Subject Index
Note: Boldface page references indicate definitions or the beginning point of a substantial treatment. Page numbers in those scopes are not separately listed under that term.
2-D
context view, 221
drawing, 220
specification, 210
3-D
display, 221
model, 214
perception, 216
specification, 211
8-bit byte, 76, 92, 314, 319, 322
abstract data type, 334
ACM Turing Award
to John Cocke, 249
to Ted Codd for relational database concept, 248
acoustic analysis, 109
acoustic simulation, 225
Ada programming language, 179
Advanced Computer Architecture, Brooks’s course, 134
adverbs, specifying, 212
agile method, 180
Air Force (U.S.), 210
Air Force Studies Board, 42
Airbus 380 airplane, 91, 99, 379
Airbus UK, Division of BAE Systems, 91, 251
airline reservation system, 318
alphabet, lowercase, 8-bit byte, 319
alternative branch, 17, 190, 192
amateur designer, 168
ambassador, 91
American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), 233
analysis software, 66
Ancient Airs and Dances (music), Respighi, 149
annotation, 197
APL programming language, 72, 124, 141, 348
Apollo space program, 325
Apple (Computer) Inc., 70
iPod, 177
Macintosh interface, 142
Apple I computer, 150
Apple II computer, 232
Appletalk, 232
apprentice, 178
architect, 41, 43, 45, 204, 223
building, 153
chief, giving full authority to, 344
naval, 176
system, 130
architectural
control, 343
diagram, 78
program, 254
sketch, 76
style, 253
architecture
computer (see also computer architecture), 120, 141, 142, 155, 313
computer, general-purpose, 133
computer, special-purpose, 134
definition of, 348
multiple concurrent, 326
operating system, 161
team, 76
arithmetic unit, 157
Army (U.S.), 210
Art Institute of Chicago, 151
Artechra Ltd., 84
artifact
general-purpose, 133
special-purpose, 133
artificial
constraint, 128
intelligence, 16
artistic
concept, 128
design, 10
as-built, 193
assembler software, macro, 333, 335
assessment of design case, 271, 293, 306, 323, 341, 351, 362
assumption, implicit or explicit, 114
Atlantic Systems Guild, 240
atomic bomb, 232
audio display, 224
authority, 94
autosteroscopic display, 222
Baby (Manchester early computer), 158
backtracking, 16
backtracking, automatic, 223
BAE Systems (UK), 91, 92, 198, 199, 251
ballistic missile, 232
barriers
cultural, 93
space, 93
time-zone, 93
batch operation of a computer, 115, 169, 172, 332, 335
Bauhaus architecture, 163
Bazaar Model of designing, Raymond’s, 54
binding
name, 339
too-early, 44
blueprint, 149
Board of Directors, Triangle Universities Computation Center, 357, 360
Boehm’s Spiral Model, 51
Boeing 777 airplane, 94
Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche Helicopter, 39, 40
bold decisions, in design case, 257, 260, 280, 298, 314, 332, 348, 356
bold leader, 238
book, design of, 347
boss, skeptical, 77
box, organization chart, 238
Box Structure Method, 111
brainstorming, 74
branch
alternative, 190
attribute, 189
branching thought-trail, 224
bridge collapse, 168
brilliance, design, 245
Brooklyn Bridge, 244
Brooks house, 1990s remodeling of, 188, 279, 297
Brown & Root (now Kellogg, Brown & Root), 78
budgeted resource, 14, 119, 224, 254
budgeted resource, in design case, 260, 266, 273, 285, 289, 302, 304, 350, 351, 352, 356
bug, program, 55
design disciplines, 45
Burroughs B5000 family, 25
business data processing, 316
By-Laws of Triangle Universities Computation Center, 364
byte
calendar, mental spatial model of, 33
Cambridge University, 158, 198, 322
Capability Maturity Model (CMM), 236
career, academic, 256
case studies, Part VI
CATIA CAD software, 91
CAVE virtual environment installation, 222
CDC 6600 supercomputer, 70, 244, 252, 325
change
configuration, 360
design, 94
changes, design, in design case, 268, 269, 292, 319, 342
character of a designed object, 11
charter, project, 47
check sorter, 340
checking, hardware, 320
Chicago Manual of (English prose) Style, The, 148, 149
chief architect, giving full authority to, 344
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), 364
of owning university, 360, 362
of TUCC, 361
churches, London (Wren’s), 128
Civil War (U.S.), 109
classes, object-oriented, 121, 122
Classical Manuscripts (music), Kreisler, 150, 151
