary Views
- 9.12 True Length of a Line
- 9.13 Point View of a Line
- 9.14 Edge View of a Plane
- 9.15 True Size of an Oblique Surface
- 9.16 Dihedral Angles
- Understanding Developments and Intersections
- 9.17 Developments
- 9.18 Hems and Joints for Sheet Metal and Other Materials
- 9.19 More Examples of Developments and Intersections
- 9.20 Transition PIECES
- 9.21 Triangulation
- 9.22 Developing a Transition Piece Connecting Rectangular Pipes on the Same Axis
- 9.23 Developing a Plane and a Sphere
- 9.24 Revolution
- 9.25 Primary and Successive Revolutions
- 9.26 True Length of a Line: Revolution Method
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Ten Modeling for Manufacture and Assembly
- Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly, and Service
- 10.1 Assembly Models
- 10.2 Assemblies and Design
- 10.3 Assemblies and Simulation
- 10.4 Parts for Assemblies
- 10.5 Using Your Model to Check Fits
- 10.6 Manufacturing Processes
- 10.7 Dos and Don’ts of Practical Design
- 10.8 Manufacturing Materials
- 10.9 Appearance, Service Life, and Recycling
- 10.10 Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish
- 10.11 Net-Shape Manufacturing
- 10.12 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
- 10.13 Shared Manufacturing
- 10.14 Manufacturing Methods and the Drawing
- 10.15 Modeling for Testing and Refinement
- 10.16 Determining Mass Properties
- 10.17 Exporting Data from the Database
- 10.18 Downstream Applications
- 10.19 PROTOTYPING YOUR DESIGN
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Eleven Dimensioning
- Understanding Dimensioning
- 11.1 Lines Used in Dimensioning
- 11.2 Using Dimension and Extension Lines
- 11.3 Arrowheads
- 11.4 Leaders
- 11.5 Drawing Scale and Dimensioning
- 11.6 Direction of Dimension Values and Notes
- 11.7 Dimension Units
- 11.8 Millimeter Values
- 11.9 Decimal-Inch Values
- 11.10 Rules for Dimension Values
- 11.11 Rules for Rounding Decimal Dimension Values
- 11.12 Dual Dimensioning
- 11.13 Combination Units
- 11.14 Dimensioning Symbols
- 11.15 Placing and Showing Dimensions Legibly
- 11.16 Superfluous Dimensions
- 11.17 Dimensioning Angles
- 11.18 Dimensioning Arcs
- 11.19 Fillets and Rounds
- 11.20 Size Dimensioning: Prisms
- 11.21 Size Dimensioning: Cylinders
- 11.22 Size Dimensioning: Holes
- 11.23 Applying Standard Dimensioning Symbols
- 11.24 Dimensioning Counterbores and Spotfaces with Fillets
- 11.25 Dimensioning Triangular Prisms, Pyramids, and Cones
- 11.26 Dimensioning Curves
- 11.27 Dimensioning Curved Surfaces
- 11.28 Dimensioning Rounded-End Shapes
- 11.29 Dimensioning Threads
- 11.30 Dimensioning Tapers
- 11.31 Dimensioning Chamfers
- 11.32 Shaft Centers
- 11.33 Dimensioning Keyways
- 11.34 Dimensioning Knurls
- 11.35 Finish Marks
- 11.36 Surface Roughness
- 11.37 Location Dimensions
- 11.38 Mating Dimensions
- 11.39 Coordinate Dimensioning
- 11.40 Tabular Dimensions
- 11.41 Dimensioning for Numerically-Controlled Machining
- 11.42 Machine, Pattern, and Forging Dimensions
- 11.43 Sheet Metal Bends
- 11.44 Notes
- 11.45 Standards
- 11.46 Dos and Don’ts of Dimensioning
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Twelve Tolerancing
- Understanding Tolerance
- 12.1 Specifying Tolerances
- 12.2 General Tolerance Notes
- 12.3 Limit Tolerances
- 12.4 Plus-Or-Minus Tolerances
- 12.5 Tolerance Stacking
- 12.6 Using American National Standard Limits and Fit Tables
- 12.7 Tolerances and Machining Processes
- 12.8 Metric System of Tolerances and Fits
- 12.9 Preferred Sizes
- 12.10 Preferred Fits
- 12.11 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
- 12.12 Symbols for Tolerances of Position and Form
- 12.13 Datum Features
- 12.14 Positional Tolerances
- 12.15 Maximum Material Condition
