Index
A
Absolutely, Positively Overnight! (Sigafoos)
AC. See Alternating current
Accel Partners
Acquisitions: cannibalization and; limits of
Adner, Ron
Adobe, Xerox and
Advanced Development Programs (ADP), at Lockheed Martin
AdWords, by Google
Air conditioners
Altair
AltaVista
Alternating current (AC)
Amazon; books and; expectations and; incentives at; innovation at; investments by; IPO at; Kindle by; losses at; one-click buying at; patents of; profit at; rating reviews on; retailing by; risk at; sales at; scale at
Amgen
Analgesics: dimensions for; evolution of
Ando, Kunitake
Android, by Google
AOL: internal markets at; MSN and; Winamp and
APM. See Associate Product Manager
Apotheker, Leo
Apple; champions at; failure at; hot-hand bias and; HP and; innovation at; internal markets at; iPad by; iPhone by; iPod by; iTunes by; Lisa by; MacBooks by; NeXT by; patents of; personal computers by; reflection effect at; Sony and
Ariely, Dan
Associate Product Manager (APM), at Google
Asymmetric incentives: awards as; bonuses as; for CEOs; economics and psychology of; failure and; at Google; for innovation; perks as; for R&D; salary as; stock options as; at 3 M
Asymmetry, in perceived risk
Atari
ATRA, by Gillette
Automobiles: batteries for; creative destruction and; mass market for; technological innovation in. See also General Motors; Tata, Ratan; Toyota Prius
Autonomous units
Availability bias, future and
Awards: as asymmetric incentives; at Google; at 3 M; for Toyota Prius
B
Backer, Alex
Ballmer, Steve
Banister, Scott
Bank of America
Bankruptcy: of GM; in Israel; of Kodak; in Silicon Valley
Barnes and Noble
Bass, Art
Batteries, for automobiles
Battle of Currents
Beer
Bell, Alexander Graham
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG)
Bezos, Jeff
Biases: cannibalization and; from hot-stove effect. See also Availability bias; Commitment bias; Hot-hand bias; Paradigmatic bias
Bic
Blackberry
Bliss, Bill
BMG. See Bertelsmann Music Group
Bonuses: as asymmetric incentive; at Google
Books: Amazon and; Barnes and Noble and
‘Brand board,’
Brau
Breadth of knowledge
Browsers: market leadership in; takeoff and
Bubbles
Buchheit, Paul
Bud (beer)
Bureaucracy: cannibalization and; champions and; development of; ideas and; incremental innovations and; innovation and; internal markets and; at Kodak; present and; at RIM
Burns, Larry
Business units: commercialization by; competition of; internal markets and
Buzz, by Google
C
Cannibalization: acquisitions and; biases and; bureaucracy and; committees and; consensus building and; costs of; culture and; at Gillette; at HP; incumbents and; innovation and; internal markets and; internal stakeholders and; Kodak and; margins of; at Microsoft; organization and; perceived invincibility and; procedures and; product maturity and; Sony and; technological innovation and; thresholds for; wait-and-see attitude with; willingness for; Xerox and
‘Capability board,’
Carlson, Chester
Carlton Society Award, at 3 M
Cascades
“Cash for Clunkers,”
CEOs: asymmetric incentives for; as champions; at GM; innovation and; stock market and; sunk cost fallacy and. See also specific CEOs
Champions: at Apple; bureaucracy and; CEOs as; characteristics of; dissension by; Fadell as; at HP; Ibuka as; identification of; incentives for; for innovation; Jobs as; luck versus; for mass markets; Morita as; Newton as; organizations and; persistence of; price point and; quality and; responsibility of; risk and; at Sony; steps for empowering; Tata as; versus teams; at top versus bottom
Chandrasekaran, Deepa
Chandy, Rajesh
Checkout, by Google
Chevy Volt
Choice, in markets
Christensen, Clay
Chrysler Corporation
Chux, by J&J
Circle of Technical Excellence & Innovation Awards, at 3 M
Cisco
Climate, macro-theories on
Cochrane, Josephine
Collective decision making
Commercialization: by business units; contests; failure and; investments and; of platform innovations; takeoff and; talent retention and; of Toyota Prius; at Xerox
Commitment bias: by Edison; future and
Committees, cannibalization and
Compaq
Competition: of business units; cutthroat; Facebook and; failure and; Google and; internal markets and; in markets; Toyota Prius and
Component level, of technological innovation
Consensus building; cannibalization and
Cook, Scott
Cooperation: incentives for; innovation and; markets and
Copying business, by Xerox
Copyrights, Sony and
Costs: of cannibalization; from Type 2 errors
Creative destruction
Croc, Ray
Crowdsourcing
CRT: market for; by Sony
Culture: versus alternate theories; cannibalization and; at Facebook; forgiveness; at GM; at Google; at IBM; incentives and; of incumbents; incumbent's curse and; innovation and; at Kodak; versus macro-theories; as primary explanation; risk and; at Sony
Customer satisfaction
Customer service
Cutthroat competition
D
D'Angelo, Adam
Data transfer: dimensions for; evolution of
DC. See Direct current
DEC
Dell
DeLorean, John Z.