clean architecture, 94, 140, 142
cleanroom software technique, 108, 111
co-evolution model of designing, 44, 53
COBOL, 170, 232, 321, 333, 335
code control system, 82
code generation, 143
coherence, a component of design goodness, 70
collaboration, Part II
aids, 91
co-located, 98
computer-assisted, 82
design, 80
manners, 95
pattern, 98
remote, 95
collaborative design tools, 83
collaborative working, computer-mediated remote, 98
collaboratory, scientific, 100
collection of exemplars, 160, 161
Comanche Helicopter, Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66, 40, 46
command, to a CAD system, 208
committee design, 80
Committee on Pre-Milestone A System Engineering, 39, 42
Common Lisp programming language, 141
communication
channels, informal, 93
cost, 68
comparative analysis, 160, 161
compatibility
upward and downward, binary, 314, 318, 325, 333, 334
Compendium software, 185, 195, 196
compensation, 247
competence, assuming, 253
competition, 324
competition, design, 75, 85, 248, 319, 328
completeness, 144
complexity
design, 115
software, 121
comprehensibility, 145
computation
center, 355
engineering, 134
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 66
computer architect, 121, 168, 253
computer architecture, 67, 70, 73, 94, 120, 133, 141, 155, 253, 254, 313, 334, 347
general-purpose, 133
special-purpose, 134
Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Hennessy and Patterson, 351
Computer Architecture: Concepts and Evolution, Blaauw and Brooks, 149, 347
computer
center, scientific, 178
descriptions, 351
design, 161
family, 333
graphics, 204
graphics model of a design, 45
graphics simulation, 223
science, 67
science building, 135
second-generation, 158, 315, 324, 333
stored-program, 157
third-generation, 158
computer-assisted
collaboration, 82
design (CAD), 80, 197, 224, 254, 298, 307
computing
academic, 356
administrative, 356
center, campus, 363
interactive, 356
purpose of, 355
scientific, 134
Concepts and Facilities, OS/360, Witt, 344
integrity, 9, 41, 46, 56, 64, 69, 80, 115, 119, 120, 124, 145, 151, 205, 239
concurrent engineering, 180
conferencing, face-to-face, 97
configuration
of a computer, 189
topology, 131
consistency, 69, 70, 72, 142, 146, 148
console, operator’s, 337
constitution, 120
Constitution of the United States, 109
constraint, 14, 27, 41, 68, 82, 109, 120, 123, 127, 131, 133, 250, 254, 341
misperceived, 130
constraints, for design case, 262, 286, 300, 318, 351, 360
context
in design case, 260, 280, 298, 314, 333, 335, 349, 357
contract, 39, 44, 52, 54, 57, 58, 132
contract, fixed-price, 45, 57, 39, 85
contracting point, 57
contractor, 39
contractors, multiple, 85
control block, in a software system, 25, 342
control card, for a program scheduler, 171, 172
Control Data CDC 6600, 158
Control Data Corporation (CDC), 252, 325, 337
convergence
of computer architectures, 349
conversion from older computers, 319
coop education program, 245
corporate processor manager (IBM), 316
Corporate Product Procedure (IBM), 234
cost
as budgeted commodity in design, 121
development, 121
lifetime, 132
of living, 90
manufacturing, 121
software, 321
surrogates, 327
varieties, 121
cost-plus contract, 44
cotton-picking machine, 67
Cray 1 supercomputer, 244, 252
Cray Computer Corporation, 252
Cray Research Corporation, 252
Cray supercomputers, 158
criteria for goodness in computer architecture, 9
critical-path project scheduling, 196
criticism
of design, 252
of exemplar designs, 160
critique of the Rational Model, 29
critiqued practice, as pedagogy, 244, 252
cryptanalysis, 158
curricula, design, 180
“Cut to plan; bang to fit,” 68
cutaway view, 223
Data Declaration (DD) statement, 171
data
format, 143
management, operating system component, 335, 338, 341
processing, 318, 320, 336, 356
structure, 335
type, abstract, 334
data-streaming co-processor, 158
De Architectura, Vitruvius, 9, 139
DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 159, 323
DEC PDP-11, 324
DEC PDP-8, 159
decimal datatype, 8
decision
bold (see bold decision)
design, 187
design, for a computer architecture, 348
operating, for Triangle Universities Computation Center, 360
tree versus design tree, 193
