NOTES
Introduction
1. N. L. Carter and J. M. Weber, “Not Pollyannas: Higher Generalized Trust Predicts Lie Detection Ability,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 1 (July 2010): 274–79.
2. Carter and Weber, “Not Pollyannas.”
3. B. M. DePaulo, D. A. Kashy, S. E. Kirkendol, M. M. Wyer, and J. A. Epstein, “Lying in Everyday Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (May 1996): 979–95.
4. Kaja Perina, “Who Are You—and What Do You Think of Me?,” Psychology Today, January/February 2011.
5. K. Williams et al., “Identifying and Profiling Scholastic Cheaters: Their Personality, Cognitive Ability, and Motivation,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 16 (2010): 293–307.
6. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/28/health/28well.html.
7. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/28/health/28well.html.
8. http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/sex-relationships/2011-01-22-monogamy-young-couples_N.htm.
9. DePaulo et al., “Lying in Everyday Life.”
Chapter 1
The Truth About Lying
1. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-30/galleon-bp-visa-new-star-kebble-eu-budweiser-westlb-in-court-news.html.
2. D. Carney et al., “People with Power Are Better Liars” (working paper, Columbia Business School, March 2010).
3. http://hbr.org/2010/05/defend-your-research-powerful-people-are-better-liars/ar/1.
4. E. Tahmincioglu, “People in Power Make Better Liars, Study Shows,” March 15, 2010, http://www.msnbc.com.
5. D. Carney, “People with Power.”
6. Timothy R. Levine, “The Impact of Lie to Me on Viewers’ Actual Ability to Detect Deception,” Communication Research 3 (December 2010): 847–56, first published on June 17, 2010.
7. Aldert Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities in Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Detection,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 11 (2010): 89–121.
8. Vrij, “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
9. C. F. Bond, A. Omar, A. Mahmoud, and R. N. Bonser, “Lie Detection Across Cultures,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14 (1990): 189–204.
10. D. Matsumoto, H. S. Hwang, L. Skinner, and M. Frank, “Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, June 2011.
11. http://www.magarchive.tcu.edu/articles/2005-01-AC2.asp.
12. Vrij, “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
Chapter 2
How the BS Barometer Process Works
1. H. M. Schaefer and G. D. Ruxton, “Deception in Plants: Mimicry or Perceptual Exploitation?,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 (December 2009): 676–85.
2. “Detecting Lies,” BBC Edited Guide, http://www.bbc.co.uk.
3. S. A. Spence, “The Deceptive Brain,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97 (January 2004): 6–9.
4. V. Reddy “Getting Back to the Rough Ground: Deception and ‘Social Living,’” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362 (April 29, 2007): 621–37.
5. V. Jaswal et al., “Young Children Have a Specific, Highly Robust Bias to Trust Testimony,” Psychological Science 21 (October 2010): 1541–47.
6. M. F. H. Schmidt and J. A. Sommerville, “Fairness Expectations and Altruistic Sharing in 15-Month-Old Human Infants,” PLoS ONE 6 (2011): e23223.
7. T. Ruffman et al., “Age-Related Differences in Deception,” Psychology and Aging, April 2011.
8. B. Verschuere, A. Spruyt, E. H. Meijer, and H. Otgaar, “The Ease of Lying,” Consciousness and Cognition 20 (September 2011): 908–11.
9. Matsumoto et al., “Evaluating Truthfulness.”
10. C. Bond and B. DePaulo, “Accuracy of Deception Judgments,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (August 2006): 214–34.
11. Matsumoto et al., “Evaluating Truthfulness.”
12. Aldert Vrij, Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities, 2nd ed. (West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Interscience, 2008).
Chapter 3
When to Use the BS Barometer
1. N. O. Rule et al., “Face Value: Amygdala Response Reflects the Validity of First Impressions,” Neuroimage 54, no. 1 (2011): 734–41.
2. N. Ambady and R. Rosenthal, “Half a Minute: Predicting Teacher Evaluations from Thin Slices of Nonverbal Behavior and Physical Attractiveness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993): 431–41.
3. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/health/views/07mind.html?_r=1&ref= education.
4. F. Zeidan, S. K. Johnson, N. S. Gordon, and P. Goolkasian, “Effects of Brief and Sham Mindfulness Meditation on Mood and Cardiovascular Variables,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (August 2010): 867–73.
