Index

A note on the digital index

A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears. Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly to the place in the text in which the marker appears.

Symbols

+= operator, Summing Lists
1-D cellular automaton, Stephen Wolfram
1/f noise, Sand Piles, Pink Noise, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
2D cellular automaton, Sand Piles
80/20 rule, Pareto Distributions

A

abstract class, CADrawer
abstract model, A New Kind of Science, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models, What Is This a Model Of?, Sand Piles
agent-based model, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling, Agent-Based Models
agents, A New Kind of Science
algorithms, What Is This Book About?, Analysis of Algorithms
all pairs shortest path, Dijkstra
amphetamine, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
analogy, Explanatory Models, Reductionism and Holism
analysis, A New Kind of Engineering
of algorithms, Analysis of Algorithms
of graph algorithms, Analysis of Graph Algorithms
of practical algorithms, Order of Growth
of primitives, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
angular frequency, Spectral Density
animation, Implementing Life
Appel, Kenneth, The Axes of Scientific Models
argument by analogy, Explanatory Models, What Is This a Model Of?
Aristotelian logic, A New Kind of Thinking
array indexing, Implementing CAs
array slice, Implementing CAs
arrays, Implementing CAs
asymptotic analysis, Analysis of Algorithms
avalanche model, Percolation, Sand Piles
average case, Analysis of Algorithms
average cost, Hashtables
Axelrod, Robert, Prisoner’s Dilemma

B

badness, Order of Growth
Bak, Per, Fractal CAs, Sand Piles, Reductionism and Holism
Barabási-Albert model, Barabási and Albert
Bayesian, A New Kind of Thinking
becquerel, What’s a Graph?
beetles, Falsifiability
behavior, Explanatory Models
BetterMap, Hashtables
BFS, Connected Graphs, Analysis of Graph Algorithms, Dijkstra
Big O notation, Order of Growth
The Big Sort, Thomas Schelling
bin size, Cumulative Distributions
bisect module, Analysis of Search Algorithms
bisection search, Analysis of Search Algorithms
Bishop, Bill, Thomas Schelling
boid, Boids
bond percolation, Percolation
bottom-up, A New Kind of Engineering
bounded, Hashtables
box-counting dimension, Fractals
breadth-first search, Connected Graphs, Analysis of Graph Algorithms, Dijkstra
brick wall, Emergence
broadcast service, A New Kind of Engineering
bubble sort, Analysis of Algorithms
busy beaver, Universality

C

CA, Implementing CAs
CADrawer, CADrawer
caffeine, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
canonical ensemble, Percolation
carrot, Boids
causation, Determinism, SOC, Causation, and Prediction, Thomas Schelling
Cdf class, Cumulative Distributions
CDFs, Cumulative Distributions
plotting, Cumulative Distributions
cells, Universality
cellular automaton, Cellular Automata
centralized system, A New Kind of Engineering
chaos, Determinism
Church-Turing thesis, Universality
circular buffer, FIFO Implementation
CircularCA, CADrawer
Class 3 behavior, Randomness
Class 4 behavior, Universality, Conway’s Conjecture
classifying cellular automata, Classifying CAs
client-server architecture, A New Kind of Engineering
clique, Watts and Strogatz
clustering, Watts and Strogatz
clustering coefficient, Watts and Strogatz
color map, Implementing Life
comparing algorithms, Analysis of Algorithms
comparison sort, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
complementary CDF, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
complementary distribution, Continuous Distributions
complete graph, What’s a Graph?
complex behavior, Determinism, Game of Life, Turmites
complex function, Spectral Density
complex model, A New Kind of Model
complex systems, What Is This Book About?
complexity science, What Is This Book About?, What Is This Book About?, Paradigm Shift?
composite, The Axes of Scientific Models
computable function, Universality
computation, A New Kind of Engineering
computational model, Paradigm Shift?
computationally irreducible, Emergence
conception, Realism
cone snail, What Is This a Model Of?
connected graph, What’s a Graph?, Connected Graphs
constant time, Hashtables, Analysis of Graph Algorithms
continuous distribution, Continuous Distributions
continuous mathematics, The Axes of Scientific Models
contributors, Contributor List, Contributor List
convolution, Implementing Life
Conway, John H., Game of Life
Cook, Matthew, Structures
cow, spherical, The Axes of Scientific Models
criteria for models, The Axes of Scientific Models
critical value, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak, Percolation
criticality, Sand Piles
crossover point, Order of Growth
cube, Fractals
cumulative distribution, Cumulative Distributions
cumulative distribution function, Cumulative Distributions
cycles, What’s a Graph?