decision-making
power, 356
burden of, 146
decisions, design, in design case, 262, 286, 305, 319, 338, 351, 360
decomposition of design problem, 30, 144
Defense Science Board, 40
Delft protocols, 83
delight
in design case, 271, 306, 325, 341, 351
Virtuvius’s design criterion, 8, 139, 145
DeltaSphere Inc., 223
Department of Defense (U.S.) acquisitions process, 42
depth perception, 216
desideratum, for a design, 14, 23, 26, 57, 68, 73, 109, 120, 134, 254
design
3-D, 213
adaptive, 10
alternate, 79
artistic, 10
building, 204
committee, 80
concept, 6
conceptual, 45
decision, for a computer architecture, 348
decision tree, 187
development, 45
disciplines, technical, 155, 176
exemplar-based, 160
functional, 204
house, 204
innovative, 232
integrated, 194
language, spatial, 207
mechanical, 204
methodology, 106
modular, 194
organization, 355
original, 10
paradigm, solo, 244
paradigm, team, 244
problem, intractable, 280
process, action-centered, Denning and Dargan’s, 57
process, speed and ease of, 195
program, architectural, 27
rationale, 156
reasoning, appositional nature of, 30
review, 77
routine, 10
schematic, 121
space, working outside of the, 28
spatial, 135
theory, 30
theory of, 153
trajectory, 254
tree versus decision tree, 193
verification, 108
Design of Design, The, Glegg, xv
Design Research Society, 9
Design Studies journal, 9
Design Thinking Research Society Symposium 7, 6, 10
designer
airplane, 176
chief, 239
formal education of, 244
lone-ranger, 81
designer-computer interface, 204
designer-implementer link, 177
designers, in design case, 261, 281, 298, 314, 343, 349, 357
“Designing Software for Ease of Extension and Contraction,” Parnas, 195
Desktop (Macintosh), 142
development
cleanroom, 111
distributed, 92
incremental, 179
device-independent input-output, 340
diagnosis of faults, 199
diagramming tool, generic, 197
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 155, 159, 323
Digitek Fortran compiler, 124
director
CEO of TUCC, 361
of Triangle Universities Computation Center, selection of, 261
university computation center, 363
discipline, for a design team, 122
disciplines, multiple, 77
accesses, 122
residence of an operating system, 337
display, 220
audio, 224
context, 225
design, 225
haptic, 225
test cases, 225
workbook, 223
distributed development, 92
divergence of computer architectures, 349
divorce, of designers from users and implementers, 175
maintenance, 156
shared, 95
DoD Standard 2167A (DoD-STD-2167A), 32, 36
drawing
house, 225
view, 220
dream system for designing houses, 219, Part IV
“dreariness of labor and the loneliness of thought,” 82
DRed (design rationale capture software), 197
dual ladder of promotion, 247
Duke University, 151, 179, 357
Dutch Golden Age, 145
ease of extension, 145
ease of maintenance, 145
ease of recollection, 145
economy of scale, 359
EDSAC (Cambridge early computer), 158
education
architectural, 244
medical, 244
technical, 248
Electric Boat Division, General Dynamics, 78, 83
elegance, 142
empirical measurement, 182
empiricism, 105
“Energy” (Sayers’s term for component of creating, same as “Implementation”), 4
engineer
airplane, 91
manufacturing, 198
mechanical, 176
engineering
concurrent, 180
drawing, 180
product, 199
software (see software engineering)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), 198
Engineering Design Centre (Cambridge University), 198
Engineering Research Associates (ERA), early computer manufacturer, 252
entropy, 240
Epcot (Disney World), 151
epistemology, 109
epistemology of practice, 31
error rate, 81
escape hatch, to protect vital interest, 362
essence (Aristotle’s term), 5
estimate, cost, 237
estimator (metric used for estimating), 25
ETA 10 supercomputer, 337
Etruscans, 253
evolution
biological, 54
computer architecture, 347
of design, representing, 192
evolutionary selection, 53, 55
extensibility, 141
exterior view, 222
extraneousness, 143
EyeBall viewpoint specification device, 213, 222, 225
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 130
facial expression, 97
fan club, 232
FBI (computer) sytem, 41
Federalist Papers, The, 109, 147
Fetchmail software, 54
firmness, in design case, 274, 323, 341, 351, 357, 362