Chapter 4
Step 1: Gathering Intel
1. Kaja Perina, “Secrets of Special Agents,” Psychology Today, January/February 2011, p. 56.
2. “Wizards Can Spot the Signs of a Liar,” Associated Press, October 14, 2004, http://www.msnbc.com.
3. “Detecting Lies.”
4. DePaulo et al., “Lying in Everyday Life.”
5. R. B. Lount Jr., C. B. Zhong, N. Sivanathan, and J. K. Murnighan, “Getting Off on the Wrong Foot: The Timing of a Breach and the Restoration of Trust,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (December 2008): 1601–12.
6. Lount et al., “Getting Off on the Wrong Foot.”
7. A. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities in Nonverbal and Verbal Lie Detection, Psychological Science in the Public Interest 11 (2010): 89–121.
8. M. Weisbuch, M. L. Slepian, A. Clarke, N. Ambady, and J. Veenstra-VanderWeele, “Behavioral Stability Across Time and Situations: Nonverbal Versus Verbal Consistency,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 34 (March 2010): 43–56.
9. C. Remsberg, “Final Findings from Force Science Exhaustion Study,” Force Science News, April 25, 2011.
10. E. Goode and J. Schwartz, “Police Lineups Start to Face Fact: Eyes Can Lie,” New York Times, August 28, 2011.
11. A. L. Shelton et al., “Should Social Savvy Equal Good Spatial Skills? The Interaction of Social Skills with Spatial Perspective Taking,” Journal of Experimental Psychology (July 2011), 0–7.
Chapter 5
Step 2: The Wiretap
1. http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/jerry-sandusky-i-seeking-young-person-sexual-helped-article–1.977730#ixzz1dvgjovfC.
2. J. T. Stanley and F. Blanchard-Fields, “Challenges Older Adults Face in Detecting Deceit: The Role of Emotion Recognition,” Psychology and Aging 23 (2008): 24–32.
3. N. Ambady, D. Laplante, T. Nguyen, R. Rosenthal, N. Chaumeton, and W. Levinson, “Surgeons’ Tone of Voice: A Clue to Malpractice History,” Surgery 132 (July 2002): 5–9.
4. C. B. Zhong, V. K. Bohns, and F. Gino, “Good Lamps Are the Best Police: Darkness Increases Dishonesty and Self-Interested Behavior,” Psychological Science 21 (March 2010): 311–14. Epub Jan. 29, 2010.
5. Zhong et al., “Good Lamps Are the Best Police.”
6. L. Shu et al., “When to Sign on the Dotted Line? Signing First Makes Ethics Salient and Decreases Dishonest Self-Reports,” Harvard Business School (working paper no. 11–117, 2011).
7. P. Fraccaro et al., “Experimental Evidence That Women Speak in a Higher Voice Pitch to Men They Find Attractive,” Journal of Evolutionary Psychology (March 2011): 57–67.
8. D. Larcker and A. Zakolyukina, “Detecting Deceptive Discussions in Conference Calls” (working paper no. 83, Rock Center for Corporate Governance, Stanford, CA, July 29, 2010).
9. http://www.npr.org/2011/07/14/137868888/judge-declares-mistrial-in-roger-clemens-case/.
10. http://www.deceptionanalysis.com/truth_tools_lexicon.html.
11. N. Carlson, “At Last—The Full Story of How Facebook Was Founded,” March 5, 2010, http://www.businessinsider.com.
12. J. Schafer, “Reading People by the Words They Speak,” June 17, 2011, http://www.psychologytoday.com.
13. J. Hancock et al., “Hungry Like the Wolf: A Word-Pattern Analysis of the Language of Psychopaths,” Legal and Criminological Psychology, first published online: September 14, 2011.
14. J. Pennebaker, The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011).
15. Larcker and Zakolyukina, “Detecting Deceptive Discussions in Conference Calls.”
16. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1106/01/ltm.02.html.
17. http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/jerry-sandusky-i-seeking-young-person-sexual-helped-article–1.977730#ixzz1dvhoMIPn.
18. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/how-to-tell-when-someone-s-lying-202644.aspx.
19. M. Newman et al., “Lying Words: Predicting Deception from Linguistic Styles,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (May 2003): 665–75.
20. Pennebaker, Secret Life of Pronouns.
Chapter 6
Step 3: The Stakeout
1. N. Ambady, J. Koo, R. Rosenthal, and C. H. Winograd, “Physical Therapists’ Nonverbal Communication Predicts Geriatric Patients’ Health Outcomes,” Psychology and Aging 17 (September 2002): 443–52.