- 12.16 Tolerances of Angles
- 12.17 Form Tolerances for Single Features
- 12.18 Orientations for Related Features
- 12.19 Using Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
- 12.20 Tolerances and Digital Product Definition
- 12.21 Computer Graphics
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Thirteen Threads, Fasteners, and Springs
- Understanding Threads and Fasteners
- 13.1 Thread Notes
- 13.2 External Thread Symbols
- 13.3 Internal Thread Symbols
- 13.4 Detailed Representation: Metric, Unified, and American National Threads
- 13.5 Threads in Assembly
- 13.6 Modeling Thread
- 13.7 American National Standard Pipe Threads
- 13.8 Use of Phantom Lines
- 13.9 Tapped Holes
- 13.10 Bolts, Studs, and Screws
- 13.11 Standard Bolts and Nuts
- 13.12 Drawing Standard Bolts
- 13.13 Specifications for Bolts and Nuts
- 13.14 Locknuts and Locking Devices
- 13.15 Standard Cap Screws
- 13.16 Standard Machine Screws
- 13.17 Standard Set Screws
- 13.18 American National Standard Wood Screws
- 13.19 Miscellaneous Fasteners
- 13.20 Keys
- 13.21 Machine Pins
- 13.22 Rivets
- 13.23 Springs
- 13.24 Drawing Helical Springs
- 13.25 Modeling Springs
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Fourteen Working Drawings
- Working Drawings or Construction Drawings
- 14.1 Subassemblies
- 14.2 Identification
- 14.3 PARTS LISTS
- 14.4 Assembly Sections
- 14.5 Working Drawing Assembly
- 14.6 Installation Assemblies
- 14.7 Check Assemblies
- 14.8 Working Drawing Formats
- 14.9 Drawing Numbers
- 14.10 Zoning
- 14.11 Checking Drawings
- 14.12 Drawing Revisions
- 14.13 Simplifying Drawings
- 14.14 Patent Drawings
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Fifteen Drawing Control and Data Management
- Documentation and the Design Database
- 15.1 Requirements for Engineering Documentation
- 15.2 Drawing Control Methods
- 15.3 Good Practices for Electronic Drawing Storage
- 15.4 Drawing Standards
- 15.5 Permission and Ownership
- 15.6 Backing Up Drawing Files
- 15.7 Storage Media
- 15.8 Using the 3D Design Database in Concurrent Engineering
- 15.9 Quality Management
- 15.10 Product Data Management
- 15.11 Managing Work Flow
- 15.12 Data Management and the Web
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Sixteen Gears and Cams
- Understanding Gears
- 16.1 Constructing a Base Circle
- 16.2 The Involute Tooth Shape
- 16.3 Approximate Involute Using Circular Arcs
- 16.4 Spacing Gear Teeth
- 16.5 Rack Teeth
- 16.6 Working Drawings of Spur Gears
- 16.7 Spur Gear Design
- 16.8 Worm Gears
- 16.9 Working Drawings of Worm Gears
- 16.10 Bevel Gears
- 16.11 Bevel Gear Definitions and Formulas
- 16.12 Working Drawings of Bevel Gears
- 16.13 Cams
- 16.14 Displacement Diagrams
- 16.15 Cam Profiles
- 16.16 Offset and Pivoted Cam Followers
- 16.17 Cylindrical Cams
- 16.18 Other Drive Devices
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Seventeen Electronic Diagrams
- Understanding Electronic Diagrams
- 17.1 Drawing Size, Format, and Title
- 17.2 Line Conventions and Lettering
- 17.3 Standard Symbols for Electronic Diagrams
- 17.4 Abbreviations
- 17.5 Grouping Parts
- 17.6 Arrangement of Electrical/Electronic Symbols
- 17.7 Connections and Crossovers
- 17.8 Interrupted Paths
- 17.9 Terminals
- 17.10 Color Coding
- 17.11 Division of Parts
- 17.12 Electron Tube PIN Identification
- 17.13 Reference Designations
- 17.14 Numerical Values
- 17.15 Functional Identification and Other Information
- 17.16 Integrated Circuits
- 17.17 Printed Circuits
- 17.18 Computer Graphics
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Eighteen Structural Drawing
- Structural Drawings
- 18.1 Wood Construction
- 18.2 Structural Steel
- 18.3 Structural Steel Shapes
- 18.4 Specifications
- 18.5 Welded and Bolted Connections
