Contents
CHAPTER ONE THE WORLDWIDE LANGUAGE FOR GRAPHIC DESIGN
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
The Design Process
Concurrent Engineering
Computer-Aided Design and Product Development
Designing Quality into Products
The Digital Database
1.1 GRAPHICS TOOLS IN ACTION
Design Phase: Problem Identification
Design Phase: Ideation
Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection
Design Phase: Refinement
Design Phase: Analysis
Design Phase: Decision Process/Design Selection
Design Phase: Implementation
Design Phase: Documentation
1.2 RAPID PROTOTYPING
1.3 DRAFTING STANDARDS
1.4 CREATIVITY TECHNIQUES
Examine Manufactured Products
Study the Natural World
Watch the Web
Research Patent Drawings
Design Groups
1.5 PRODUCT DEFINITION
1.6 SHOWING THE DESIGN PROCESS IN A PORTFOLIO
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
REVERSE ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Can Opener Project
Locking Pliers Project
CHAPTER TWO LAYOUTS AND LETTERING
UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS
Types of Projections
Drawing Vocabulary
2.1 ALPHABET OF LINES
2.2 FREEHAND LINES
2.3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
U.S. Customary Units
The Metric System
2.4 DRAWING SCALE
2.5 SPECIFYING THE SCALE ON A DRAWING
2.6 LETTERING
2.7 LETTERING STANDARDS
2.8 USING GUIDELINES FOR HAND LETTERING
2.9 VERTICAL AND INCLINED LETTERS AND NUMERALS
2.10 FRACTIONS
2.11 SPACING OF LETTERS AND WORDS
2.12 LETTERING FOR TITLES
2.13 DRAWING PENCILS
2.14 TEMPLATES
2.15 CAD TOOLS
2.16 SKETCHING AND DRAWING MEDIA
2.17 STANDARD SHEETS
2.18 STANDARD LAYOUT ELEMENTS
Margins and Borders
Zones
Typical Letter Sizes
Title Block
2.19 LAYOUTS
2.20 PLANNING YOUR DRAWING OR SKETCH
Show Details Clearly
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Drawing Exercises
Lettering Exercises
CHAPTER THREE VISUALIZATION AND SKETCHING
UNDERSTANDING SOLID OBJECTS
Types of Solids
UNDERSTANDING SKETCHING TECHNIQUES
Analyzing Complex Objects
Viewpoint
Shading
Edges and Vertices
Points and Lines
Angles
Drawings and Sketches
Freehand Sketching
3.1 TECHNIQUE OF LINES
Lineweights
3.2 SKETCHING STRAIGHT LINES
Blocking in a Freehand Drawing
3.3 SKETCHING CIRCLES, ARCS, AND ELLIPSES
Circles
Sketching Arcs
Sketching Ellipses
3.4 MAINTAINING PROPORTIONS
3.5 ONE-VIEW DRAWINGS
3.6 PICTORIAL SKETCHING
3.7 PROJECTION METHODS
3.8 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
Axonometric Projections and 3D Models
3.9 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Isometric Axes
Nonisometric Lines
Isometric Scales
3.10 ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
3.11 MAKING AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING
3.12 OFFSET LOCATION MEASUREMENTS
Isometric Drawings of Inclined Surfaces
3.13 HIDDEN LINES AND CENTERLINES
3.14 ANGLES IN ISOMETRIC
3.15 IRREGULAR OBJECTS
3.16 CURVES IN ISOMETRIC
3.17 TRUE ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC
3.18 ORIENTING ELLIPSES IN ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
3.19 DRAWING ISOMETRIC CYLINDERS
3.20 SCREW THREADS IN ISOMETRIC
3.21 ARCS IN ISOMETRIC
3.22 SPHERES IN ISOMETRIC
3.23 OBLIQUE SKETCHES
Appearance of Oblique Drawings
Choosing the Front Surface
Angle of Receding Lines
3.24 LENGTH OF RECEDING LINES
Cavalier Projection
Cabinet Projection
3.25 CHOICE OF POSITION IN OBLIQUE DRAWINGS
3.26 ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS
3.27 ANGLES IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION
3.28 SKETCHING ASSEMBLIES
3.29 SKETCHING PERSPECTIVES
The Three Types of Perspective