firmness, Virtuvius’s design criterion, 139, 140
first to market, 67
first-generation computer, 358
fixed-price contract, 45
flow, uninterrupted concentration, 250
follow-on product, 235
forecast, market, 236, 237, 327
“forget the budget,” 289
“Form is liberating,” 127
formal method, 108
formal model, 331
formal proof, 108
formal specification, 111
formal synthesis method, 181
Fortran programming language, 136, 169, 170, 232, 252, 333, 334, 335, 337
Fortune magazine, 316
free software, 335
function
set, 144
too rich, 341
functional design, of a building, 204
functional space, in a building, 205
General Dynamics, 78
General Electric (GE), 159
general-purpose design, 127, 133
generality, 70, 72, 135, 144, 173
generation process for operating system (“sysgen”), 332
geometric model, 57
Georgian house architecture, 205
gIBIS (Conklin’s graphical version of Issue-Based Information System), 196, 197, 198
gift-prestige incentive and reward, 55
glass house (mainframe computing center), 233
global communications, 67
global market, 67
Global Positioning System (GPS), 85, 120
global strategy, 99
global village, 89
goal iteration, 22
goal-defining document, 114
goal-setting process, 23
good practice, rules of, 161
Gothic architecture, 148
graph, non-planar, 186
graphical representation, 78
great design, 231, 244, Part V
great designer, 231, 243, Part V
greed, 44
Greeks, 253
GRIP system (UNC molecular graphics system), 179, 203, 216
group review, multidisciplinary, 77, 108
growing yourself as a designer, 252
guess, 116
Handbook of Software Architectures, Booch, 161
hands-free operation, 223
haptic delight, 140
haptic display, passive, 310
hardware
error, 338
computer, 109
Harvard Mark IV, 107
Harvard University, 107
heir, project, 224
Hewlett-Packard, 159
hierarchical order, 186, 190, 206
high-level language, 158, 333, 335
highbrow style, 150
highlights and peculiarities of design case, 260, 280, 298, 314, 332, 348, 356
house
beach, 259
design, 120, 133, 168, 203, 219, 226, 259, 279
remodeling, 279
virtual, 225
wing addition, 279
humble access to supervisor program, 339
I/O (input-output)
attachment tree, System/360, 342
control, 339
device, random-access, 211, 337
IBIS (Issue-Based Information System), 196
IBM (International Business Machines Corp.), 70, 85, 92, 108, 159, 234, 237, 238, 248, 249, 313, 350, 358
1401S (never delivered), 323
1410/7010 operating system, 171
2311 disk, 337
7074, 321
7080, 321
709, 178
7090, 321
8000 series (never delivered), 315, 322
801 RISC computer, 160
9020 System for FAA air traffic control, 130
computer product lines, 315
corporate processor manager, 316
Corporate Product Procedure, 234
Data Systems Division (DSD), 315, 323
Disk Operating System/360 (DOS/360), 334
Future Series (FS, never built), 73
General Products Division (GPD), 315, 323
MVS (Multiple Virtual System) Operating System, 25
Operating System/360 (OS/360), 25, 120, 164, 169, 178, 240, 331
OS/360 Job Control Language (JCL), 169, 339, 340, 342
Research Division, 250
Stretch multiprogramming operating system, 178
Stretch supercomputer, 48, 158, 178, 249, 315, 320, 337
System z/90, 323
System/360 (“mainframe” computer family), 6, 76, 92, 123, 130, 155, 158, 168, 234, 237, 251, 310, 313, 333, 349, 356
System/360 Model 20, 234
System/360 Model 30, 323
System/360 Model 75, 325
System/360 Model 91, 325
System/360 Models 30, 40, 50, 65, 75, 90, 323
System/360 name origin, 336
System/370 computer family (descendant of System/360), 323
z/90 computer family (descendant of System/360), 136
z/OS operating system, 115, 232, 169
“IBM’s $5 billion gamble,” 316, 324
IBM Laboratory
Böblingen, German, 92, 234, 240
Boulder, CO, 92
Endicott, NY, 92
La Gaude, France, 92
Lexington, KY, 92
Lidingö, Sweden, 92
Poughkeepsie, NY, 92
San Jose, CA, 92
Uithoorn, Netherlands, 92
IBM System/360 Principles of Operation (programmer’s manual), 7
“Idea” (Sayers’s term for component of creating, same as “Architecture”), 4, 5
Implementation (component of creating), 4, 5, 134, 143, 325, 348
implementation
multiple concurrent, 327
incidental (or “accidental” task component), 5
incremental building of software, 226
incremental development, 179
