1 A detailed analysis of the rise and fall of DEC is in Schein, E. H., et al., 2003.

2 This story is based on extensive interviews with Richard Beckhard, who was one of the main consultants to the project, and members of the P & G project team.

3 Roth, G., 1993.

4 Snook, S. A., 2000.

5 Gerstein, M., 2008; Vaughan, D., 1996.

6 Martin, J., & Siehl, C., 1983.

7 Salk, J., 1997.

1 Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E., 1999; Goffee, R., & Jones, G., 1998.

2 In a longitudinal study of careers, it was found that people develop a self-concept of what drives their career and constrains career choices (Schein, 2006). Eight anchors were identified: Autonomy, Security, Technical/Functional Competence, General Managerial Competence, Entrepreneurial Creativity, Service, Pure Challenge, and Life Style.

1 Most useful for this purpose are the dimensions used originally by Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck (1961). Several of these dimensions have also been found in big international studies comparing country variations in a single organization such as IBM (Hofstede, 2001).

2 McGregor, D., 1960.

3 Hall, E. T., 1959; 1966.

4 Extensive research on the concept of polychronicity and how it relates to other dimensions of culture has been done by Bluedorn (2000).

5 Dubinskas (1988) has shown how this variable is crucial in the evolution of young biotech firms.

6 Jaques, E., 1982.

7 Barley, S. R., 1988.

1 Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E., 1999.

2 Goffee, R., & Jones, G., 1988.

3 Sackman, S. A., & Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2006.

4 Schein, E. H., 1996; Van Maanen, J., & Barley, S. R., 1984.

1 This model was originally formulated by Kurt Lewin in the 1940s and has since been elaborated and used widely in managing change projects (Lewin, 1947; Schein, 1961).

2 Coghlan, D., & Rashford, N. S., 2006.

1 Gerstner, L. V., 2002.

2 Dyer, W. G., 1986.

3 Schein, E. H., 1996.

4 Thomas, R. J., 1994.

5 Tedlow, R. S., 2003.

1 Bushe, G. R., & Shani, A. B., 1991; Zand, D. E., 1974.

1 Roth, G., & Kleiner, A., 2000.

2 Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. L., 1992; Tichy, N. M., & Devanna, M. A., 1986.

3 Schein, E. H., 2003.

4 Gerstner, L. V., 2002; Young, J. S., & Simon, W. L., 2005.

5 Schein, E. H., 1987, 1999.

1 A recent example is described in great detail in Fadiman’s1997 account of how U.S. doctors and Hmong patients had communication difficulties.

2 Buono, A. F., & Bowditch, J. L., 1989; McManus, M. L., & Hergert, M. L., 1988; Harvard Business Review on Mergers and Acquisitions, 2001.

3 Gibson, C. B., & Dibble, R., 2008, pp. 222-223.

4 Busco, C., Riccaboni, A., & Scapens, R. W., 2002.

5 Salk, J., 1997.

6 Gerstein, M., 2008.

7 Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L., 2008.

8 Dougherty, D., 2001.

9 Hofstede, G., 2001.

10 Edmondson, A. C., Bohmer, R. M., & Pisano, G. P., 2001.

11 Dougherty, D., 2001.

12 Isaacs, W., 1993, 1999; Schein, E. H., 1993.

1 Mirvis, P., Ayas, K., & Roth, G., 2003.