Bird’s-Eye View Versus Worm’s-Eye View
3.30 CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE
3.31 SHADING
3.32 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
3.33 DRAWING ON DRAWING
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SKETCHING EXERCISES
CHAPTER FOUR GEOMETRY FOR MODELING AND DESIGN
COORDINATES FOR 3D CAD MODELING
Specifying Location
GEOMETRIC ENTITIES
Points
Lines
Planes
Circles
Arcs
4.1 MANUALLY BISECTING A LINE OR CIRCULAR ARC
4.2 DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES
4.3 DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO A LINE OR ARC AND THROUGH A POINT
4.4 BISECTING AN ANGLE
4.5 DRAWING A LINE THROUGH A POINT AND PARALLEL TO A LINE
4.6 DRAWING A TRIANGLE WITH SIDES GIVEN
4.7 DRAWING A RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH HYPOTENUSE AND ONE SIDE GIVEN
4.8 LAYING OUT AN ANGLE
4.9 DRAWING AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
4.10 POLYGONS
4.11 DRAWING A REGULAR PENTAGON
4.12 DRAWING A HEXAGON
4.13 ELLIPSES
4.14 SPLINE CURVES
4.15 GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
4.16 SOLID PRIMITIVES
Making Complex Shapes with Boolean Operations
4.17 RECOGNIZING SYMMETRY
Right- and Left-Hand Parts
Parting-Line Symmetry
4.18 EXTRUDED FORMS
Swept Shapes
4.19 REVOLVED FORMS
4.20 IRREGULAR SURFACES
4.21 USER COORDINATE SYSTEMS
4.22 TRANSFORMATIONS
Geometric Transformations
Viewing Transformations
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
SKILLS SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER FIVE MODELING AND DESIGN
REFINEMENT AND MODELING
KINDS OF MODELS
Descriptive Models
Analytical Models
5.1 2D MODELS
Paper Drawings
2D CAD Models
2D Constraint-Based Modeling
5.2 3D MODELS
Physical Models
3D CAD Models
5.3 TYPES OF 3D MODELS
Wireframe Models
Surface Models
Solid Models
5.4 CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING
5.5 CONSTRAINTS DEFINE THE GEOMETRY
Feature-Based Modeling
5.6 PLANNING PARTS FOR DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
5.7 SKETCH CONSTRAINTS
Overconstrained Sketches
Underconstrained Sketches
Applying Constraints
Setting the Base Point
5.8 THE BASE FEATURE
Adding Features to the Model
Parent-Child Relationships
Datum Planes and Surfaces
5.9 EDITING THE MODEL
Standard Features
Working with Built-in Features
Complex Shapes
5.10 CONSTRAINT-BASED MODELING MODES
Assemblies
Drawings from the Model
5.11 CHOOSING THE RIGHT MODELING METHOD
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER SIX ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
UNDERSTANDING PROJECTIONS
Views of Objects
The Six Standard Views
Principal Dimensions
Projection Method
The Glass Box
Spacing between Views
Transferring Depth Dimensions
Measuring from a Reference Surface
Necessary Views
Orientation of the Front View
First- and Third-Angle Projection
Third-Angle Projection
Alternative Arrangements for Third-Angle Projection
First-Angle Projection
Projection System Drawing Symbol
Hidden Lines
Centerlines
6.1 HIDDEN LINE TECHNIQUE
6.2 PRECEDENCE OF LINES
6.3 CENTERLINES
6.4 LAYING OUT A DRAWING
6.5 DEVELOPING VIEWS FROM 3D MODELS
Placing the Views
Isometric Views
6.6 VISUALIZATION
Surfaces, Edges, and Corners
6.7 VIEWS OF SURFACES
6.8 NORMAL SURFACES
6.9 INCLINED SURFACES
6.10 OBLIQUE SURFACES
6.11 EDGES
6.12 NORMAL EDGES
6.13 INCLINED EDGES
6.14 OBLIQUE EDGES
6.15 PARALLEL EDGES
6.16 ANGLES
6.17 VERTICES
6.18 INTERPRETING POINTS
6.19 INTERPRETING LINES
6.20 SIMILAR SHAPES OF SURFACES
6.21 INTERPRETING VIEWS
6.22 MODELS
Rules for Visualizing from a Drawing: Putting It All Together