incremental implementation, 107, 111
index
book, 187
register, 141
industrial design, 140
industrial-strength operating system, 338
informal communication channel, 93
informal culture, 156
insight, 355
instruction
cache, 255
integration, system, 68
Intel
8080A, 144
microprocessor style, 156
intellectual property, 55
“Interaction” (Sayers’s term for component of creating), 4
interaction with users, 179
interactive computing, 356, 359
interactive debugging, 178
interactive graphics, 179, 204
interdisciplinary negotiation, 71
interface
between system components, 68, 344
clean, 94
definition of, 94
designer-computer, 204
two-handed, 207
user, 143
interior view in architecture, 213, 222
Internal Revenue Service (computer) system, 41
international engineering group, 97
international venture, 91
interruption, program, 320, 335
introvert, 246
investment, financial, 359
Iron Bridge (Shropshire, UK), Pritchard and Darby’s, 66
“iron sharpens iron,” 82
“Issue of Fundamental Importance,” 361
iteration between problem and solution space, 53
job
computation unit, 335
concurrent execution of in scheduler, 339
two-person, 81
Job Control Language (JCL), 169, 339, 340, 342
John Deere, 67
joint computer center, 355
journal, 254
journal reviews of exemplars, 160
joy
of ownership, 95
of work, 95
Kenwood House, UK, Adam’s, 136
kernel, formal proof of operating system, 110
keyboard, 212
keyboard equivalent of menu commands, 208
keypad, numeric, 213
La Sagrada Familia cathedral (Barcelona), Gaudí’s, 151
language
concept, distinct, in programming language, 124
high-level, 170
imperative, 207
scheduling, 170
layering of drawings, 221, 308
laziness, 162
lead time, long, 46
learning/teaching cost, 68
Leatherman (multipurpose tool), 163
lessons learned, 173
lessons learned from design case, 276, 294, 310, 327, 344, 352, 363
library, program and declaration, 343
library of exemplars, 154, 155, 206, 226
lifetime
of a computer architecture, 136
cost, 132
product, 134
Lilac word-processing software, 226
limiting resource, 120
line authority, 316
linearization of general graph, 186
linker software, 339
Linux operating system, 54, 55, 56, 164, 177
Lisp programming language, 141
locality, 212
Lockheed F-117 (Nighthawk stealth fighter), 70
log of design trajectory, 186, 223, 280, 308
London churches (Wren’s), 128
lone-ranger designer, 81
look and feel, of an interface, 80
Lotus software, 142
lowbrow style, 150
lower-case alphabet, 319
Lufthansa Flight 2904 disaster, 110
MacDraw software, 72
MacPaint software, 72
macro assembler, OS/360, 170
macro-operation, 335
mainframe computer (see also IBM System/360 computer family), 117, 313, 333
maintenance, 25, 77, 78, 120, 132, 156, 186, 262, 275, 276, 317
majority vote, in organization, 361
Manchester University (UK), early computer successes, 158
Manchester Atlas, 159
manipulation, of virtual objects, 207
manual, user, 149
manufacturing, 72, 77, 91, 176, 198
manufacturing cost, 121
“Many hands make light work—Often; but many hands make more work—Always,” 68
Marine Corps (USMC), 40
market
mechanism, 55
massing, in architectural design, 204
mathematical linguistics, 67
matrix organization, 348
McGraw-Hill Construction, 224
mechanical engineering, 16, 204
meeting
as refuge from labor and thought, 63
face-to-face, 93
whole-team, 93
Memex (Vannevar Bush’s information system), 186
memory
addressing capacity, 317
dump, 336
magnetic core, 318
management, automatic, 168
size configurations for OS/360, 332, 334
menu, customizable, 212
merge sort, 232
meta-design, 4
metaphor, 142
microdecision, 146
microprogrammed implementation, 321
Microsoft, 246
Excel spreadsheet, 142
PowerPoint, 85
Project software, 196
Visio, 197
Visual Basic programming language, 141
Windows, 232
Word, 156
Word document, 96
MIL-STD-498, U.S. Department of Defense, 36
military
assault plan, 120
weapon system acquisition, 42, 72
MiniCad software, 308
minicomputer revolution, 357
Minneapolis I-35W bridge collapse (2007), 168
miscommunication, 177
misperceived constraints, 130
mistake, 167
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 159, 322, 338
MIT Whirlwind, 155
MITRE Corporation, 130
mock-up, 45, 78, 298, 307, 310