D

Danielson-Lanczos Lemma, Fast Fourier Transform
data structures, What Is This Book About?, Representing Graphs
Dawkins, Richard, Reductionism and Holism
decay chain, What’s a Graph?
decentralized system, A New Kind of Engineering
degree, Representing Graphs, Barabási and Albert, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
demarcation problem, Falsifiability
deque, FIFO Implementation
design, A New Kind of Engineering
determinism, The Axes of Scientific Models, A New Kind of Thinking, Cellular Automata, Randomness, Determinism
Detroit, A New Kind of Science
DFT, Spectral Density
DictFifo, FIFO Implementation
dictionary, Iterators, FIFO Implementation
nested dictionary, Representing Graphs
dictionary methods, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
DieHarder, Randomness
Dijkstra, Edsger, Dijkstra
Dijkstra’s algorithm, Dijkstra
dimension, Fractals
directed edge, Representing Graphs
directed graph, What’s a Graph?
discrete Fourier transform, Spectral Density
discrete mathematics, The Axes of Scientific Models
double-ended queue, FIFO Implementation
doubly-linked list, FIFO Implementation

E

earthquake model, Percolation, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
economic man, The Axes of Scientific Models
economics, The Axes of Scientific Models
Edge class, Representing Graphs
edge weight, What’s a Graph?
edges, What’s a Graph?, Representing Graphs
directed edge, Representing Graphs
undirected edge, Representing Graphs
Eiffel Tower, A New Kind of Engineering
Eiffel, Gustave, A New Kind of Engineering
electrical power grid, Barabási and Albert
electron, Instrumentalism
emergence, Emergence
emergent property, Emergence
empirical distribution, Continuous Distributions
engineering, A New Kind of Engineering
entropy, Determinism
enumeration, Stephen Wolfram
epistemology, A New Kind of Thinking
EPS, CADrawer
equation-based model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
Erdős, Paul, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
Erdős-Rényi model, Random Graphs
evolution, Reductionism and Holism
explanatory model, A New Kind of Model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models
exponent, Order of Growth
exponential distribution, Continuous Distributions
exponential growth, Order of Growth
extend, Summing Lists

F

falsifiability, Falsifiability
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Fast Fourier Transform
FIFO queue, FIFO Implementation
fireflies, Paradigm Shift?
flock behavior, Boids
for loop, Iterators
forest, What’s a Graph?
forest fire model, Fractal CAs, Percolation, Reductionism and Holism
four-color theorem, The Axes of Scientific Models
Fourier transform, Spectral Density
fractal, Fractal CAs
fractal cellular automaton, Fractal CAs
fractal dimension, Fractals, Sand Piles
fractal geometry, Sand Piles
The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Reductionism and Holism
fractals, Fractals
free will, A New Kind of Thinking, Determinism
frequency, Zipf’s Law, Spectral Density
frequentist probability, A New Kind of Thinking
Freud, Sigmund, Instrumentalism
fringe science, Paradigm Shift?
Fuzzy Thinking, A New Kind of Thinking