6.23 PROJECTING A THIRD VIEW
6.24 BECOMING A 3D VISUALIZER
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER SEVEN 2D DRAWING REPRESENTATION
PRACTICES FOR 2D DOCUMENTATION DRAWINGS
Common Manufactured Features
Conventional Representations
Intersections and Tangencies
Removed Views
7.1 VISUALIZING AND DRAWING COMPLEX CYLINDRICAL SHAPES
7.2 CYLINDERS WHEN SLICED
7.3 CYLINDERS AND ELLIPSES
7.4 INTERSECTIONS AND TANGENCIES
Intersections of Cylinders
7.5 FILLETS AND ROUNDS
7.6 RUNOUTS
7.7 CONVENTIONAL EDGES
7.8 NECESSARY VIEWS
7.9 PARTIAL VIEWS
Showing Enlarged Details
Conventional Breaks
7.10 ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS
7.11 REMOVED VIEWS
7.12 RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND PARTS
7.13 REVOLUTION CONVENTIONS
Common Hole Features Shown in Orthographic Views
Common Features Shown in Orthographic Views
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER EIGHT SECTION VIEWS
UNDERSTANDING SECTIONS
Sections of Single Parts
Full Sections
The Cutting Plane
Lines behind the Cutting Plane
8.1 PLACEMENT OF SECTION VIEWS
8.2 LABELING CUTTING PLANES
8.3 LINE PRECEDENCE
8.4 RULES FOR LINES IN SECTION VIEWS
8.5 CUTTING-PLANE LINE STYLE
Visualizing Cutting-Plane Direction
8.6 SECTION-LINING TECHNIQUE
Section Lining Large Areas
Section-Lining Symbols
Section Lining in CAD
8.7 HALF SECTIONS
8.8 BROKEN OUT SECTIONS
8.9 REVOLVED SECTIONS
8.10 REMOVED SECTIONS
8.11 OFFSET SECTIONS
8.12 RIBS IN SECTION
8.13 ALIGNED SECTIONS
8.14 PARTIAL VIEWS
8.15 INTERSECTIONS IN SECTIONS
8.16 CONVENTIONAL BREAKS AND SECTIONS
8.17 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER NINE AUXILIARY VIEWS
UNDERSTANDING AUXILIARY VIEWS
The Auxiliary Plane
Primary Auxiliary Views
Visualizing an Auxiliary View as a Revolved Drawing
Classification of Auxiliary Views
Successive Auxiliary Views
Secondary Auxiliary Views
Reference Planes
9.1 USING TRIANGLES TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.2 USING GRID PAPER TO SKETCH AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.3 USING CAD TO CREATE AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.4 CIRCLES AND ELLIPSES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.5 HIDDEN LINES IN AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.6 PARTIAL AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.7 HALF AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.8 REVERSE CONSTRUCTION
9.9 AUXILIARY SECTIONS
9.10 VIEWING-PLANE LINES AND ARROWS
9.11 USES OF AUXILIARY VIEWS
9.12 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE
9.13 POINT VIEW OF A LINE
Showing the Point View of a Line
9.14 EDGE VIEW OF A PLANE
Showing the Edge View of a Plane
9.15 TRUE SIZE OF AN OBLIQUE SURFACE
Showing the True Size and Shape of an Oblique Surface
9.16 DIHEDRAL ANGLES
UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS
Surface Terminology
Developable Surfaces
Principles of Intersections
9.17 DEVELOPMENTS
Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Prism and Developing the Prism
Finding the Intersection of a Plane and a Cylinder and Developing the Cylinder
9.18 HEMS AND JOINTS FOR SHEET METAL AND OTHER MATERIALS
9.19 MORE EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENTS AND INTERSECTIONS
Developing a Plane and an Oblique Prism
Developing a Plane and an Oblique Cylinder
Developing a Plane and a Pyramid
Developing a Plane and a Cone
Developing a Hood and Flue
9.20 TRANSITION PIECES
9.21 TRIANGULATION
9.22 DEVELOPING A TRANSITION PIECE CONNECTING RECTANGULAR PIPES ON THE SAME AXIS
9.23 DEVELOPING A PLANE AND A SPHERE