model
sound, 225
modeling, computer, 66
models, library of, 210
Models of Designing, Part I
Modern English Usage, Fowler, 148
modular design, 194
Monticello (Jefferson’s home), 139
Morse code, 145
mouse input device, 220
multi-person discussions, 81
multidisciplinary review, 77
multiple designers, 226
naïve technologies, 66
name-space, 159
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), xiii
National Medal of Science, awarded to Cocke and Gomory, 250
National Medal of Technology (awarded to Capability Maturity Model in 2005), 240
National Research Council, 42
National Science Foundation, xiii, 358
natural language, 142
natural selection evolutionary process, 54
Nautilus, U.S.S., submarine, 65
Navy (U.S.), 210
network management, 173
North Carolina, 356
Computer Orientation Project (NCCOP), 356, 361
Museum of Art, 151
North Carolina State University (NCSU), 357
School of Design, 254
notebook, 252
Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Alexander, 194
noun specification in computer interface, 210
noun-verb rhythm, 207
numeric keypad, 213
Oak Park Church, Frank Lloyd Wright’s, 146
object-oriented programming, 179, 342
objectives, 42, 73, 109, 123, 133, 160, 254
in design case, 261, 283, 285, 299, 316, 336, 350, 358
discovered, 284
Office of the Future, Fuchs’s, 89, 98
olfactory display, 220
OmniPlan software, 196
one-liner (APL program), 141, 150
open-source design, 54, 177, 226
operating system, 67, 122, 156, 161, 317, 320
batch, 169
evolution, 338
first-generation, 332
in control, 337
industrial-strength, 332
multiprogramming, 178
second-generation, 333
secure, 108
tape-based, 172
time-sharing, 159, 164, 168, 178, 240, 331
Operating System/360 (OS/360), 7, 42, 115, 120, 122, 141
operation set, 143
operator, computer, 332
operator’s console for computer, 178
opportunities, in design case, 262, 292, 300, 317, 350, 359
organization
multi-project, 83
ornamentation, 146
overview chart, 199
owner, of a design, 79
of a design, joy of, 95
of a design, sequential, 95
paging, 159
Panama Canal, 244
paradigm
solo design, 244
team design, 244
participatory design, 70
partitioning of a task, 68, 91, 92
partitioning of a task, cost of, 68
Pascal programming language, 232
pattern, system-structure, 156, 252
Pavilions (University of Virginia), Jefferson’s, 151
perception, 3-D, 216
performance, 141
parameter, 43
range, 335
simulator, 122
performance/cost
peripheral processor, 325
personal computer (PC), 70, 232, 323
philosopher of technology, 54
pipe, in UNIX and Linux, 55
pipelined data path, 144
pipelining, instruction, 249
pitch axis, 213
PL/I programming language, 170, 335, 337, 343
pointing, 208
politics, 91
postulating unknown user and use characteristics, 116
power
decision-making in an organization, 356, 362
dissipation, 121
Praeludium and Allegro in the style of Pugnani (music), Kreisler, 150
precedent, design, 154, 253, 301, 350
prestige incentive, 226
process
house design, 187
improvement, 237
processes and procedures, standardized, 43
processor, peripheral, 325
product
definition, 236
development environment, 76
engineering, 199
follow-on, 327
procedure, 232
software, 111
special-purpose, 127
professional responsibility, 320
program
architectural, 27, 45, 121, 254
development, 121
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), 196, 200
programmer, 176
programming language, 124, 135, 140, 142, 161, 169, 170, 171, 172, 335
programming language, specialized, 336
progressive discovery and evolution of requirements, 52, 54, 57
progressive refinement, 205, 217, 224
progressive truthfulness, 204, 224
project
course, in education, 181
management tool, 196
projection, 3-D to 2-D, 211
propriety, property of a design, 70, 72, 143
protection
of great designers, 250
of operating system, 338
prototype, 48, 57, 78, 107, 182, 205, 344
Python programming language, 232
quality control, statistical, 111
radiation-treatment, design of, 180
random-access I/O, 122, 232, 318
random generation, evolutionary process, 54
Rational Model of designing, 13, 52, 54, 58, 187
Rational Model of designing, critique of, 21
rationale-capture culture, 198
rationale for design decision, 156, 185, 223, 308, 314
