Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f.” and “t.” indicate figures and tables, respectively.
A
Absorption charging, 357
Accelerated depreciation, 198–199
Accessory wind turbines, 223–224
Accuweather, 153t.
Acts of God insurance coverage, 212
Adult Safety Hazard label, 293
Advanced active controls, 422
Advanced Power Inc. wind turbines, 324t., 326t.
AEO (annual energy output), 89, 94–95, 285, 286t., 294–301
Aeolos wind turbines, 327t.
Aerodynamic drag, 239–241
Aerodynamic noise, 46–47
Aerovanes, 161f.
AeroVironment wind turbines, 31f., 322t., 396–399, 397f., 412–413
Aesthetics
rotor blade, 246t.
of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 266–267
AGM (absorbed gas mat) batteries, 342–343
Aims modified sine-wave inverters, 338
AirBreeze wind turbines, 321t.
Aircon International wind turbines, 325t.
Air density (rho), 83, 93, 289–290
AirDolphin wind turbines (Zephyr Corporation), 170, 318t., 322t.
Airline wind turbines, 6
Air-X turbines, 295f.
Albaek, Morten, 254–255, 331, 407–408, 424
Albers, John and Gerhard, 313
Allstate Insurance, 211, 214t.
Altamont Pass Wind Farm (California), 9, 11, 12f., 18t., 60–65, 61f., 64f.
Alternating current (AC)
backup generators, 371
controllers, 355
conversion of direct current to, 23–24
energy conversion efficiencies, 97t., 98t.
inverters, 332–338
Alternating current (AC) disconnect, 23
Alternative Energy magazine, 421
Alternative turbine designs, 411–417
Alternators. See Generators (alternators)
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009), 127
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), 16, 30, 44–45, 134, 185, 210, 227–228, 233t., 235–236, 279, 314–315, 328
American Wire Gauge (AWG), 364–366
Ammeters, 370
Ampacity, 363
Ampair wind turbines, 14f., 170, 192, 226f., 321t., 322t.
Ampere-hours (amp-hours), 74, 344–345
Android calculators, 93t., 114t., 122, 144
Anemometers
propeller, 161f.
in pyramid of wind assessment, 160f., 160–162, 161f.
Animals. See also Bats; Birds
biomimicry, 401–404
Annoyance, caused by wind turbines, 49, 50
Annual energy output (AEO), 89, 94–95, 285, 286t., 294–301
Annual energy production (AEP), 328
ANSI C84.1 Grid Power Standard, 278t.
Antonich, Brian, 219t.
Appa, Kari, 421
Appalachian State University, 307f.
Appliances
average U.S. energy consumption, 109f., 109t.
energy-efficiency rating labels, 110, 111f., 126
energy savings improvements, 120–127
home energy audits, 113–117, 120t.
measuring energy use, 114t., 179–180, 180t.
Appurtentant structure, 211–212, 223
Architectural wind, 396–399
Arizona
Northern Arizona Wind & Sun, 346–347
School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, 397–398
small wind turbine installation, 351–353, 352f., 353f.
Armstrong, Lance, 396
Arnett, Ed, 67
Audubon Society, 62
University of Technology (Sydney), 404–405
Average wind speed, 81, 85t. See also Wind speed
assessing average annual wind
speed, 142–146
Beaufort Scale, 143–144, 144t.
in cost of wind turbines, 182
Griggs-Putnam Index, 145f., 145–146
wind energy roses, 133f., 155–158, 156f.
AVX 1000 architectural wind project (Bronx), 398–399
B
Babylonian empire, 2
Backup
Backwoods Home Magazine, 349–350
Bahrain World Trade Center (Bahrain), 18t., 399, 400f.
Balance of system (BOS), 22, 301, 328, 331–372, 383
Bangladesh, 198
Bartmann, Dan, 244, 288f., 289f., 291f.
echolocation by, 67
impact of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 266
near-contact barotrauma, 66f., 67
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, 259
amp-hours, 344–345
basic chemistry, 343–344
charge controllers, 353–360
cost of, 345
energy loss from internal resistance, 345
grid-tied inverters with battery backup, 338, 339f.
key points, 339–340
longevity, 345–347
maintenance checklist, 390
safety concerns, 383
types of, 340–343
voltages of, 301
defined, 347
organization of, 350–351
Battery-based inverters, 24
Battery gassing, 341
Batteryless inverters, 24
Beaufort Scale, 143–144, 144t.
Begley, Ed, Jr., 177
Belgium, standards for wind turbines, 278t.
Bennett, Steve, 221
Bergey Excel wind turbines, 174f., 218t., 222f., 263, 286–287t., 299t., 313, 318t., 325t., 423f. See also Bergey wind turbines
Bergey Windpower Co., 171
Bergey Windpower Small Turbine Project Calculator, 218t.
Bergey wind turbines, 74f., 91f., 118f., 174, 178f., 204, 205f., 318t., 323t. See also Bergey Excel wind turbines
Betz coefficient/limit, 95–98, 297
Big Star Vertical wind turbines, 326t.
Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 404
Biomimicry, 401–404
causes of death in U.S., 63t.
fatalities involving wind turbines, 62–65
impact of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 266
raptor fatalities, 63–65
Blackberry, 122
Black & Decker, 117t.
Blade noise, 46
Blades, 21
Blade size ratio, 52–53
Blade thump, 46
Bloomberg, 407
Blue Sea Development, 398
Bluestone, Les, 398
Blyth, James, 5
BMP, 326t.
Boats, small wind turbines on, 8f.
Bollée, Ernest Sylvain, 414
Bonneville Power Administration (Washington state), 43
Bornay wind turbines, 322t.
Boy Who Harnessed the Wind, The (Kamkwamba), 7, 19–20
Brakes
dynamic braking, 47–48
regenerative, 329
Brazil, 192
Breezy wind turbine, 166f., 184f., 384–386, 385f.
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 31f., 397f., 397–398
Brown, Chris, 350
Brush, Charles F., 5, 6f., 8, 96, 244–245
Building codes, 221–222, 223–224
Buildings
architectural wind, 396–399
building-integrated wind turbines, 399–401
wind velocity at site with several, 140–141
buildOn, 20
Bulk charging, 357
Byers Auto, 302f.