- 18.6 Riveted Connections
- 18.7 Frame Beam Connections
- 18.8 Welding
- 18.9 High-Strength Bolting for Structural Joints
- 18.10 Accuracy of Dimensions
- 18.11 Concrete Construction
- 18.12 Reinforced Concrete Drawings
- 18.13 Structural Clay Products
- 18.14 Stone Construction
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Nineteen Landform Drawings
- Chapter Twenty Piping Drawings
- Understanding Piping Drawings
- 20.1 Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe
- 20.2 Cast Iron Pipe
- 20.3 Seamless Brass and Copper Pipe
- 20.4 Copper Tubing
- 20.5 Plastic and Specialty Pipes
- 20.6 Pipe Fittings
- 20.7 Pipe Joints
- 20.8 Valves
- 20.9 American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Twenty-One Welding Representation
- Understanding Weldment Drawings
- Understanding a Welding Symbol
- 21.1 Types of Welded Joints
- 21.2 Types of Welds
- 21.3 Welding Symbols
- 21.4 Fillet Welds
- 21.5 Groove Welds
- 21.6 Back or Backing Welds
- 21.7 Surface Welds
- 21.8 Plug and Slot Welds
- 21.9 Spot Welds
- 21.10 Seam Welds
- 21.11 Projection Welds
- 21.12 Flash and Upset Welds
- 21.13 Welding Applications
- 21.14 Welding Templates
- 21.15 Computer Graphics
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Twenty-Two Axonometric Projection
- Understanding Axonometric Projection
- 22.1 Dimetric Projection
- 22.2 Approximate Dimetric Drawings
- 22.3 Trimetric Projection
- 22.4 Trimetric Scales
- 22.5 Trimetric Ellipses
- 22.6 Axonometric Projection Using Intersections
- 22.7 Computer Graphics
- 22.8 Oblique Projections
- 22.9 Ellipses for Oblique Drawings
- 22.10 Offset Measurements
- 22.11 Oblique Dimensioning
- 22.12 Computer Graphics
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Chapter Twenty-Three Perspective Drawings
- Understanding Perspectives
- 23.1 Perspective From a Multiview Projection
- 23.2 Nonrotated Side View Method for Perspective
- 23.3 Drawing an Angular Perspective
- 23.4 Position of the Station Point
- 23.5 Location of the Picture Plane
- 23.6 Bird’s-Eye View or Worm’s-Eye View
- 23.7 The Three Types of Perspectives
- 23.8 One-Point Perspective
- 23.9 One-Point Perspective of a Cylindrical Shape
- 23.10 Two-Point Perspective
- 23.11 Three-Point Perspective
- 23.12 Measurements in Perspective
- 23.13 Direct Measurements Along Inclined Lines
- 23.14 Vanishing Points of Inclined Lines
- 23.15 Inclined Lines in Perspective, Joining Endpoint Method
- 23.16 Curves and Circles in Perspective
- 23.17 The Perspective Plan Method
- 23.18 Perspective Diagram
- 23.19 Shading
- 23.20 Computer Graphics
- Key Words
- Chapter Summary
- Review Questions
- Chapter Exercises
- Glossary
- Appendices
- Index
- Credits
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics
FREDERICK E. GIESECKE
Late Professor Emeritus of Drawing
Texas A&M University
ALVA MITCHELL
Late Professor Emeritus of Engineering Drawing
Texas A & M University
HENRY CECIL SPENCER
Late Professor Emeritus of Technical Drawing
Illinois Institute of Technology
IVAN LEROY HILL
Late Professor Emeritus of Engineering Graphics
Illinois Institute of Technology
JOHN THOMAS DYGDON
Professor Emeritus of Engineering Graphics
Illinois Institute of Technology
JAMES E. NOVAK
Senior Lecturer and Director, Engineering Graphics Division
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
Illinois Institute of Technology
SHAWNA LOCKHART
Formerly Adjunct Professor, Engineering Graphics
Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering
Montana State University
MARLA GOODMAN
CINDY M. JOHNSON
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
-
No Comment
..................Content has been hidden....................
You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.