rationalism, 105
rationed resource (see budgeted resource)
RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 323
real-world experience, 82
real-world team design, 96
realization of a design, 5, 325, 347
recruiting great designers, 245
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), 157, 159, 249, 255
redundancy of human language, 142
regression testing of software, 107
relational database, 248
reliability, 77, 111, 130, 317
remodeling, house, 279
remote access, 332
remote job entry, 356
Report Program Generator (RPG) software, 333, 335
representation of design, 186
requirement
creep, 42
discovery of, 289
statement, formal, 27
system-level, 39
top-level, 42
Requirements Traceability Matrix, 43
requirements-setters, 42
research
monograph, 349
problem, 226
Research Triangle (region of central North Carolina), 359
Research Triangle Park, NC, 357
review, design, 77, 80, 81, 181, 198
revolution, 235
microcomputer, 159
minicomputer, 159
RISC, 159
technology, 157
rework, 94
rhythm, noun-verb, 207
RISC (see Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC I (Berkeley computer), 160
rocking about yaw axis, to aid depth perception, 216
roll axis, motion about, 213
Rolls-Royce plc, turbine engines provider, 198, 199
Roman architecture, 253
rotation of assignments, 246
Royal Academy of Engineering (UK), 240
rules
of good practice, 161
protection from, 250
sabbatical leave, 249
sampling, 116
sandwich education program, 245
Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral (Florence), 75
scale model, 45
scenario (see use case)
schedule
urgency, 42
scheduler, operating system component, 171, 335, 338, 342, 169
scheduling
language, 169
time, between compilation and execution, 170, 171, 339
schematic design, 120
scientific computing, 67, 134, 178, 316, 318, 320, 336, 356
scope of object selection, 210
screen size, 220
search engines, 67
search of design space, 15, 53, 128, 153
Second Life virtual world, 101
selection
menu, 212
object, 209
self-expression, 162
sensitivity analysis, 116
separable problems, 192
separation of policy and operations, 360
sequence, writing, 351
shampoo, 66
shared whiteboard, 97
short course, education, 247
Siemens AG, 324
Silicon Valley CA, 90
simulation, computer graphics, 225
simulator, 334
executable computer, 348
performance, 122
Sitterson Hall (campus building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), 165
situation awareness, 221
size (of work surface), 220
Sketch Graphics Acts software, 99
skill, specialized, 90
skunk works, 70
Slinky toy, 163
sloth, 44
Small Homes Council, 305
social justice, 70
sociological advance of minicomputer, microcomputer revolutions, 159
sociological status, in dual ladder, 247
software
custom application, 156
engineering, 16, 22, 32, 67, 92, 106, 122, 135, 155, 176, 204, 225, 231, 236, 244, 252
engineering laboratory course, 181, 200
failure, 338
mass-product, 156
support package, 333
Software Engineering Institute (SEI), 231, 236
Solid Logic Technology (SLT), 318
solo design paradigm, 244
sort program generator, 336
sound intensity plot, 225
Soviets (USSR), 324
space barrier, 93
spacecraft, 120
Spanish Architecture Museum (Barcelona), 151
spatial design, 135
special-purpose artifacts, 127, 133
specialization, technological, 93
specification
3-D, 211
architectural, 223
costly, 148
formal, 111
hierarchical, 148
software design document, 48
view, 223
Spiral Model, Boehm’s, 44, 51, 57
Spitfire (World War II aircraft), 70, 84, 232, 244
SPOOL (simultaneous peripheral operation on-line), 335
SPREAD Report, of IBM committee, 316, 321
St. Paul’s Cathedral (London), Wren’s, 69, 164
Staatsbibliothek of Berlin, 153
stability, financial, 358
stack architecture, computer, 76, 319, 322
staff authority, 316
standard
industry software development, 59
of living, 90
quality, 111
statistical quality control, 111
stealth airplane, 232
stress analysis, 109
structural engineering, 204
style, 139, 153, 162, 205, 245, 248
style, corporate, 156
subroutine, 149, 171, 172, 336
Sunniberg Bridge, Menn’s, 63
supercomputer, 121, 154, 158, 252, 315, 325, 357
supervisor, component of operating system, 335, 338
surrogate for cost, 121