C
C/4 charging rate, 358
C/8 charging rate, 358
C/20 charging rate, 358
Cable clamps, 380
California
Altamont Pass Wind Farm, 9, 11, 12f., 18t., 60–65, 61f., 64f.
California Energy Commission (CEC), 335, 417–420
Manzanita Indian Reservation, 351f.
small wind turbines in, 107f.
tax rebates for wind power, 9
3rd St Hydroponics (Oakland), 255
University of California, Irvine, 417–420
California Institute of Technology, 404
Canada, 13, 18t., 192, 193–194
Cap-Chat, 258
certification of wind turbines, 279
Hydro-Québec Research, 258–259
National Research Council Canada (NRC), 258–259, 269–270
net metering in, 195
Office of Energy Efficiency, 126t.
Ontario, Wind Rose, 158t.
OntarioWindMaps, 151t.
Project Eole (Quebec), 258f., 258–259
standards for wind turbines, 278t.
wind maps, 151t.
wind power research and development, 258–259
Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA), 13, 29–30, 35, 44–45, 192, 195, 198, 259
Capacity factor, 297–300
Capital subsidies, 190–195
feed-in tariffs, 13, 106, 183, 190, 191–192
grants, 190
net metering, 28–29, 183, 194–195, 369
production incentives, 190–191
rebates, 190
renewable energy credits (RECs), 193f., 193–194, 195f.
Carbon taxes, 199–200
Carr, Thomas, 281
Cascade Engineering, 316
Cassee, Jason, 211
CaWindMaps, 151t.
CEC weighted efficiency, 335
Ceiling fans, 120t., 123, 123t.
Cell phone chargers, 408–409, 409f.
Center for Resource Solutions, 194, 195f.
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), 277t.
CE Safety Standards, 277t.
Charge controllers, 22, 353–360, 372f.
AC controllers, 355
battery charging and equalization, 356–358
building from scratch, 358–359
connecting, 359
DC controllers, 355
disconnects, 359–360
solar, 355
temperature changes and, 355–356
unhooking, 359
voltage clamps, 359
Inner Mongolian Wind Farm (Bailingmiao), 18t.
Renewable Energy Law, 29
Xiao Qing Dao Island wind project, 368f.
Climatic data, 152–155, 153f., 154f., 155f.
Cold water, 121
College of the Atlantic (COA; Bar Harbor, Maine), 141–142
Colorado
Burlington High School wind turbine, 377f.
Colorado State University, 298
hybrid solar-wind installations, 346f., 354f.
National Wind Technology Center (NWTC; Golden), 16, 47, 62, 84f., 89f, 96f., 303f., 306f., 344f., 356f.
Winco wind turbines (Douglas County), 182f.
wind turbines in, 167f., 182f., 209f., 298
Commercial-scale wind energy, 8–10
Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), 120t., 123–124, 180
Comprehensive Air Density Calculator, 290t.
Comprehensive Power Calculator, 290t.
Compressed air, 43
Conditional (special use) permits, 225
Conductors, 72
Consumer choice, small wind in, 32
Conventional fuels taxes, 199–200
Cook, Bernie, 412
Copper wire, 22, 361–362, 364, 366–367
Corporate investment tax incentives, 197
Cost of wind turbines, 179–188
average turbine cost, 283
cost calculators, 93, 114t., 218–220t.
factors affecting cost, 182–188. See also Financial analysis; Tax incentives
financial resource checklist, 217–218
lifetime costs, 179–180
personal values and, 180–181, 181t.
price ranges for small wind turbines, 179
rotor blade, 247t.
in selection process, 283, 286–287t., 301–302, 328
VAWTs versus HAWTs, 263
warranties, 214–217, 285, 292–293, 302
Coulombs, 73–74
Counter-rotating dual turbines, 420–421
Countryside magazine, 338
Cour, Poul la, 6
Cranes, 380
Critical peak pricing, 121–123
Crosher, Stephen, 171–172, 262–263, 266, 269–271
Cryan, Paul, 66f.
Cut-out speed, 292
Cycles, battery, 345
Cycloturbines, 256
Czech Republic, 198
D
The Daily Green, 114, 121, 126, 397
Danish Wind Industry Association, 52
Wind Energy Economics Calculator, 220t.
Darrieus, Georges Jean Marie, 9, 256–259
Darrieus wind turbine, 9, 256–262, 257f., 258f., 261f., 274
Davis, Michael, 351–353, 352f., 355, 358f., 358–359, 359, 377
DAWTs (diffuser-augmented wind turbines), 417
Dean, Jimmy, 1
Decibels (dB), 45
Dee, Robert Nance, 293
Deep-cycle batteries, 23, 340, 345–346
Deikel, Beverly, 200–202
Delaware, 193–194
Demeo, Anna, 141–142
Danish Wind Industry Association, 52, 220t.
Middelgrunden offshore wind farm, 56
Radsand II wind farm, 64
Wind Energy Division (Risø DTU, Roskilde), 150, 422
Wind Energy Economics Calculator, 220t.
Depreciation, 198–199
Depth of discharge (DOD), 346
Design Specialties, 293
Development tax credits, 197–198, 198f.
Dewar, Danielle, 403
DiCaprio, Leonardo, 232
Diesel generators, 24, 371, 371f.
Diffraction, 57
Diffuser-augmented wind turbines (DAWTs), 417
Dimmer switches, 124
Direct current (DC), 247–248
controllers, 355
conversion to alternating current, 23–24
disconnect, 23
inverters, 332–338
Direct drivers, 25–26, 46, 248–249
Direct payments, 190
Discover the Charge, 78t.
Dispatchability, 41
Distributed generators, 43–44
Diversion load, 23
Diversion loads, 353–354
Diversion mode, 355
Diversity
of electricity supply, 34
of wind power applications, 35
Do-it-yourself (DIY) projects
charge controllers, 358f., 358–359
energy audits, 113–117
installation costs, 185, 186t., 351–353
wind systems, 20, 21f., 32–33, 185, 186t., 351–353
Domestic Roof-Mounted Wind Turbines Study, 172t.
Dominica, Rosalie Bay Resort, 53f., 168f., 200–202, 201f., 202f., 287, 374f., 382f.