G

Game of Life, Game of Life, Pink Noise
patterns, Life Patterns
game theory, Prisoner’s Dilemma
Gardner, Martin, Game of Life
gather operator, A New Kind of Thinking
Gaussian distribution, Continuous Distributions
Gehry, Frank, A New Kind of Engineering
generative model, Watts and Strogatz, Barabási and Albert
generator, Generators, Hashtables
genes, Realism, Reductionism and Holism
genetics, Reductionism and Holism
geometric objects, Fractals
geometric resizing, Hashtables
ghost cells, CADrawer
glider, Life Patterns
glider gun, Conway’s Conjecture
Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem, A New Kind of Thinking
Goldstein, Rebecca, A New Kind of Thinking
Gosper, Bill, Conway’s Conjecture
graph algorithms, What Is This Book About?, What’s a Graph?
analysis of, Analysis of Graph Algorithms
applying, What’s a Graph?
Graph class, Representing Graphs
graph layout, Representing Graphs
graph methods, Representing Graphs, List Comprehensions
graph theory, What’s a Graph?
graphs, What’s a Graph?
complete graph, What’s a Graph?
connected graphs, What’s a Graph?, Connected Graphs
directed graph, What’s a Graph?
regular graph, What’s a Graph?
simple graph, What’s a Graph?
undirected graph, What’s a Graph?
GraphWorld, Representing Graphs
grassroots, A New Kind of Engineering
gravitation, A New Kind of Science
Great Man theory, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
grid, Game of Life, Percolation, Sand Piles
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, A New Kind of Engineering

H

Hacken, Wolfgang, The Axes of Scientific Models
Haldane, J.B.S., Falsifiability
half-life, What’s a Graph?
harmonics, Spectral Density
hash function, Hashtables
HashMap, Hashtables
hashtables, Hashtables
Hertz, Spectral Density
Hist, Zipf’s Law
histograms, Cumulative Distributions
hoisting, Spectral Density
holism, A New Kind of Model
holistic model, Reductionism and Holism, Reductionism and Holism
Homo economicus, The Axes of Scientific Models
homogeneous, The Axes of Scientific Models
hop, Stanley Milgram
hurricane, Realism, Instrumentalism

I

id, Instrumentalism
immutable objects, Representing Graphs
implementing cellular automata, Implementing CAs
implementing Game of Life, Implementing Life
in operator, Analysis of Search Algorithms
incompleteness, A New Kind of Thinking
Incompleteness Theorem, A New Kind of Thinking
indeterminism, A New Kind of Thinking
indexing, Analysis of Basic Python Operations, Fast Fourier Transform
infinite loop, Generators
infinite sequence, Iterators
inheritance, Representing Graphs, Representing Graphs
__init__, Representing Graphs
instantiate, CADrawer
instrumentalism, A New Kind of Model, Instrumentalism
interactions, minimizing, A New Kind of Engineering
interface
implementing, CADrawer
specifying, CADrawer
IPython, Summing Lists
isolation of components, A New Kind of Engineering
__iter__, Iterators
iterator, Iterators
iteritems, List Comprehensions
itertools, Iterators

J

join, Analysis of Basic Python Operations

K

Kansas, Stanley Milgram
kernel, Implementing Life
KeyError, Hashtables
Kosko, Bart, A New Kind of Thinking
Kuhn, Thomas, Paradigm Shift?, A New Kind of Thinking, A New Kind of Thinking, Explanatory Models

L

label attribute, Representing Graphs
labelling nodes, Dijkstra
lambda calculus, Universality
Langton, Chris, Turmites
Langton’s ant, Turmites
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Determinism
Laplace’s demon, Determinism
leading coefficient, Order of Growth
leading term, Order of Growth
__len__, Hashtables
Life, Implementing Life
LifeViewer, Implementing Life
line, Fractals
linear algorithm, Summing Lists
linear congruential generator, Randomness
linear growth, Order of Growth
linear search, Analysis of Search Algorithms
linear system, The Axes of Scientific Models
LinearMap, Hashtables
list comprehension, List Comprehensions
list methods, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
list of tuples, List Comprehensions
The Little Book of Semaphores, Dijkstra
local connection, Stanley Milgram
local information, Boids
log-log plot, Zipf’s Law, Pareto Distributions, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws, Fractals, Pink Noise
log-log scale, Summing Lists
logarithm, Zipf’s Law
logarithmic growth, Order of Growth
logic, A New Kind of Thinking
long tail, Pareto Distributions, Sand Piles
long-tailed distribution, Reductionism and Holism, SOC, Causation, and Prediction