9.24 REVOLUTION
Axis of Revolution
Creating a Revolved Drawing
9.25 PRIMARY AND SUCCESSIVE REVOLUTIONS
9.26 TRUE LENGTH OF A LINE: REVOLUTION METHOD
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Design Project
Auxiliary View Exercises
Revolution Exercises
Development Exercises
CHAPTER TEN MODELING FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY
DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE, ASSEMBLY, DISASSEMBLY, AND SERVICE
10.1 ASSEMBLY MODELS
Constraint-Based Assemblies
Choosing the Parent Part
Assembly Constraints
Managing Assembly Files
10.2 ASSEMBLIES AND DESIGN
Layout Drawings
Assembling to a Skeleton
Global Parameters
Seed Parts
Constraint-Based Drawing Elements
10.3 ASSEMBLIES AND SIMULATION
10.4 PARTS FOR ASSEMBLIES
Standard Parts
Fastener Libraries
10.5 USING YOUR MODEL TO CHECK FITS
Interference Checking
Accessibility Checking
10.6 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Designing Plastic Parts
Cast Parts
Modeling Machined Parts
Modeling Sheet Metal Parts
Other Methods of Production
10.7 DOS AND DON’TS OF PRACTICAL DESIGN
Casting Design
Practical Considerations
10.8 MANUFACTURING MATERIALS
Material Assignment in Models
10.9 APPEARANCE, SERVICE LIFE, AND RECYCLING
10.10 DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND SURFACE FINISH
10.11 NET-SHAPE MANUFACTURING
10.12 COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
10.13 SHARED MANUFACTURING
10.14 MANUFACTURING METHODS AND THE DRAWING
10.15 MODELING FOR TESTING AND REFINEMENT
10.16 DETERMINING MASS PROPERTIES
Understanding Mass Property Calculations
10.17 EXPORTING DATA FROM THE DATABASE
File Formats
Common Formats for Export
Vector versus Raster Data
10.18 DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS
Spreadsheets
Equation Solvers
Finite Element Analysis
Simulation Software
Human Factors
Integrated Modeling and Design Software
10.19 PROTOTYPING YOUR DESIGN
Rapid Prototyping
Translating the Model
Rapid Prototyping Systems
Rapid Tooling
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Mass Properties Exercises
CHAPTER ELEVEN DIMENSIONING
UNDERSTANDING DIMENSIONING
Three Aspects of Good Dimensioning
Tolerance
Geometric Breakdown
11.1 LINES USED IN DIMENSIONING
11.2 USING DIMENSION AND EXTENSION LINES
11.3 ARROWHEADS
11.4 LEADERS
11.5 DRAWING SCALE AND DIMENSIONING
11.6 DIRECTION OF DIMENSION VALUES AND NOTES
11.7 DIMENSION UNITS
11.8 MILLIMETER VALUES
11.9 DECIMAL-INCH VALUES
11.10 RULES FOR DIMENSION VALUES
11.11 RULES FOR ROUNDING DECIMAL DIMENSION VALUES
11.12 DUAL DIMENSIONING
11.13 COMBINATION UNITS
11.14 DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS
11.15 PLACING AND SHOWING DIMENSIONS LEGIBLY
Rules for Placing Dimensions Properly
11.16 SUPERFLUOUS DIMENSIONS
11.17 DIMENSIONING ANGLES
11.18 DIMENSIONING ARCS
11.19 FILLETS AND ROUNDS
11.20 SIZE DIMENSIONING: PRISMS
11.21 SIZE DIMENSIONING: CYLINDERS
11.22 SIZE DIMENSIONING: HOLES
11.23 APPLYING STANDARD DIMENSIONING SYMBOLS
11.24 DIMENSIONING COUNTERBORES AND SPOTFACES WITH FILLETS
11.25 DIMENSIONING TRIANGULAR PRISMS, PYRAMIDS, AND CONES
11.26 DIMENSIONING CURVES
11.27 DIMENSIONING CURVED SURFACES
11.28 DIMENSIONING ROUNDED-END SHAPES
11.29 DIMENSIONING THREADS
11.30 DIMENSIONING TAPERS
11.31 DIMENSIONING CHAMFERS
11.32 SHAFT CENTERS
11.33 DIMENSIONING KEYWAYS
11.34 DIMENSIONING KNURLS
11.35 FINISH MARKS
11.36 SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Applications of Surface Roughness Symbols
11.37 LOCATION DIMENSIONS
11.38 MATING DIMENSIONS
11.39 COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