Doucette, Dale and Michelle, 118–120
Downwind turbines, 249, 251, 251f.
Drag-based turbines, 239–241
Drake, Peter, 58
Drive-train noise, 46
Ducted rotors, 417
Duct sealing, 120t.
Dunlite Corporation, 7
Durability. See also Maintenance
cut-out speed, 292
in selecting wind turbines, 286t., 290–294
start-up speed, 291–292
survival (maximum design) wind
speed, 292
turbine weight, 291
warranties, 214–217, 285, 292–293
Dylan, Bob, 71
Dynamic braking, 47–48
Dynamic pricing, 121–123
Earth 911.com, 126
EarthTronics, 413
East Africa, 194
Eclectic Stealthgen, 170
Eclipse, 4
Ecological issues, 59–68
embodied energy, 60
site preparation, 60, 61f., 69t.
Economic development, 29–30
EddyGT wind turbines, 320t.
Edison, Thomas, 332
Efergy Technologies, 116, 116t., 117t.
Efficiency. See Energy efficiency
8/20 arrestor rating, 368–369
Electrical grid. See also Public utilities
determining personal relationship to, 105–107, 118–120
energy storage methods, 42–44
going off grid, 118–120, 229–230, 230f., 231f.
net metering, 28–29, 183, 194–195, 369
relationships with public utilities, 106–107
vehicle-to-grid (V2G), 42–43
Electrical potential, 72–73
Electric cars, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and, 42–43
Electricity, 71–80
ampere-hours (amp-hours), 74, 344–345
electrical charge (voltage), 72–73, 75, 335–336
energy (watt-hours), 76–78
lifetime costs, 179–180
power (watts), 72, 75–76, 83, 85t., 335
price increases, 183–184
resistance (ohms), 72, 74–75, 165, 345
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 57
Electromagnetic transmissions, 57–58
Electromotor force (emf), 72–73
Electronic Educational Devices, 116
Embodied energy, 60
Encraft, 170
Endurance Wind Power wind turbines, 308t., 318t., 324t., 327t.
Energy (watt-hours), 76–78
do-it-yourself, 113–117
professional, 113
tools for conducting, 113–117
Energy Costs Calculator, 93, 114t.
Energy curve calculator, 297t.
Energy curves, 94–95, 296, 296f.
Energy efficiency, 107–127
Betz coefficient/limit, 95–98, 297
calculating annual consumption, 108–112
energy-efficiency rating labels, 110, 111f., 126
energy use by region, 108t.
incentives, 9, 127, 183, 184, 188–204
inverter, 335
methods of improving, 120t., 120–127
overall turbine, 297
relationship to electrical grid, 105–107, 118–120
rotor blade, 246t.
of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 260, 261f.
Energy-efficiency rating labels, 110, 111f.
Energy Star program (U.S.), 111f., 117, 126t.
appliances, 126
windows, 126
Energy usage taxes, 187
Enertech wind turbines, 319t., 327t.
Engineering verifications and inspections, 234–235
England
The Green Building (Manchester), 18t.
Strata SE1 (London), 400–401, 401f.
Environmental issues, 44–59
benefits of small wind, 30–31
electromagnetic transmissions, 57–58
flicker effect, 49–52, 69t., 265–266
noise. See Noise
perception and annoyance, 49, 50
property value, 54–56
Éoliennes Bollée wind turbines, 414
Eoltec Scirocco wind turbines, 286–287t., 308t., 324t., 325t.
Equalizing charges, 357
energy-efficiency label, 111f.
Renewable Energy Directive, 29
standards for wind turbines, 277t.
European Union Energy, 126t.
Evance wind turbines, 318t.
Eveready Diversified Products Ltd., 308t., 318t., 322t., 324t.
Evoco wind turbines, 319t.
Ewing, Rex A., 338
Excise (sales) tax reductions, 196
Explore 3-D Electrostatic Activity, 78t.
F
Fairbanks-Morse, 4
Falcon wind turbines, 323t.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 131, 228, 405
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 213
Feed-in tariffs (FITs), 13, 106, 183, 190, 191–192
Filters, 127
Financial analysis, 204–210. See also Cost of wind turbines; Tax incentives
farm and business economics, 209–210
financial resource checklist, 217–218
payback analysis, 206, 207–208
residential economics, 208–209
return on investment (ROI), 27–28, 204–208
Fink, Dan, 28f., 163, 244, 250f., 275, 288f., 289f., 291f., 298f., 415, 424
Fire insurance coverage, 212
Fireman’s Fund Insurance, 211, 212, 214t.
Fixed-guyed towers, 22, 163, 163f., 165, 166f., 376t., 378
Fixed uniter power factor, 337
Flash frequency, 51–52
Flicker effect, 49–52, 69t., 265–266
Float charging, 357
Float voltage, 353–354
Flooded batteries, 341f., 341–342
Flood insurance coverage, 213
FloWind, 259
Flying wind turbines, 404–408
Forsyth, Trudy, 16
Fortis Energy wind turbines, 313
France
standards for wind turbines, 278t.
wind maps, 155
Freedom Tower/Ground Zero (New York City), 399
Free fuel, 26–27
Freestanding towers, 22, 163, 163f., 166–167, 167f., 376t., 378
Freewheeling noise, 47
Full World Interactive Map, 149t.
Furling, 308t., 309t., 310f., 310–313, 311f., 312f.
flexible/coning, 310–311, 311f.
furling tail, 311–313
side furling, 311–313
Fuses, 361
Future developments, 395–424
alternative turbine designs, 411–417
architectural wind, 396–399
biomimicry, 401–404
building-integrated wind, 399–401
flying wind turbines, 404–408
optimizing existing designs, 417–422
ultra-micro wind turbines, 408–410, 411f.
Future Energy wind turbines, 325t.
G
Gaia Wind turbines, 306f., 319t., 326t.
Gas discharge tubes (GDTs), 367
Gasoline, 10f., 29, 199–200, 258–259
Gearbox, 248–249
Gel (gelled) batteries, 342
General Electric wind turbines, 9, 299t.