Denrell, Jerker
Depth of knowledge
Design level, of technological innovation
Desktop memory: dimensions for; technological innovation in
Desktop printers: dimensions for; evolution of; by HP; technological innovation in. See also Inkjet printers; Laser printers
Diapers. See Disposable diapers
Diaz, Cameron
DiCaprio, Leonardo
Diet soda
Digital cameras: annual sales of; Kodak and
Direct current (DC)
Dishwashers
Display monitors: dimensions for; market for; technological innovation in. See also specific types
11ptDisposable diapers: mass market for; as niche product
Disruptive technology effect
Divestiture
Drew, Dick
“Dual ladder” policy, at 3 M
Duplication: internal markets and; resource allocation and
DuPont
E
Eastman, George
Eastman Kodak. See Kodak
eBay
e-book readers. See iPad; Kindle; Tablets
Edison, Thomas Alva
Education, macro-theories on
Emergent consumers: analysis of; future and; mass market and
Escalation of commitment
Esperion
EV1, by GM
Exchange, in markets
Expectations: of profit; risk aversion and; of sales; with innovation
11ptExternal lighting: dimensions for; technological innovation in. See also specific types
F
Facebook; competition and; culture at; expectations and; Google and; idea for; investments for; Microsoft and; News Feed by; as niche product; risk at; scale at; to Silicon Valley; third-party applications on; Yahoo! and
11ptFadell, Tony; as champion; at Philips. See also iPod
Failure: at Apple; asymmetric incentives and; competition and; criticism for; at Google; at IBM; incentives and; of incumbents; innovation and; Jobs and; learning from; markets and; Newton and; risk and; risk aversion and; in Silicon Valley; sunk cost fallacy and; at 3 M; tolerance for; with Toyota Prius. See also Type 1 errors
Fairchild Semiconductor Division
Farmers Insurance Group
Federal Express; early growth of; expectations and; investments in; risk at
Film photography, by Kodak
Fisher, George
Five Across
Ford, Henry
Forgiveness culture
Foster, Richard
Founder's Awards, at Google
Friedrich, Richard
FriendFeed
Friendster
from Toyota, Prius Losses
Fry, Art
Fuji
Fujita, Masahiro
-10ptFusion, by Gillette
Future: availability bias and; commitment bias and; emergent consumers and; focus on; hot-hand bias and; incumbents and; innovation and; internal markets and; investments and; mass markets and; paradigmatic bias and; planning for; Samsung and; takeoff and; technological innovation and; Type 2 errors and; uncertainty and
G
G21
Gablinger's
Gain-loss tradeoff
Gates, Bill. See also Microsoft
Gatorade
Gatto, Bob
GE
General Motors (GM); bankruptcy of; CEOs at; Chevy Volt by; culture at; EV1 by; hybrid automobile by; incentives at; internal markets at; “Jobs Bank” at; labor and; loyalty at; resource allocation at; status quo and; technological innovation at; unions and
Geography, macro-theories on
Germany
Gerstner, Lou; on culture; incentives and
Gillette; ATRA by; cannibalization at; Fusion by; Good News by; MACH 3 by; P&G and; R&D at; Sensor by; TRAC II by
Gillette, King
GM. See General Motors
Gmail, by Google
“Golden Step Awards,” at 3 M
Golder, Peter
Good News, by Gillette
Google; AdWords by; Android by; APM at; asymmetric incentives at; awards at; bonuses at; Buzz by; Checkout by; competition and; culture at; Facebook and; failure at; Founder's Awards at; Gmail by; incentives at; Innovation Reviews at; Innovation Week at; internal markets at; Microsoft and; paid search advertising and; perks at; personal projects at; research contests at; risk at; stock options at; talent retention at; Yahoo! and; YouTube and
Goparaju, Subu
Govindarajan, Vijay
Graphical user interface (GUI); Jobs and; Xerox and
Groupthink
GUI. See Graphical user interface
H
Haloid
Hamel, Gary
Hanauer, Nick