11.40 TABULAR DIMENSIONS
11.41 DIMENSIONING FOR NUMERICALLY-CONTROLLED MACHINING
11.42 MACHINE, PATTERN, AND FORGING DIMENSIONS
11.43 SHEET METAL BENDS
11.44 NOTES
11.45 STANDARDS
11.46 DOS AND DON’TS OF DIMENSIONING
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER TWELVE TOLERANCING
UNDERSTANDING TOLERANCE
Tolerance
Quality Control
Definitions for Size Designation
Variations in Form
Tolerance Envelope
Implied Right Angles
Fits between Mating Parts
Selective Assembly
Hole System
Shaft System
12.1 SPECIFYING TOLERANCES
12.2 GENERAL TOLERANCE NOTES
12.3 LIMIT TOLERANCES
Single-Limit Dimensioning
12.4 PLUS-OR-MINUS TOLERANCES
12.5 TOLERANCE STACKING
Chained or Continuous Dimensioning
Baseline Dimensioning
12.6 USING AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD LIMITS AND FIT TABLES
12.7 TOLERANCES AND MACHINING PROCESSES
12.8 METRIC SYSTEM OF TOLERANCES AND FITS
12.9 PREFERRED SIZES
12.10 PREFERRED FITS
12.11 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
12.12 SYMBOLS FOR TOLERANCES OF POSITION AND FORM
12.13 DATUM FEATURES
Datum Features Versus Datum Feature Simulator
Datum Reference Frame
Datum Targets
12.14 POSITIONAL TOLERANCES
12.15 MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION
12.16 TOLERANCES OF ANGLES
12.17 FORM TOLERANCES FOR SINGLE FEATURES
12.18 ORIENTATIONS FOR RELATED FEATURES
12.19 USING GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
12.20 TOLERANCES AND DIGITAL PRODUCT DEFINITION
12.21 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Design Project
Tolerancing Projects
CHAPTER THIRTEEN THREADS, FASTENERS, AND SPRINGS
UNDERSTANDING THREADS AND FASTENERS
Screw Thread Terms
Screw Thread Forms
Thread Pitch
Thread Series
Right-Hand and Left-Hand Threads
Single and Multiple Threads
American National Thread Fits
Metric and Unified Thread Fits
Three Methods for Drawing Thread
13.1 THREAD NOTES
Acme Thread Notes
13.2 EXTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS
13.3 INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS
13.4 DETAILED REPRESENTATION: METRIC, UNIFIED, AND AMERICAN NATIONAL THREADS
Detailed Internal Square Thread
Detailed External Square Thread
13.5 THREADS IN ASSEMBLY
13.6 MODELING THREAD
13.7 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PIPE THREADS
13.8 USE OF PHANTOM LINES
13.9 TAPPED HOLES
13.10 BOLTS, STUDS, AND SCREWS
13.11 STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS
13.12 DRAWING STANDARD BOLTS
13.13 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOLTS AND NUTS
13.14 LOCKNUTS AND LOCKING DEVICES
13.15 STANDARD CAP SCREWS
13.16 STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS
13.17 STANDARD SET SCREWS
13.18 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD WOOD SCREWS
13.19 MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS
13.20 KEYS
13.21 MACHINE PINS
13.22 RIVETS
Riveted Joints
Rivet Symbols
Small Rivets
Blind Rivets
13.23 SPRINGS
Helical Springs
13.24 DRAWING HELICAL SPRINGS
13.25 MODELING SPRINGS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Design Project
Thread and Fastener Projects
CHAPTER FOURTEEN WORKING DRAWINGS
WORKING DRAWINGS OR CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
Assembly Drawings
Detail Drawings or Piece Part Drawings
14.1 SUBASSEMBLIES
14.2 IDENTIFICATION
Multidetail Drawings
14.3 PARTS LISTS
14.4 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS
14.5 WORKING DRAWING ASSEMBLY
14.6 INSTALLATION ASSEMBLIES
14.7 CHECK ASSEMBLIES
14.8 WORKING DRAWING FORMATS
Number of Details per Sheet
Digital Drawing Transmittal