General Motors, 396
Generators (alternators), 242f., 247–248, 248f.
maintenance checklist, 389–390
German Antarctic Survey, 263
wind maps, 155
Gin poles, 380–381
Gipe, Paul, 28, 68, 86, 190, 192, 196, 206–207, 210, 213, 219t., 262, 274, 283, 290–291, 397–398, 415, 424
Gitlin, Steve, 396–398
Global Wind Energy Council, 16, 407
Global wind maps, 147f., 147–148, 148t.
GoSolar website, 335
Gossamer Albatross (human-powered airplane), 396
Gossamer Condor (human-powered aircraft), 396
Governing mechanisms, 307–313
furling, 308t., 309t., 310f., 310–313, 311f., 312f.
governing wind speed, 308
importance of, 307
stalling, 309t.
variable blade pitch, 308t., 309t.
Grants, 190
Graphical Forecasts (NOAA), 153, 153t.
Grass, as barrier or obstacle, 137
The Green Building (Manchester, England), 18t.
Greenland, 13
Green Lighting, 124
Green loans, 204
Green tag, 193–194
Green-trust.org, 415
Grid reliability, 41
Grid-tied inverters, 24, 336f., 336–337, 338, 339f.
Griggs-Putnam Index, 145f., 145–146
Ground drag, 90–91
Grounding, 366–367
Guardian Library House CleanTech 100, 271
Guy grips, 380
Guy radius, 378
Guy strand, 380
H
Halogen bulbs, 124
Hammurabi’s Code, 2
Handheld chargers, 408–409, 409f.
Hanning, Christopher, 49–50
Harmonic distortion, 334
Harvard University, 402
Hawaii, 9
HAWTs. See Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
H-bridge, 333
Hearings, zoning, 230–233
Hearst Tower (New York City), 397
Hedging, wind energy in, 28–29
Height of wind turbine towers, 90–94, 94f., 131
Helix Wind, 256–258, 273–274, 274f.
Heron (Hero) of Alexandria, 2–3
Hertz (Hz), 46
H&H Utility Contractors, Inc., 381f.
History of wind energy, 1–18
commercial-scale wind energy, 8–10
early wind turbines, 5–8, 243–245, 256–259
growth in global wind market, 10–18, 36–37f.
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs), 243–245
vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), 256–259
Home fuel cells, 43–44
Home Power magazine, 119–120, 128, 284, 376
Wind Generator Buyer’s Guide, 329t.
Honda, 43f.
Honeywell wind turbines, 15f., 44, 413f., 413–417, 416f.
Honneff, Hans, 420–421
Hoover Dam, 43
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs), 4, 5f., 241–253
downwind turbines, 251
gearbox, 248–249
generator (alternator), 242f., 247–248
history of, 243–245
noise created by, 48
pros and cons, 259–263
slip rings, 252
vertical axis wind turbines versus, 253–254, 254f., 255–256, 259–263, 274–276
Hot water heaters
water temperature use, 121
How Are Watts, Ohms, Amps, and Volts Related?, 78t.
Huaying Wind Power, 326t.
Hubs, 21
Hummer wind turbines, 324t.
Hummingbird wind turbines (Potencia Industrial), 319t.
Hydrometers, 341–342
I
Idaho
College of Southern Idaho, 79–80
Idaho National Laboratory, 158t.
wind farms in, 79f., 79–80, 80f., 193f.
Wind for Schools program, 381f.
wind turbines in, 7f.
IEC-61400-2-B Small Wind Turbine Standards, 278t.
IEEE 1547 Electric Standards, 278t.
IKEA, 33
Illinois, DeKalb County, 55
Image enhancement, small wind in, 31–32
Import duty reductions, 199
Incentives. See Tax incentives
Independence, of small wind, 31
Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 126t.
Infrasound, 49–50
In-house warranties, 215, 216t.
Inner Mongolian Wind Farm (Bailingmiao, China), 18t.
Input voltage, 335
Installation, 185, 186t., 373–386
connections, 383
rotor blade, 246t.
safety guidelines, 375t., 382–383
small wind systems, 376–384
towers, 374–375, 376t., 378, 379–381
Instantaneous wind speed, 81
Interference with signals, 58
Internal resistance, 345
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 277t.
Inverters, 23–24, 332–338, 372f.
selecting, 335–336
types of, 336–338
Investment tax credits (ITCs), 196–197
Iowa
Alternate Energy Revolving Loan Program, 203
Waverly wind turbine, 130f.
Ippolito, Massimo, 405
Iran, 192
Ireland, 17
ISO-9001 Quality Management, 277t.
Israel, 192
Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, 240f.
Savonius VAWT, 173f.
J
Jacobs Wind turbines, 6, 7, 218t., 326t.
Jamaica, 198
James, William, 39
Jimp wind turbines, 326t.
John H. Glenn Research Center (Sandusky, Ohio), 8
Johnson, Jim, 89f.
Jones, Jim, 377f.
Joules (J), 76–77
Juul, Johannes, 6
K
Kamkwamba, William, 7, 19–20, 23, 243
Kansas
Bergey wind turbines in, 74f., 174
Breezy wind turbines in, 166f., 384–386, 385f.
Prairie Turbines wind turbine business, 384–386, 385f.
Wind for Schools program, 225f.
Kaufman, Maynard, 229f., 229–230, 230f., 231f.
Kellums grips, 383
Kenya, 192
Kestrel wind turbines (Eveready Diversified Products Ltd.), 308t., 318t., 322t., 324t.
Kettle Foods, 397–398
Kill A Watt, 115f., 115–116, 116t.
Kilowatt-hour meters (kWH meters), 24
Kilowatt-hours (kWH), 108–109, 182
Kintrex, 117t.
Knots, 80–81
Kruse, Andy, 171
L
Labels
energy-efficiency rating, 110, 126
safety hazard, 293
Laser-guided turbines, 421–422
Lead-acid batteries, 23, 342, 343, 345
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 212
Lego, 407
Lewandowski, Bob, 79f., 79–80, 80f.
Lewis Research Center (Sandusky, Ohio), 8
Lexington Insurance, 214t.
Liability insurance, 213
LIDAR, 422
Lift-based turbines, 239–241
Light bulbs (CFLs), 120t., 123–124, 180
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 124, 179–180, 180t.