Hazard model, for takeoff
HILTI AG
Holden, Richard
Honda
Hostetter, Chris
Hot-hand bias
Hot-stove effect
HP; Apple and; business unit competition at; cannibalization at; champions at; Compaq and; desktop printers by; internal markets at; S-curve effect at; Slate by; tablets by; thresholds at; TouchPad by; Type 2 errors at
Hubbard, Gardiner
Hughes, Chris
Hyperion
I
IBM. See International Business Machines
Ibuka, Masura
Idea fairs
Idea generators, markets as
IDEO
Incentives: for champions; for cooperation; culture and; customer satisfaction and; failure and; fairness of; framing; at IBM; for innovation; for internal markets; loyalty as; moral; online games and; from sales; seniority and; social; for teams. See also Asymmetric incentives
Incentives for enterprise. See Asymmetric incentives
7ptIncremental innovations: bureaucracy and; evaluation of
Incumbents: cannibalization and; commitment bias and; culture of; failure of; future and; innovation by; markets and; platform innovation and; present and; profit and; R&D by; risk and; risk aversion by; S-curve effect on; status quo and; Type 1 errors and; Type 2 errors and; uncertainty and; Wall Street effect and
Incumbent's curse; culture and; examples of; paradox of
Infosys
-7ptInkjet printers
Innovation: alternate theories for; at Amazon; at Apple; asymmetric incentives for; bureaucracy and; cannibalization and; CEO and; champions for; commitment bias and; cooperation and; culture and; disruptive technology effect on; expectations with; failure and; future and; gain-loss tradeoff with; incentives for; increasing rate of; by incumbents; internal markets for; loss function of; macro-theories on; micro-theories on; practices for; R&D and; risk and; sales and; S-curve effect on; size effect on; stock market and; takeoff and; talent retention and; at Toyota; traits for; trial and error for; Type 2 errors and; Wall Street effect on. See also Incremental innovations; Platform innovation; Technological innovation
Innovation Reviews, at Google
Innovation Week, at Google
Intel
Intellectual property (IT); copyrights; of Kodak; macro-theories on. See also Patents
-7ptInternal markets: advantages of; at AOL; at Apple; autonomous units and; bureaucracy and; business units and; cannibalization and; commercialization contests and; competition and; divestiture and; duplication and; future and; at GM; at Google; idea fairs and; implementation of; incentives for; for innovation; at Kodak; management of; at Microsoft; niche markets and; organization and; at Philips; for prototypes; research contests and; for resource allocation; risk and; setting up; in Silicon Valley; at Sony; start-up contests and; for talent retention; thresholds and; uncertainty and
7ptInternal stakeholders, cannibalization and
International Business Machines (IBM); asymmetric incentives at; autonomous units at; copying business and; culture at; customer service at; failure at; incentives at; online games and; paradigmatic bias at; personal computers and; platform innovation at; risk at; team incentives at; three-year evaluation cycle at
Internet Explorer
InterPress
Investments: by Amazon; commercialization and; commitment bias and; for Facebook; in Federal Express; future and; risk and; stock market and
Invincibility. See Perceived invincibility
iPad
iPhone; price point of
IPO, at Amazon
iPod; iTunes and
Israel
IT. See Intellectual property
iTunes
J
J&J. See Johnson & Johnson
Jobs, Steve; as champion; failure and; GUI and. See also Apple
“Jobs Bank,” at GM
Johnson & Johnson (J&J): Chux by; emergent consumers and
Jordan, Michael
K
Kahneman, Daniel
Kelley, David
Keywords, by Microsoft
Kildall, Gary
Killer apps
Kimura, Keiji
Kindle, by Amazon
Knauss, Ben