Title and Record Strips
14.9 DRAWING NUMBERS
14.10 ZONING
14.11 CHECKING DRAWINGS
14.12 DRAWING REVISIONS
14.13 SIMPLIFYING DRAWINGS
14.14 PATENT DRAWINGS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Design Project
Working Drawing Exercises
CHAPTER FIFTEEN DRAWING CONTROL AND DATA MANAGEMENT
DOCUMENTATION AND THE DESIGN DATABASE
15.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING DOCUMENTATION
15.2 DRAWING CONTROL METHODS
Drawing Approval and Release
Change Orders
Revision Block
A Drawing as a Snapshot in Time
15.3 GOOD PRACTICES FOR ELECTRONIC DRAWING STORAGE
Storing Electronic Files
Organized Directory Structures
File Naming Conventions
15.4 DRAWING STANDARDS
15.5 PERMISSION AND OWNERSHIP
15.6 BACKING UP DRAWING FILES
15.7 STORAGE MEDIA
15.8 USING THE 3D DESIGN DATABASE IN CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
15.9 QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ISO 9000/9001
15.10 PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT
Organized by Product
A Relational Database
15.11 MANAGING WORK FLOW
Archiving Work History
Individual Productivity
15.12 DATA MANAGEMENT AND THE WEB
CAD Files on the Web
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER SIXTEEN GEARS AND CAMS
UNDERSTANDING GEARS
Using Gears to Transmit Power
Spur Gear Definitions and Formulas
16.1 CONSTRUCTING A BASE CIRCLE
16.2 THE INVOLUTE TOOTH SHAPE
16.3 APPROXIMATE INVOLUTE USING CIRCULAR ARCS
16.4 SPACING GEAR TEETH
16.5 RACK TEETH
16.6 WORKING DRAWINGS OF SPUR GEARS
16.7 SPUR GEAR DESIGN
16.8 WORM GEARS
16.9 WORKING DRAWINGS OF WORM GEARS
16.10 BEVEL GEARS
16.11 BEVEL GEAR DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS
16.12 WORKING DRAWINGS OF BEVEL GEARS
16.13 CAMS
16.14 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS
16.15 CAM PROFILES
16.16 OFFSET AND PIVOTED CAM FOLLOWERS
16.17 CYLINDRICAL CAMS
16.18 OTHER DRIVE DEVICES
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS
UNDERSTANDING ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS
Standard Symbols
CAD Symbol Libraries
Types of Electronic Diagrams
17.1 DRAWING SIZE, FORMAT, AND TITLE
17.2 LINE CONVENTIONS AND LETTERING
17.3 STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS
17.4 ABBREVIATIONS
17.5 GROUPING PARTS
17.6 ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
17.7 CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS
17.8 INTERRUPTED PATHS
17.9 TERMINALS
17.10 COLOR CODING
17.11 DIVISION OF PARTS
17.12 ELECTRON TUBE PIN IDENTIFICATION
17.13 REFERENCE DESIGNATIONS
17.14 NUMERICAL VALUES
17.15 FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION AND OTHER INFORMATION
17.16 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
17.17 PRINTED CIRCUITS
17.18 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN STRUCTURAL DRAWING
STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
18.1 WOOD CONSTRUCTION
Nominal Sizes for Wood Products
Symbols for Finished Surfaces on Wood Products
Wood Joints
Connector Designs
Metal Ring Connectors
Straps and Plates
18.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL
Piece Marks
Erection Plans
18.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
18.4 SPECIFICATIONS
18.5 WELDED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS
18.6 RIVETED CONNECTIONS
18.7 FRAME BEAM CONNECTIONS
18.8 WELDING
18.9 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTING FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS
18.10 ACCURACY OF DIMENSIONS
18.11 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
18.12 REINFORCED CONCRETE DRAWINGS