Lightning
insurance coverage for lightning strikes, 212
lightning arrestors, 368–369
Lithion-ion batteries, 340
Load resisters, 23
Loads, defined, 23
Loans, 202–204
green loans, 204
revolving loan funds, 203–204
Longevity
battery, 345–347
rotor blade, 246t.
Low-frequency sound, 49–50
M
MacCready, Paul B., 396
Magenn Air Rotor System (MARS), 405, 406f., 406–407
Mahawili, Imad, 413–414
Maine, College of the Atlantic (COA; Bar Harbor), 141–142
Maintenance, 167, 168f., 182f., 185, 386–390
guidelines, 387
tower and turbine checklist, 388–390
troubleshooting, 390–392
Maintenance charges, 357
Makler, Howard, 260, 264–266, 268f., 268–269
Malaker, Colin, 48, 48f., 264f., 264–265, 269
Maneuverability, 41
Manufacturing tax credits, 197–198, 198f.
Manzanita Indian Reservation (California), 351f.
Mariah Power wind turbines, 320t.
Marine batteries, 340
Marlec wind turbines, 321t., 322t.
Massachusetts
Jiminy Peak wind turbine, 59f.
Logan Airport (Boston), 397–398
Nantucket Sound wind farm, 55
MasterCool, 117t.
Maximum probable loss (MPL), 216
McCall, Timothy D., 384–386
Mechanical turbulence, 136–137
Memory effect, 356
Metal oxide varistors (MOVs), 368, 368f.
Meteorological data, 152–155, 153f., 154f., 155f.
Meters
Michigan, going off grid, 229–230, 230f., 231f.
Micon wind turbines, 61f.
MicroGeneration Certification Scheme (MCS), 279, 317t., 412
Micro-hydropower, 103
Micro-turbines, 15, 167–173, 283, 284f.
on boats, 8f.
roof-mounted, 167–173, 169f., 170f., 172t., 271
ultra-micro wind turbines, 408–410, 411f.
Midwest Power Solutions, 264–265
Mikkelson, Torben, 422
Miller Airlite wind turbines, 6
MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev, 408
Missouri
Malaker wind turbine (Columbia), 48, 48f., 264f., 264–265, 269
New Life Evangelistic Center (New Bloomfield), 118f.
Rockport as first town powered by wind energy, 53
Mod-5B wind turbines, 9
Modified sine wave inverters, 333, 334
Mojave Desert, 68
Molly, Jens-Peter, 138
Montana, Bergey wind turbines in, 178f.
Montana Fortis Wind turbines, 324t.
Monthly energy output (MEO), 296, 328
Moorhouse, Emilie, 13, 29–30, 35, 192, 195, 198
Morningstar, 356
Motivation, 103–105
Mount Washington (New Hampshire), 10–11, 296
Moving Windmills Project (Malawi), 20
Multirotor turbines, 417–419, 419f.
My Energy, 114t.
MyWindquestions, 285t.
N
Nacelle (housing), 247
Nantucket Sound wind farm (Massachusetts), 55
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8, 10f., 259, 396
Global Wind Map, 148t.
Langley Research Center (LaRC), 147
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 336
National Electric Codes (NEC), 212, 278t., 337
National Energy Code, 212
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 62
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 152f., 153–154, 398
current and historic data, 153t.
Graphical Forecasts, 153, 153t.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 91f., 134, 270, 276, 332f., 381f.
National Wind Technology Center (Golden, Colorado), 16, 47, 62, 84f., 89f., 96f., 303f., 306f., 344f., 356f.
Wind Energy Finance Application, 219t.
wind maps, 149–150
National Renewable Energy Tour (U.S.), 56
National Research Council Canada (NRC), 258–259, 269–270
National Science Foundation (NSF), 8–9
National Wind Technology Center (NWTC; Golden, Colorado), 16, 47, 62, 84f., 89f, 96f., 303f., 306f., 344f., 356f.
Nature News, 409–410
Navajo Tribal Utility Authority, 379f.
Near-contact barotrauma, 66f., 67
Near-field effects, 57
NEMA rating, 336
Netherlands, 4
certification of wind turbines, 279
early windmills, 54
Zeeland Wind Test Site, 13, 14f., 18t.
Net metering, 28–29, 183, 194–195, 369
Neurosciences Institute (Birmingham, United Kingdom), 52
New Hampshire, Mount Washington, 10–11, 296
New Jersey, 193–194
Liberty Science Center wind turbine, 423f.
New Mexico, Lee Ranch wind study, 87f., 87–88
New Roots Energy, 218t.
New York state
AVX 1000 architectural wind project (Bronx), 398–399
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 31f., 397f., 397–398
collapse of wind turbines (Madison County), 379
first wind turbine on Long Island, 215
Freedom Tower/Ground Zero (New York City), 399
Half-Hollow Nursery (Laurel), 18t.
Hearst Tower (New York City), 397
LaGuardia Airport (New York City), 133f.
property tax assessments, 196
Solarium (Queens), 15f., 32, 56, 414, 416f.
Times Square signs (New York City), 267–268, 408
Windy Acres Farm (Calverton), 2f.
New Zealand, 199
Breezy wind turbine (Managua), 184f.
Lake Nicaragua, 88
aerodynamic, 46–47
AWEA rated sound level, 328
blade thump, 46
decibel-based measures, 45
dynamic braking, 47–48
freewheeling, 47
frequency-based measures, 46, 49–50
infrasound, 49–50
low-frequency sound, 49–50
overvoltage in line, 47
property values and, 55
rotor blade, 246t.
in selection process, 287t., 314–316
turbulence-based, 47
of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 265–266, 267f.
North Carolina, 9
Northern Arizona Wind & Sun, 346–347
Northern Power wind turbines, 298, 299t., 327t.
Northwind turbine, 167f., 191f.
Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) policy, 173–174, 419
Nova-Wind turbines, 325t.
O
Ockels, Wubbo, 405
Off-grid inverters, 337–338
Off-grid wind power applications, 35
Ofgem (Office of the Gas and Electricity Markets) Wind Turbine Certification, 279, 279t.
Green Energy Ohio, 5
John H. Glenn Research Center (Sandusky), 8
Ohm’s Law, 75
Oh! The Places You’ll Go (Dr. Seuss), 183
Oil embargo (1973), 10f., 258–259
Oklahoma, Bergey wind turbines in, 205f.