Kodak; bankruptcy of; bureaucracy at; cannibalization and; copying business and; culture at; decline of; digital cameras and; disruptive technology effect at; film photography by; internal markets at; IT of; paradigmatic bias at; patents of; resource allocation at; risk aversion at
Kuhn, Thomas
Kun-Hee, Lee
Kuroki, Yasuo
L
Labor, GM and
Laptops
Laser printers
Lazaridis, Mike
LCD. See Liquid crystal diode
“Lead users,”
LED. See Light emitting diode
Leonardi, Paul
Light beer
Light emitting diode (LED); Philips and
Lighting. See External lighting
LinkExchange
Linux
Lipitor
Lipsky, Scott
Liquid crystal diode (LCD); market for; by Samsung; Sony and; televisions with
Lisa, by Apple
Lockheed Martin
Losses: by Amazon; by GM; by start-ups; from Toyota Prius
Loyalty; at GM; as incentive
Luck, versus champions
Lutz, Bob
M
MacBooks, by Apple
MACH 3, by Gillette
Macro-theories: culture versus; on innovation; R&D and; refutation of
Magnavox
Management buyout
March, James G.
Markets: bubbles and; cascades and; characteristics of; choice in; competition in; cooperation and; cutthroat competition in; exchange in; failure and; as idea generators; incumbents and; information in; lack of focus in; resource allocation in; talent retention and. See also Internal markets; Mass markets; Niche markets
Marketplace
Mass markets: for automobiles; champions for; for disposable diapers; disruptive technology effect and; emergent consumers and; future and
Maxwell, Dick
Mayer, Marissa
McDermott, Christopher M.
McDonald's
McGirt, Ellen
MED. See Microwave electrodeless discharge
Merck
Microcomputers. See Personal computers
Microsoft: AOL and; cannibalization at; Facebook and; Google and; internal markets at; Keywords by; MSN and; paid search advertising by; resource allocation at; video games by; Wallop by; Winamp by; Windows by
Micro-theories
Microwave electrodeless discharge (MED)
Miller (beer)
Miner, Ann
Missed innovations. See Type 2 errors
MITS
Mitsch, Ronald
Moore, Geoffrey
Moore, Gordon
Moorman, Christine
Moral incentives
Morita, Akio; as champion
Mosaic
Moskovitz, Dustin
MP3: creative destruction and; PortalPlayer and; Sony and; Winamp and. See also iPod
MSN
MySpace
N
Nano. See Tata, Ratan
Napster
Netscape
News Feed, by Facebook
Newton, Roger; as champions; failure and
NeXT, by Apple
Niche markets; availability bias and; disruptive technology effect and; internal markets and
Nintendo
Nokia; decline of; smartphones by; Type 2 errors at
Norris, Jim
Nortel: asymmetric incentives at; emergent consumers and
Noyce, Robert
O
Obama, Barack
Object-oriented programming
O'Connor, Gina
Ogiso, Satoshi
Ohsone, Kozo
Okuda, Hiroshi
OLED. See Organic light emitting diode
Olsen, Ken
One-click buying, at Amazon
Online games: IBM and; incentives and; risk and
Opportunity costs, from Type 2 errors
Organic light emitting diode (OLED)
Organizations: cannibalization and; champions and; groupthink by; internal markets and. See also Bureaucracy
Orton, William
Ouderkirk, Andy
Overture
P
Page, Larry
Paid search advertising: Google and; Microsoft and
Pampers, by P&G
Pape, Michael
“Paperless office,”
Paradigmatic bias: future and; at IBM; at Kodak; at Xerox
Parke-Davis
Parker, Sean
Partnership for the Next Generation of Vehicles
Partovi, Ali
Patents; of Amazon; of Apple; of Kodak; macro-theories on; from Silicon Valley; for telephone; of 3 M
Perceived invincibility
Perceived risk: asymmetry in; reflection effect and
Perks: as asymmetric incentives; at Google
Personal computers; IBM and; market leadership in; as niche product; paradigmatic bias and; by Xerox
Petroski, Henry
Pfeffer, Jeffrey
Pfizer
P&G. See Procter & Gamble
Pharmaceutical industry. See also Analgesics; Lipitor; Pfizer
Philips; Fadell at; internal markets at
Piper, H.