18.13 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS
18.14 STONE CONSTRUCTION
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER NINETEEN LANDFORM DRAWINGS
UNDERSTANDING LANDFORM DRAWINGS
Definitions
GETTING INFORMATION FOR MAPS
19.1 SYMBOLS
19.2 BEARINGS
19.3 ELEVATION
19.4 CONTOURS
Interpolating Elevation Data
3D Terrain Models
19.5 CITY MAPS
Subdivision Plats
Uses for Subdivision Plats
Landscape Drawings
19.6 STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS
19.7 HIGHWAY PLANS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER TWENTY PIPING DRAWINGS
UNDERSTANDING PIPING DRAWINGS
Standard Symbols
Types of Drawings
Dimensioning Piping Drawings
20.1 STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE
20.2 CAST IRON PIPE
20.3 SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE
20.4 COPPER TUBING
20.5 PLASTIC AND SPECIALTY PIPES
20.6 PIPE FITTINGS
20.7 PIPE JOINTS
Flanged Joints
Welded Joints
20.8 VALVES
Globe Valves
Check Valves
Gate Valves
Solenoid-Actuated Valves
20.9 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE WELDING REPRESENTATION
UNDERSTANDING WELDMENT DRAWINGS
Welding Processes
Standard Symbols
UNDERSTANDING A WELDING SYMBOL
21.1 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS
21.2 TYPES OF WELDS
21.3 WELDING SYMBOLS
21.4 FILLET WELDS
21.5 GROOVE WELDS
21.6 BACK OR BACKING WELDS
21.7 SURFACE WELDS
21.8 PLUG AND SLOT WELDS
21.9 SPOT WELDS
21.10 SEAM WELDS
21.11 PROJECTION WELDS
21.12 FLASH AND UPSET WELDS
21.13 WELDING APPLICATIONS
21.14 WELDING TEMPLATES
21.15 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
Roof Truss Exercises
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
UNDERSTANDING AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION
Projection Methods Reviewed
Types of Axonometric Projection
22.1 DIMETRIC PROJECTION
22.2 APPROXIMATE DIMETRIC DRAWINGS
22.3 TRIMETRIC PROJECTION
22.4 TRIMETRIC SCALES
22.5 TRIMETRIC ELLIPSES
22.6 AXONOMETRIC PROJECTION USING INTERSECTIONS
22.7 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
22.8 OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
Directions of Projectors
22.9 ELLIPSES FOR OBLIQUE DRAWINGS
Alternative Four-Center Ellipses
Four-Center Ellipse for Cavalier Drawings
22.10 OFFSET MEASUREMENTS
22.11 OBLIQUE DIMENSIONING
22.12 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS
UNDERSTANDING PERSPECTIVES
23.1 PERSPECTIVE FROM A MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
23.2 NONROTATED SIDE VIEW METHOD FOR PERSPECTIVE
23.3 DRAWING AN ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE
23.4 POSITION OF THE STATION POINT
23.5 LOCATION OF THE PICTURE PLANE
23.6 BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OR WORM’S-EYE VIEW
23.7 THE THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVES
23.8 ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
23.9 ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE OF A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE
23.10 TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
23.11 THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
23.12 MEASUREMENTS IN PERSPECTIVE
23.13 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS ALONG INCLINED LINES
23.14 VANISHING POINTS OF INCLINED LINES
23.15 INCLINED LINES IN PERSPECTIVE, JOINING ENDPOINT METHOD
23.16 CURVES AND CIRCLES IN PERSPECTIVE
23.17 THE PERSPECTIVE PLAN METHOD
23.18 PERSPECTIVE DIAGRAM
23.19 SHADING
23.20 COMPUTER GRAPHICS
KEY WORDS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER EXERCISES
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
INDEX
CREDITS