Online Fractional Exponent Calculator, 92–93t.
Online Shadow Calculator, 52t.
OpenStreets, 211
Operation and maintenance (O&M). See Maintenance
Orcas Power & Light Cooperative Green Energy Program (Washington state), 191
Original equipment manager (OEM) warranties, 215, 216t.
Orrell, Alice, 219t.
Oscar, Patrick, 200–202
Output voltage, 335
Overcurrent protection, 23
Overvoltage noise, 47
P
P3 International, 115–116
P56 rating, 336
Pacific Gas & Electric, 42–43
Paris-Dunn wind turbines, 6
Paul Gipe’s Cash Flow Modeling for Community Wind Projects, 219t.
Payback analysis, 206, 207–208
Peak power tracking voltage, 335
Peak wind speed, 81
Pennsylvania
Penn State University, 219t.
research on bat fatalities, 65
Perception
aesthetics of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 266–267
of impact of wind turbines, 49, 50
Perez, Richard, 128
Permanent electrostatic filters, 127
Permanent magnet alternators, 247
checklist, 235–236
completing applications, 224–230
contacting municipality, 223
engineering verifications and specifications, 234–235
fees, 224
hearings, 230–233
reading building code, 223–224
Personal assessment, 101–128
average annual consumption, 108–112
calculating energy efficiency of home or business, 107–120
energy audits of consumption, 113–117, 120t.
improving energy efficiency, 120–127
motivation, 103–105
relationship to grid, 105–107, 118–120
Peru, WindAid service project, 393f.
Photosensitive epilepsy, 51
Pierpont, Nina, 49–50
Piezoelectric effect, 409–410
Piggott, Hugh, 21f., 26, 27, 30f., 33, 282f., 362–364, 424
Plasma television, 179–180, 180t.
Plug-in hybrid cars, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and, 42–43
Plunkett, Alan E., 384–386
Polaris America wind turbines, 319t.
Political security, of electricity supply, 34
Popular Mechanics Breakthrough Awards, 410, 413
Postcode Lottery Green Challenge, 411–412
Potencia Industrial, 319t.
Power (watts), 72, 75–76, 83, 85t.
annual energy output (AEO), 89, 94–95, 285, 286t., 294–301
applying, 90–94
Power Collective, 411–412
PowerCost Monitor, 117t.
Power curves, 94–95, 295f., 295–297
Power Guard Insurance, 217t.
Power law equation, 140
Power Pro, 116t.
Power Stoplight Mobile (Smart Power Devices), 122, 122t.
PowerWorks Wind turbines, 327t.
Practicality, of small wind, 33–36
Prairie Turbines, 166f., 184f., 384–386, 385f.
Preus, Robert, 307f.
Prevailing wind directions
in site assessment, 132, 133f., 155–158
for VAWTs versus HAWTs, 262–263
Prevailing winds, 132, 133f., 155–158
Production incentives, 190–191
Production tax incentives (PTCs), 197
Programmable thermostats, 121
Propeller-type wind turbines. See Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
Property insurance, 210–213
Property tax reductions, 196
Property value, 54–56
Proven Energy wind turbines, 249, 308t., 311, 311f., 323t., 325t., 326t.
Public utilities. See also Electrical grid
approval for wind turbine projects, 233
Bonneville Power Administration (Washington state), 43
Chelan County Public Utility District Sustainable Natural Alternative Power program (SNAP), 191
dynamic pricing, 121–123
feed-in tariffs, 13, 106, 183, 190, 191–192
net metering, 28–29, 183, 194–195, 369
Orcas Power & Light Cooperative Green Energy Program (Washington state), 191
Pacific Gas & Electric, 42–43
utility interconnection equipment, 24–25, 369
Pulse width modulation (PWM), 357
Pure sine wave inverters, 333
Purple wind turbine blades, 64, 67
Putnam, Palmer Cosslett, 8
Pyramid of wind assessment, 146–163
anemometers, 160f., 160–162, 161f.
climatic and meteorological data, 152–155, 153f., 154f., 155f.
global wind maps, 147f., 147–148, 148t.
overview, 146f.
professional wind analysis services, 158–162, 159f.
regional wind maps, 148–152, 149f., 150f., 151f., 152f.
wind energy roses, 133f., 155–158, 156f.
Q
QR3 method (Question, Rush, Read, Review), 130
Quietrevolution, 171–172, 256–258, 262–263, 266, 269–271, 270f., 276
R
Rated capacity, 297–298
Rated wattage, 75
Raw materials, 187–188
Rayleigh distribution model, 87, 87f., 328
Raytek MT6, 117t.
Raytheon, 58
Recombinant batteries, 342
ReDriven Power, Inc., 327t.
Regenerative brakes, 329
Regional wind maps, 148–152, 149f., 149t., 150f., 151f., 152f.
of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 261–262
Remote wind power applications, 35
Renewable Devices Ltd., 315, 322t.
Renewable energy credits (RECs), 193f., 193–194, 195f.
Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP), 55, 194
Renewable portfolio standards (RPS), 29, 189f., 193–194
Renewable UK, 152t.
Renewegy wind turbines, 319t.
Republic of Korea, 192
Research tax credits, 197–198, 198f.
Resiliency, of wind power applications, 36
Resistance (ohms), 72, 74–75, 345, 365
Return on investment (ROI), 27–28, 204–208
appreciation and, 206
initial cost, 207
payback analysis, 206, 207–208
Revolving loan funds, 203–204
RidgeBlade design, 411–413
Risø DTU, Roskilde, Denmark, 422
Wind Energy Division, 150
Roberts, Bryan, 404–405
Robinson, John Thomas Tomney, 160
RoHS Less-Toxic Electronics, 277t.
Rolls-Surrette, 340
Roof-mount micro-turbines, 167–173, 169f., 170f., 271
Ropatec, 326t.
Rosalie Bay Resort (Dominica), 53f., 168f., 200–202, 201f., 202f., 287, 374f., 382f.
defined, 241
ducted, 417
metal, 243–244
molded plastic, 244
multirotor turbines, 417–419, 418f.
number of blades, 244–247, 304, 304f.
swept area, 84–85, 93, 95, 286t., 287–290
wooden, 243
RPM (revolutions per minute), 302–303
Rural electrification programs, 7, 7f.
