Illustrations
Figure 5.1.
Ratio of Average Female-to-Male Speech Participation 121
Figure 5.2.
Mean Talk Time for Men and Women, by Experimental Condition 129
Figure 5.3.
Effect of Proportion Talk on Self-Rated Influence 133
Figure 5.4.
Proportion Talk’s Effect on Perceived Influence 134
Figure 5.5.
Gender Gap in Perceived Influence, by Experimental Condition 135
Figure 6.1.
Effect of Confidence on Proportion Talk, by Condition, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 155
Figure 6.2.
Predicted Proportion Talk among Extremely Low-Confidence Women 157
Figure 6.3.
Percentage of Participants Reaching Equality of Talk, Majority Rule/1–2 Women Condition 158
Figure 6.4.
Effect of Negative Quiz Feedback on Proportion Talk, by Condition, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 160
Figure 6.5.
The Interaction of Negative Quiz Feedback and Confidence, Majority-Rule/1–2 Women Condition 162
Figure 7.1.
Frequency of Care Words Used among Women, by Rule (Predicted Values) 180
Figure 7.2.
Frequency of Financial and Rich Words Used among Women, by Rule 181
Figure 7.3.
First Mention of Care Topic by Women (Raw Means, by Group) 184
Figure 7.4.
Ratio of Care Words to Financial Words among Women (Raw Means) 187
Figure 7.5.
Ratio of Care Words to Financial Words among Men (Raw Means) 188
Figure 7.6.
Ratio of Care Words to Financial Words, All Participants (Raw Means) 189
Figure 8.1.
Negative Proportion of Negative and Positive Interruptions Received by Women from Men, Mixed Groups Only 211
Figure 8.2.
Ratio of Women’s to Men’s Positively Interrupted Speaking Turns, Mixed Groups (Raw) 214
Figure 8.3.
Proportion of Women’s Speaking Turns Receiving a Positive Interruption 217
Figure 8.4.
Elaborated Proportion of Negative Interruptions Received by Women from Men and Women, Mixed Groups Only 220
Figure 8.5.
Elaborated Proportion of Positive Interruptions Received by Women from Men, Mixed Groups Only 222
Figure 8.6.
Effect of Negative Interruptions on Perceptions of Women’s Influence, Mixed Groups 225
Figure 9.1.
Certainty about Post-Deliberation Redistribution Preferences, by Gender and Condition 248
Figure 9.2.
Maximum Endorsed Safety Net, by Gender, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 253
Figure 9.3.
Speaking Time and Expression of Safety Net Generosity, Majority Rule/Mixed Gender Groups Only 256
Figure 9.4.
Endorsement of Redistribution Principles Other than Their Most Preferred, Women Only 259
Figure 9.5.
Group’s Chosen Minimum Guaranteed Income for Safety Net, by Experimental Conditions 261
Figure 9.6.
The Interaction of Decision Rule and Group Gender Composition on Group’s Safety Net, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 263
Figure 10.1.
Ratio of Women’s Proportion Speaking Turns to Proportion Present at Meeting, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 287
Figure 10.2.
Proportion of Recorded Comments among Nonchair Board Members, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 294
Figure 10.3.
Equality Ratio for Gender Tokens 296
Figure 10.4.
Length of Meeting, by Gender Composition (Raw) 298
Figure 10.5.
Gender Gap in Speaking Behavior, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 299
Figure 10.6.
Ratio of Women’s Proportion Speaking Turns to Proportion Present at Meeting, Mixed-Gender Civic Dialogue Groups 302
Figure A5.1.
Proportion Talk, by Gender and Experimental Condition 370
Figure A6.1.
Effect of Liberalism on Proportion Talk by Condition, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 374
Figure A7.1.
Mention of Words among Women, by Rule (Predicted Values) 375
Figure A7.2.
Effect of Composition on Individual Women’s Frequency and Mention of Care Issues, Majority Rule (Predicted Values) 376
Figure A7.3.
Women’s Mention of Care Issues vs. Men’s Mention of Financial Issues 377
Figure A8.1.
Disposition Summary Statistics (Raw) 393
Figure A8.2.
Negative Proportion of Interruptions Received (Raw) 394
Figure A8.3.
Proportion of Speaking Turns that Gave or Received Positive or Negative Interruptions (Raw) 395
Figure A9.1.
Guaranteed Minimum Incomes, by Site, Mixed-Gender Groups Only 397
Figure A10.1.
Distribution of School Boards, by Gender Composition 406