Piracy, Sony and
Plasma display monitors
Platform innovation; commercialization of; definition of; evaluation of; at IBM; incumbents and; internal stakeholders and; patience with; source of
Plaxo
Pope, Alexander
PortalPlayer
Post-it
Prabhu, Jaideep
Present: bureaucracy and; incumbents and; Type 1 errors and. See also Status quo
Price point: champions and; of iPhone; takeoff and
Printers. See Desktop printers
Prius. See Toyota Prius
Procedures, cannibalization and
Procter & Gamble (P&G); Gillette and; Pampers by; thresholds at
Product maturity, cannibalization and
Profit: at Amazon; expectations of; incumbents and; risk with; from Toyota Prius
Prospect theory
Prototypes; commercialization contests and; for GUI; internal markets for; for Sony Walkman
PwC
Q
Quality, champions and
R
Radical innovation. See Platform innovation
Rakowski, Brian
Ramaswami, Prem
RCA
R&D: asymmetric incentives for; culture for; at Gillette; by incumbents; innovation and; macro-theories and; stock market and
Reflection effect; at Apple; perceived risk and
Reinert, Bill
Religion
Research contests
Research in Motion (RIM); Blackberry by; bureaucracy at; decline of; perceived invincibility; Type 2 errors at
Resource allocation: duplication and; at GM; internal markets for; at Kodak; in markets; at Microsoft; risk and
Resources Global Professional
Responsibility, of champions
Retailing
Reuters
Rewards. See Incentives
RIM. See Research in Motion
Risk: at Amazon; case histories on; champions and; culture and; expectations and; at Facebook; failure and; at Federal Express; gain-loss tradeoff and; at Google; at IBM; incumbents and; innovation and; internal markets and; investments and; online games and; resource allocation and; sources of; sprinkler strategy and; Toyota Prius and; Type 1 errors and; Type 2 errors and; waterfall strategy and; with profit. See also Perceived risk
Risk aversion: asymmetric incentives and; expectations and; failure and; by incumbents; at Kodak; at Sony; at Toyota
Roth, Bruce D.
Rubin, Andy
S
Salary, as asymmetric incentive
Sales: at Amazon; of Chevy Volt; expectations of; incentives from; innovation and; takeoff of; of Toyota Prius
Samsung; future and; innovation at; LCD TVs by
Sasson, Steven
Scale: at Amazon; at Facebook; incumbent's curse and
Scheer, David
Schmidt, Eric
Schumpeter, Joseph
S-curve effect
Sears
Seed capital, at 3 M
Sega
Semel, Terry
Seniority
Sensor, by Gillette
Shah, Raj
Sharer, Kevin
Shaw, David
Shockley Semiconductor
Shook, John
Short-term measures
Sigafoos, Robert A.