Rushlight Wind Power Award, 271
Russia, 199
Rutland wind turbines, 321t., 322t.
S
S. Morgan Smith Company, 8
Sagrillo, Mick, 27, 208, 210–212, 230–233, 397–398
Sagrillo Power & Light Co., 210
Sales (excise) tax reductions, 196
Sandia National Laboratories (New Mexico), 87f., 87–88
Savonius, Sigurd J., 256
Savonius VAWTs, 173f., 256, 257f., 273–274
Scattering (reflection), 58
Schienbein, Lawrence A., 259
Scoraig Wind Electric, 26
Seaforth Energy wind turbines, 29–30, 218t., 319t., 327t.
Sealed batteries, 342–343
Selecting wind turbines, 281–329
annual energy output (AEO), 286t., 294–301
comparisons, 286–287t., 299t., 317–327t.
cost, 283, 286–287t., 301–302, 328
governing mechanisms, 307–313
questions to ask, 284–285
shut-down mechanisms, 287t., 313, 314t.
size classes, 317–327t.
swept area (rotor diameter), 286t., 287–290
Self-discharge, 356
Self-reliance, small wind in, 32
Selsam, Doug, 417–420, 418f., 419f.
Semiconductors, 368
Series-parallel batteries, 349
Set points, 353
Set price, 191
Shadow flicker, 49–52, 69t., 265–266
Shafts, 21
Sharman, David, 192
Shower length, 121
Shunting, 47
Shunt loads, 353–354
Shunt mode, 355
Shut-down mechanisms, 287t., 313
electrical, 314t.
mechanical, 314t.
Side furling, 311–313
Simple Air Density Calculator, 290t.
Simple Power Calculator, 290t.
Sinclair, Karen, 47, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68
Sine wave inverters, 333
Sistan, 3
Site assessment, 129–176
barriers, 133
climatic and meteorological data, 152–155
design approaches, 175–176t.
height, 131
prevailing wind directions, 132, 133f., 155–158
principles of wind resource
evaluation, 134–141
professional wind analysis services, 158–162, 159f.
pyramid of wind assessment, 146–163
roof-mount micro-turbines, 167–173
site location guidelines, 132–133
social friction factor, 173–175
steps in, 130–132
surface roughness, 133
topography, 133
tower types, 163–167
wind power classes, 134–135, 135t.
wind shear, 136–140
wind speed, 131, 132, 134, 140–141, 142–146, 155–158
Site preparation, environmental impact of, 60, 61f., 69t.
Sketch-up, 227t.
Skysteam wind turbines (Southwest Windpower), 24–25, 47, 141–142, 142f., 171, 179, 180, 218t., 229–230, 230f., 231f., 249, 284f., 286–287t., 299t., 301, 311, 318t., 321t., 322t., 323t., 324t., 369f., 369–371, 370f., 377f., 381f., 415
Sloan, Michael, 101
Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC), 234, 279, 279t., 285, 314–315
Small Wind Policy Manager (CanWEA), 198
Small wind systems
components, 20–26
costs. See Cost of wind turbines
direct drivers for wind energy, 25–26, 46, 248–249
ecological impacts of, 59–68, 69t.
economic benefits of, 26–30
environmental impacts of, 30–31, 44–59, 69t.
financial analysis. See Financial analysis
growth of industry, 10–18, 36–37f.
practicality of, 33–36
storage challenge, 41–44, 69t.
transmission challenge, 41, 44, 69t.
troubleshooting, 390–392
values and, 30–33
wind farms versus, 26
Small Wind Turbine Certification, 279t.
Smart meters, 110
Smart Power Devices, 122, 122t.
Social friction, 173–175, 227–228
Social media, 231–232
Solacity, 368
Solarium (Queens, New York), 15f., 32, 56, 414, 416f.
Solar technology
solar charge controllers for wind systems, 355
synergy with wind power, 34, 35f., 103, 229f., 339f., 346f.
Sound power level, 314–315
South Africa, 192
Southwest Windpower wind turbines (Skystream), 24–25, 47, 141–142, 142f., 171, 179, 180, 218t., 229–230, 230f., 231f., 249, 284f., 299t., 301, 311, 318t., 321t., 322t., 323t., 324t., 369–371, 370f., 415
surveys on wind turbines, 53
wind maps, 155
Square wave inverters, 333
Stalling, 309t.
Standards, 276–279
Star, 4
Start-up speed, 291–292
Start voltage, 336
State Farm Insurance, 211
batteries in, 42–43. See also Batteries
compressed air, 43
vehicle-to-grid (V2G), 42–43
Strata SE1 (London), 400–401, 401f.
Stub towers, 381
Suelflow wind turbines, 320t.
Superwind turbines, 321t.
Surface roughness, 133
Surge arrestors, 367–369
Survival (maximum design) wind speed, 292
Swaged ends, 380
Swept area, 84–85, 93, 95, 286t., 287–290
Swift wind turbines, 170, 315f., 315–316, 322t.
Synergism
of electricity supply, 34, 35f.
of wind and solar power, 34, 35f., 103, 229f., 339f., 346f.
T
Taisei Techno Co. wind turbines, 320t.
Taiwan, 192
Talk, Inc. wind turbines, 320t.
Tang, Andrew, 42–43
Tankless water heaters, 120t., 125
Tax holidays, 200
Tax incentives, 9, 127, 195f., 195–200. See also Cost of wind turbines; Financial analysis
accelerated depreciation, 198–199
corporate investment tax, 197
energy usage tax, 187
excise (sales) tax reductions, 196
home mortgage financing deductions, 184
import duty reductions, 199
investment tax credits (ITC), 196–197
production tax, 197
property tax reductions, 196
research, development, and manufacturing tax credits, 197–198, 198f.
taxes on conventional fuels, 199–200
tax holidays, 200
value-added tax reductions, 199
Taylor, Mary, 255
Taylor, Sean, 255–256
TechnoSpin Inc., 324t.
Telescopic blades, 421
Television power use, 179–180, 180t.