M

machine model, Analysis of Algorithms
Mandelbrot, Benoit, Reductionism and Holism
many-valued logic, A New Kind of Thinking
Massachusetts, Stanley Milgram
mathematical proofs, A New Kind of Science, Paradigm Shift?, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models
mathematics, What Is This a Model Of?
matplotlib, pyplot
McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch, A New Kind of Thinking
meme, Reductionism and Holism
Methuselah, Life Patterns
microcanonical ensemble, Percolation
Micromotives and Macrobehavior, Agent-Based Models
Milgram, Stanley, Stanley Milgram
modeling, What Is This Book About?, A New Kind of Science
models, A New Kind of Thinking, Explanatory Models
abstract model, A New Kind of Science, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models, What Is This a Model Of?, Sand Piles
agent-based model, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling, Agent-Based Models
avalanche model, Percolation, Sand Piles
Barabási-Albert model, Barabási and Albert
complex model, A New Kind of Model
computational model, Paradigm Shift?
earthquake model, Percolation, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
equation-based model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
Erdős-Rényi model, Random Graphs
explanatory model, A New Kind of Model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models
forest fire model, Fractal CAs, Percolation, Reductionism and Holism
generative model, Watts and Strogatz, Barabási and Albert
holistic model, Reductionism and Holism, Reductionism and Holism
machine model, Analysis of Algorithms
physical model, What Is This a Model Of?, Percolation
predictive model, A New Kind of Model
realistic model, What Is This a Model Of?
reductionist model, Reductionism and Holism
rice pile model, Reductionism and Holism
sand pile model, Sand Piles, Reductionism and Holism
simulation-based model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
theories versus models, A New Kind of Thinking
Watts-Strogatz model, Barabási and Albert
module, bisect, Analysis of Search Algorithms
Monte Carlo simulation, Percolation
Moore neighborhood, Game of Life
movie actor, Barabási and Albert
mushroom, Instrumentalism
mutable objects, Representing Graphs

N

natural law, A New Kind of Science, Emergence
neighborhoods, Stephen Wolfram
Moore neighborhood, Game of Life
neighbors, Stephen Wolfram
nested dictionary, Representing Graphs
nested lists, Implementing CAs
A New Kind of Science, A New Kind of Science, Randomness, Universality, Emergence
__new__, Representing Graphs
Newtonian mechanics, Determinism
nodes, What’s a Graph?
marking, Connected Graphs
source node, Dijkstra
visiting, Connected Graphs
noise, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws, Spectral Density
non-linear system, The Axes of Scientific Models
normal accident theory, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
normal distribution, Continuous Distributions
NumPy, Implementing CAs, Fractal CAs

O

Obama, Barack, Analysis of Algorithms
object-oriented design, Hashtables
objective truth, A New Kind of Thinking
objectivity, Explanatory Models
observable, Explanatory Models
one, two, many, The Axes of Scientific Models
optional parameters, Representing Graphs
order of growth, Order of Growth, FIFO Implementation, Cumulative Distributions, Implementing CAs, Spectral Density
os module, Summing Lists
overrides, Representing Graphs