Silicon Valley: bankruptcy in; Facebook to; failure in; internal markets in; patents from; start-ups in; venture capital in. See also specific companies
Silver, Spencer
Size effect
Skunk works
Skype
Slate, by HP
Sloan, Alfred
Smartphones: by Nokia. See also Android; Blackberry; iPhone
Smith, Fred. See also Federal Express
Smith, Roger
Social incentives
Sony; Apple and; BMG and; cannibalization and; champion at; consensus building at; copyrights and; CRT by; culture at; incumbent's curse at; internal markets at; LCD TVs and; MP3 and; piracy and; Type 2 errors at; video games by; Walkman by
Sony Music
Sood, Ashish; on S-curve effect
Spin-offs
Spivack, Cari
Sprinkler strategy
Start-ups: contests for; losses by; in Silicon Valley; talent retention and; uncertainty and
Status quo: GM and; incumbents and; unions and
Staw, Barry M.
Stock market: CEOs and; innovation and; investments and; R&D and
Stock options: as asymmetric incentive; at Google
Strickland, Donald W.
Stringer, Howard
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn)
Sullivan, Godfrey
Sunk cost fallacy
Sword, Wilkinson
T
Tablets: by HP. See also iPad; Kindle
Takeoff: browsers and; commercialization and; by country; future and; hazard model for; hot-hand bias and; innovation and; predicting and managing; price point and; of sales; timing of; of Toyota Prius; uncertainty and
Takimoto, Masatami
Talent retention: commercialization and; at Google; innovation and; internal markets for; markets and; start-ups and
Tandy
Tata, Ratan; as champion
Taylor, Bret
Teams: champions versus; collective decision making by; incentives for; at Parke-Davis
Technological innovation: in automobiles; cannibalization and; commitment bias and; in desktop printers; dimension for; disruptive technological effect and; future and; at GM; key aspects of; levels of; pattern of; predicting; S-curve effect and
Telephone
Television; with LCD
Tellis, Gerard J.
Tesla, Nikola
Tesla Motors
Texas Instruments
Thiel, Peter
3 M; asymmetric incentives at; Carlton Society Award at; Circle of Technical Excellence & Innovation Awards at; copying business and; “dual ladder” policy at; emergent consumers and; failure at; “Golden Step Awards” at; incentives at; patents of; research contests at; seed capital at; trial and error at
Thresholds: for cannibalization; internal markets and
To Engineer Is Human (Petroski)
Torcetrapib
Torvalds, Linus
TouchPad, by HP
Toyota Prius: awards for; commercialization of; competition and; failure with; Farmers Insurance Group and; Hyperion and; profit from; risk and; sales of; takeoff of; trial and error with
TRAC II, by Gillette
Trial and error: for innovations; at 3 M; with Toyota Prius
Trimble, Chris
Trommer's
Tversky, Amos
Twain, Mark
Type 1 errors; incumbents and; present and
Type 2 errors; costs from; future and; incumbents and; opportunity costs from
U
Uncertainty: future and; incumbents and; internal markets and; start-ups and; takeoff and
Unions: GM and; status quo and
V
Variable returns
Varian, Hal
Venture capital
Viacom
Video games. See also Online games
Von Hippel, Eric
W
Wada, Akihiro
Wagh, Girish
Wagoner, Rick
Wait-and-see attitude, with cannibalization
Walkman, by Sony
Wall Street effect
Wallop, by Microsoft
Wal-Mart
Wandex
Wang, Niniane
Warner, Harry M.
Warnock, John
Watanabe, Katsuaki
Waterfall strategy
Watson, Thomas J., Sr.
Watson, Tom, Jr.
Weber, Max
Westinghouse, George
Wet shaving. See Gillette
White, John
“Who Killed the Electric Car?” (documentary)
Will and Vision: How Latecomers Grow to Dominate Markets (Tellis and Golder)
Wilson, Joseph
Winamp
Windows, by Microsoft
Wiseman, Richard
Wolf, Michael
Word processing
Wozniak, Steve
WYSIWYG editor
X
Xerox: Adobe and; commercialization at; GUI and; incumbent's curse at; InterPress and; paradigmatic bias at; personal computers by
Y
Yahoo!; decline of; Facebook and; Google and; Type 2 errors at
YouTube
Z
Zanuck, Darryl
Zocor
Zuckerberg, Mark. See also Facebook