Sweets File and Network, 224
synchronization of tasks, 80
synonym dictionary, 210
syntactic analysis, 210
synthesis rules, 161
system
generation process, 342
integration, 94
residence, operating, 337
Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse (1940), 167
tailoring processes as necessary, 43
task, sequential execution of in scheduler, 339
Task Architect software, 195
taste and instinct, 70
taxonomy, 206
team
design paradigm, 64, 71, 82, 114, 119, 148, 244, 320
design, real-world, 111
two-person, 81
Technical Rationality (Schön’s term), 31, 35, 244
technological sophistication, 66
technology, telecollaboration, 98
telecollaboration, 64, 79, 89, 350, Part II
telecommunication, 64, 91, 92, 93
telephone, for collaboration, 96
teleprocessing, 173, 316, 318, 332, 338, 341, 356, 359
test cases display, 225
testing
dynamic stress, 109
regression, 107
text, specifying, 212
third-generation computer, 333, 359
thought-trail, branching, 224
time
compile, 339
design, plenty, 280, 293, 294, 307, 310, 318, 327, 344, 350, 351
development, 42
run, or execution time, 339
scheduling, in compile, schedule, execute sequence, 339
specification, 210
toolsmith, 98
Toothpick (viewpoint specification device), 215
top-down design, 204
topology, configuration, 131
Tower of Babel, 163
Track Changes (feature of Microsoft Word), 96
tracking (of budgeted resource), 119, 120, 123
traffic pattern, 215, 298, 299, 306
trajectory of a design, 185
trans-Atlantic interaction, 92, 95
transcription scheme, 189, 196, 197
transistor-diode logic, 159
translation software
media, 336
format, 336
transparency
controlled for layers, 221
property of a design, 144
“Tree and Leaf,” Tolkien, xiv
tree
of decisions, 189
of decisions versus tree of designs, 193
representation, hierarchical, 186, 221
Triangle Universities Computation Center (TUCC), 355
two-dimensional access, 96
two-handed interface, 207, 211
two-person interaction, 82
two-person jobs, 81
U-2 (spy plane), 70
unbundling of software and hardware pricing, 344
UNC Effective Virtual Environments Research Project (EVE), 297
Unilever plc, 66
UNIVAC I, 320
University of Michigan, 159, 248, 322
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), 200, 297, 357
University of Pennsylvania, 157
University of Toronto, 207
University of Utah, 96
University of Virginia, 151
uno animo (with one mind), 81, 239
use case, 117, 135, 178, 205, 289, 295, 301, 310, 311
usefulness
in design case, 272, 293, 306, 324, 341, 351, 363
Virtuvius’s design criterion, 139
analysis and profile, 178, 181
outside, 182
representative, 176
set, 116
testing, 107
user-designer link, 177
utility
value, added, 298
value/cost ratio, 44
venture, international, 91
verb specification, 208
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Standard VDI-2221, 30, 32
verification, design, 108, 109, 111, 181
veto, in an organization, 234
video teleconferencing, 93, 96, 97
videotape, 74
view
2-D context, 220
3-D, 221
context, 221
detailed, 221
direction specification, 214
drawing, 220
of library of objects, 221
of specifications, 223
workbook, 223
View/360 beach house, 7, 15, 259
View-Graph slides, 85
viewing parameters, 213
viewpoint specification, 213
virtual design studio, 64
virtual environment (VE), 23, 178, 180, 298, 305, 307, 310
virtual environment (VE) model, 78, 297
virtual memory, 157, 159, 322, 323, 325, 333, 341, 342
virtual team, 64
virtual worlds (networked), 101
Visicalc spreadsheet, 142
visual representation
of design, 78
of model of design process, 52, 54
vocabulary, common, 179
voice
voting, in an organization, 360
walkthrough, virtual environment, 23, 80, 109, 213,
Waterfall Model
of designing, 16, 30, 34, 41, 44, 52, 196
Royce’s critique of, 31
weakness in OS/360 design and design process, 342
web of knowledge, 186
whirligig model of designing, 54
whiteboard, 33
wicked problem, 16
WIMP interface (Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointing), 154, 208, 210
windows, multiple concurrent, 220
Women’s Reserve Naval Service (WRENS) (UK), 145
workbook display, 223
workstation, house design, 219
You Are Here, 214
“You bet your company,” 316
ZEBRA computer, 150
zoom viewing parameter, 221