P

paradigm shift, Paradigm Shift?
parameters, Watts and Strogatz, Zipf’s Law, Continuous Distributions, Pareto Distributions, Thomas Schelling, Traffic Jams, Boids
Pareto distribution, Pareto Distributions
Pareto World, Pareto Distributions
Pareto, Vilfredo, Pareto Distributions
path length, Watts and Strogatz
paths, What’s a Graph?, What’s a Graph?, Connected Graphs
peer-to-peer architecture, A New Kind of Engineering
perception, Realism
percolation, Percolation
performance error, FIFO Implementation
period, Randomness, Turmites
Perrow, Charles, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
phase chance, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
philosophical realism, Realism
philosophy, What Is This Book About?
physical laws, A New Kind of Thinking
physical model, What Is This a Model Of?, Percolation
PIL, CADrawer
pink noise, Sand Piles, Pink Noise
pitch, Spectral Density
planetary motion, A New Kind of Science, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
Popper, Karl, Falsifiability
population, Pareto Distributions
porosity, Percolation
Postscript (EPS), CADrawer
postulated entity, Realism
power, Spectral Density
power law, Barabási and Albert, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws, Sand Piles
power spectral density, Spectral Density
practical analysis of algorithms, Order of Growth
precondition, A New Kind of Thinking
prediction, Falsifiability, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
predictive model, A New Kind of Model
preferential attachment, Barabási and Albert, Explanatory Models
prevalence, Reductionism and Holism
principle of computational equivalence, Universality
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Prisoner’s Dilemma
iterated, Prisoner’s Dilemma
PRNG, Randomness
problem formulation, What’s a Graph?
proofs, A New Kind of Science, Paradigm Shift?, What Kind of Explanation Is That?, Explanatory Models
proximate cause, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
pseudo-random number generator, Randomness
pseudocolor plot, Implementing Life
pseudoscience, Paradigm Shift?
puffer train, Conway’s Conjecture
pyplot, pyplot, CADrawer, Implementing Life
pyplot, pyplot, Cumulative Distributions
Python Imaging Library, CADrawer

Q

quadratic, Summing Lists, Analysis of Graph Algorithms
quadratic algorithm, Summing Lists
quadratic growth, Order of Growth
quantum mechanics, Determinism
queues, Connected Graphs, Analysis of Graph Algorithms, Dijkstra
double-ended queue, FIFO Implementation
FIFO queue, FIFO Implementation

R

r-pentomino, Life Patterns
racism, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling
radioactive decay, What’s a Graph?, Determinism
radix sort, Analysis of Algorithms
random graph, Random Graphs, Watts and Strogatz
random module, Continuous Distributions, Pareto Distributions, Randomness
random process, What’s a Graph?
RandomGraph, Random Graphs
randomness, Randomness
rank, Zipf’s Law, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
read-write head, Universality, Turmites
realism, A New Kind of Model, Realism
realistic model, What Is This a Model Of?
recursive algorithm, Fast Fourier Transform
red-black tree, Hashtables, Hashtables
reductionism, A New Kind of Model
reductionist model, Reductionism and Holism
reference, Implementing CAs
register, Universality
regular graph, What’s a Graph?, Representing Graphs, Watts and Strogatz
rehashing, Hashtables
Rényi, Alfréd, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
replicator, Reductionism and Holism
repr, Representing Graphs
__repr__, Representing Graphs
representing graphs, Representing Graphs
Resnick, Mitchell, Traffic Jams
rewire, Watts and Strogatz
Reynolds, Craig, Boids
rice pile model, Reductionism and Holism
rich get richer, Barabási and Albert
road network, What’s a Graph?
robust, Dijkstra, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
rule table, Stephen Wolfram
rules, Cellular Automata
80/20 rule, Pareto Distributions
“Rule 110”, Structures
“Rule 18”, Classifying CAs, Fractal CAs
“Rule 254”, Fractal CAs
“Rule 30”, Randomness, Randomness
“Rule 50”, Stephen Wolfram