2. M. Stel, E. van Dijk, and E. Olivier, “You Want to Know the Truth? Then Don’t Mimic!” Psychological Science 20 (June 2009): 693–99.
3. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
4. M. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?,” University of California’s First Annual Compliance and Audit Symposium, San Francisco, February 2009.
5. Z. Hussain, A. B. Sekuler, and P. J. Bennett, “Superior Identification of Familiar Visual Patterns a Year After Learning,” Psychological Science 22 (June 2011): 724–30. Epub May 17, 2011.
6. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?”
7. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
8. D. Benjamin and J. Shapiro, “Thin-Slice Forecasts of Gubernatorial Elections,” Review of Economics and Statistics 91 (August 1, 2009): 523–36.
9. Matsumoto et al., “Evaluating Truthfulness.”
10. P. A. Stewart, “Presidential Laugh Lines: Candidate Display Behavior and Audience Laughter in the 2008 Primary Debates,” Politics and the Life Sciences (September 2010): 55–72.
11. B. Chakrabarti and S. Baron-Cohen, “Variation in the Human Cannabinoid Receptor (CNR1) Gene Modulates Gaze Duration for Happy Faces,” Molecular Autism 2 (2011).
12. K. J. Haley and D. M. T. Fessler, “Nobody’s Watching? Subtle Cues Affect Generosity in an Anonymous Economic Game,” Evolution and Human Behavior 26 (2005): 245–56.
13. M. Bateson, D. Nettle, and G. Roberts, “Cues of Being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-World Setting,” Biology Letters 2 (2006): 412–14.
14. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?”
15. http://www.magarchive.tcu.edu/articles/2005-01-AC2.asp.
16. R. B. Adams et al., “Cross-Cultural Reading the Mind in the Eyes: An fMRI Investigation,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (January 2010): 97–108.
17. T. Neal and S. Brodsky, “Expert Witness Credibility as a Function of Eye Contact Behavior and Gender,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 35 (December 2008): 1515–26.
18. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
19. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?”
Chapter 7
Step 4: The Full Body Surveillance
1. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?”
2. H. A. Marano, “How Much Control over Me Does This Person Really Have?,” Psychology Today (January/February 2011): 55.
3. G. A. Van Kleef et al., “Breaking the Rules to Rise to Power: How Norm Violators Gain Power in the Eyes of Others,” Social Psychological and Personality Science (September 2011): 500–507.
Chapter 8
Step 5: The Interrogation
1. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
2. A. D. Evans and K. Lee, “Promising to Tell the Truth Makes 8- to 16-Year-Olds More Honest,” Behavioral Sciences & The Law 28 (November–December 2010): 801–11.
3. D. Grubin, “A Trial of Voluntary Polygraphy Testing in 10 English Probation Areas,” Sex Abuse 22 (September 2010): 266–78.
4. J. Kuroyama, C. Wright, T. Manson, and C. Sablynski, “The Effect of Warning Against Faking on Noncognitive Test Outcomes: A Field Study of Bus Operator Applicants,” Applied H.R.M. Research 12 (2010): 59–74.
5. M. Hartwig et al., “Strategic Use of Evidence During Police Interviews,” Law and Human Behavior 30 (2006): 603–19.
6. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
7. A. Vrij et al., “Drawings as an Innovative and Successful Lie Detection Tool,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 24 (September 2009): 587–94.
8. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
9. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
10. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
Chapter 9
Putting It All Together
1. M. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?” Presentation at University of California’s First Annual Compliance and Audit Symposium, San Francisco, February 2009.
2. Bennett, “Who’s Lying?”
3. Van Kleef et al., “Breaking the Rules.”
4. P. Chen et al., “The Hierarchical Face: Higher Rankings Lead to Less Cooperative Looks,” Journal of Applied Psychology 14 (November 2011).
5. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
6. Lount et al., “Getting Off on the Wrong Foot.”
Chapter 10
The Self-Exam
1. D. Balliet et al., “Sex Differences in Cooperation: A Meta-Analytic Review of Social Dilemmas,” Psychological Bulletin (November 2011): 881–909.
2. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
3. Adams et al., “Cross-Cultural Reading.”
4. Vrij et al., “Pitfalls and Opportunities.”
5. S. Krach et al., “Your Flaws Are My Pain: Linking Empathy to Vicarious Embarrassment,” PLoS One 6 (April 13, 2011): e18675.
6. D. Carney et al., “Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,” Psychological Science (in press).