S

sand pile model, Sand Piles, Reductionism and Holism
scale, Pareto Distributions
scale-free distributions, Pareto Distributions
scale-free network, Barabási and Albert
scaling distribution, Barabási and Albert
Schelling, Thomas, A New Kind of Science, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling
Schmidt, Eric, Analysis of Algorithms
SciPy, Implementing Life
search, A New Kind of Engineering, Analysis of Search Algorithms
segregation, A New Kind of Science, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling
self-organized criticality, Sand Piles, Pink Noise
self-similarity, Sand Piles
The Selfish Gene, Reductionism and Holism
Sharon, Massachusetts, Stanley Milgram
shortcut, Emergence
shortest distance, What’s a Graph?
shortest path, Dijkstra, Dijkstra
Sierpiński triangle, Classifying CAs, Fractal CAs
simple graphs, What’s a Graph?
simple rules, Determinism, Turmites
simplifications, A New Kind of Science
justifying, A New Kind of Science
simulation-based model, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
single-source shortest path problem, Dijkstra
site percolation, Percolation
six degrees, Stanley Milgram, Explanatory Models
small world experiment, Stanley Milgram
small world network, Watts and Strogatz
small world phenomenon, Dijkstra
SOC, Sand Piles
social network, What’s a Graph?, Stanley Milgram
sorting, Analysis of Basic Python Operations, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
source node, Dijkstra
spaceships, Structures, Life Patterns
spanning cluster, Percolation
special creation, Falsifiability
spectral density, Spectral Density
spherical cow, The Axes of Scientific Models
square, Fractals
stable sort, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
state, Cellular Automata, Stephen Wolfram, Sand Piles
stochastic process, The Axes of Scientific Models
stock market, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
StopIteration, Iterators
str, Representing Graphs
__str__, Representing Graphs
strategy, Prisoner’s Dilemma
string concatenation, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
string methods, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
Strogatz, Steven, Paradigm Shift?, Watts and Strogatz
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Paradigm Shift?, A New Kind of Thinking, Explanatory Models
subjective truth, A New Kind of Thinking
sum, Summing Lists
summary statistic, Cumulative Distributions
summing lists, Summing Lists
superego, Instrumentalism
Swampy, Representing Graphs, Turmites, Traffic Jams
Sync, Paradigm Shift?
synchronization, Paradigm Shift?
system time, Summing Lists
systems, Explanatory Models

T

tape, Universality
tautology, Universality
theories versus models, A New Kind of Thinking
theory choice, Explanatory Models
The Theory That Would Not Die, A New Kind of Thinking
Think Python, What Is This Book About?, Implementing Life
threshold value, Paul Erdős: Peripatetic Mathematician, Speed Freak
time step, Cellular Automata
timeit, Summing Lists
tipping point, Percolation
top-down, A New Kind of Engineering
topology, Barabási and Albert
torus, Game of Life
totalistic, Game of Life
traffic jam, Traffic Jams
traverse list, List Comprehensions
TreeMap, Hashtables
triangle of influence, Stephen Wolfram
tuple methods, Analysis of Basic Python Operations
tuple type, Representing Graphs
Turing complete, Structures, Game of Life, Conway’s Conjecture
Turing machine, Universality
Turing, Alan, Universality, Turmites
turmite, Turmites
Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams, Traffic Jams

U

U.S. Census Bureau, Pareto Distributions
ultimate cause, SOC, Causation, and Prediction
unbounded growth, Order of Growth, Game of Life
uncertainty, A New Kind of Thinking
undirected edge, Representing Graphs
undirected graph, What’s a Graph?
UnimplementedMethodException, CADrawer
universal common descent, Falsifiability
universal gravitation, What Kind of Explanation Is That?
universality, Structures, Universality, Game of Life, Conway’s Conjecture
unstable systems, Sand Piles
user time, Summing Lists

V

Vertex class, Representing Graphs
vertices, What’s a Graph?, Representing Graphs
Visual package, Boids
VPython, Boids

W

Watts, Duncan, Watts and Strogatz
Watts-Strogatz model, Barabási and Albert
weak ties, Explanatory Models
weight, What’s a Graph?, Implementing Life
weighted sum, Boids
Wichita, Kansas, Stanley Milgram
Wolfram, Stephen, A New Kind of Science, Stephen Wolfram, Emergence
worklists, Connected Graphs
World Wide Web, Barabási and Albert
worst case, Analysis of Algorithms

X

xenophobia, A New Kind of Science, Thomas Schelling

Y

yield, Generators

Z

zeros, Implementing CAs
Zipf plot, Zipf, Pareto, and Power Laws
Zipf’s law, Zipf’s Law
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