Temperature changes, charge controllers and, 355–356
10/350 arrestor rating, 368–369
Terrain, 133
Texas
off-grid wind turbines in, 105f.
USDA Research Station (Amarillo), 259
wind art, 3f.
Thailand, 192
Theft insurance coverage, 212
Theoretical maximum distance (TMD), 64
Thermal heat loss detector, 116–117
Thermostats, 121
Thimbles, 380
Third-party warranties, 215–216, 216t.
Tibet, 3
Tilt-up towers, 22, 163, 163f., 164f., 164–165, 376t., 378
Time-of-use pricing, 121–123
Tip speed ratio (TSR), 46, 303–307, 305f.
Topography, 133
Tower clearance, 328
costs of, 301–302
fixed-guyed, 22, 163, 163f., 165, 166f., 376t., 378
foundation and anchors, 377f., 377–379
freestanding, 22, 163, 163f., 166–167, 167f., 376t., 378
guy radius, 378
installing, 374–375, 376t., 378, 379–381
lifting, 379–381
maintenance checklist, 388–390
safety concerns, 375t., 379, 382–383, 391f.
tilt-up, 22, 163, 163f., 164f., 164–165, 376t., 378
Trace inverter, 332f.
Traction batteries, 340
Tradable renewable certificate (TRC), 193–194
Transformers, 334–335
Transmission wires, 41, 44, 69t., 361–367, 383
AWG naming convention, 364–365
grounding, 366–367
resistance, 365
safety issues, 362
Trees
as barriers or obstacles, 133, 137, 138f.
Griggs-Putnam Index and, 145f., 145–146
Trickle charging, 357
Trimble Windmills, 421
Trojan deep-cycle batteries, 339f., 344f., 347
TSR (tip speed ratio), 46, 303–307, 305f.
TSW wind turbines, 324t.
Tulane University, Climate Committee, 414
Turbine blade speed, 302–313
number of blades, 304, 304f., 306f.
RPM (revolutions per minute), 302–303
TSR (tip speed ratio), 46, 303–307, 305f.
Turbine Power and AEO Online Worksheet, 301t.
Turbines, 20–21
mechanical, 136–137
roof-mount micro-turbines and, 169f., 169–170, 170f.
for VAWTs versus HAWTs, 262–263
Turkey, 192
Twind Technology, 405
U
Ufer, Herbert, 367
Ufer grounds, 367
Ukraine, 192
UL-1741 Safety Standards, 278t.
UL 6140-1 Safety Standards for Wind Turbine, 278t.
Ultra-micro wind turbines, 408–410, 411f.
Underwriter–s Laboratories (UL), 212, 234–235
United Arab Emirates, wind maps, 150, 151f.
United Kingdom, 13, 14f., 29, 186–187, 192
certification of wind turbines, 279, 279t.
early windmills (Yorkshire), 4
early wind turbines, 5
The Green Building (Manchester, England), 18t.
Neurosciences Institute (Birmingham), 52
Pilkington Energy Efficiency Trust, 170–171
renewables obligation certificate (ROC), 193–194
research on radar technology and wind turbines, 58
RidgeBlade design, 411–413
standards for wind turbines, 278t.
Strata SE1 (London), 400–401, 401f.
surveys on wind turbines, 53
Warwick Microwind Trial, 170–171, 271
United Nations Environment Programme, 149–150
United Nations Global Compact, 407
United States. See also names of specific states
average energy consumption, 109f., 109t.
bird deaths in, 63t.
certification of wind turbines, 279, 279t.
National Renewable Energy Tour, 56
production tax incentives (PTCs), 197
renewable energy credits (RECs), 193–194, 194
standards for wind turbines, 278t.
wind energy roses, 157–158
wind power research and
development, 258–259
U.S. 50-Meter Wind Map, 149t.
U.S. Battery, 347
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 265
USDA Research Station (Amarillo, Texas), 259
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 8–9, 10f., 30, 54–55, 123, 259
Home Energy Saver calculator, 113–114
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 121
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 62–63, 67
U.S. Geographical Information System (GIS), 149–150
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 66f.
U.S. Regional and State Map, 149t.
U.S. Wind History, 153t.
U.S. Wind Rose, 158t.
United Technologies, 9
Universal Aeroelectric wind turbines, 6
Upwind turbines, 249, 250, 251f.
Urban Green Energy wind turbines, 320t.
Urban Micro Turbine Article, 172t.
Urban wind turbines (UWT), 15
UrWind wind turbines, 320t.
Use variance, 225–226
Utah, Whisper wind turbine (Spanish Fork), 40f.
Utility interconnection equipment, 24–25
V
Value-added taxes (VATs), 199
Vandalism insurance coverage, 212
Variable blade pitch, 308t., 309t.
VAWTs. See Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
VBINE energy wind turbines, 320t.
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), 42–43
Vermont
going off the grid in, 118–120
Grandpa’s Knob Summit (Castleton), 8, 9f.
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), 2–3, 9, 241, 253–276
alternative, 271–274
history of, 256–259
horizontal axis wind turbines versus, 253–254, 254f., 255–256, 259–263, 274–276
micro-VAWT, 11f.
noise created by, 48
pros and cons, 259–263
typical pitch, 255–256
Vestas wind turbines, 299t., 407–408
Vibration, of VAWTs versus HAWTs, 265–266, 267f.
Viewshed lines, 52–54
Virginia, Jamestown windmills, 4
Visibility, of small wind, 33
Visual influence, of wind turbines, 52–54, 69t.
Voltage clamps, 359
Voltmeters, 370
W
Warranties, 214–217, 285, 292–293, 302
Warwick Microwind Trial, 170–171, 271
Bickelton wind farm, 68f.
Bonneville Power Administration, 43
Chelan County Public Utility District Sustainable Natural Alternative Power program (SNAP), 191
Orcas Power & Light Cooperative Green Energy Program, 191
Water temperature, 121
Water turbines, 43
Watt-hour meters, 115–116
Watt-hours, 76–78
Watts, 72, 75–76, 83, 85t., 335
Watts up? (Electronic Educational Devices), 116t.
Wattulator, 114t.
Weather data, 152–155, 153f., 154f., 155f.
Weather Underground, 153t., 154, 154f.
Weibull distribution model, 87
WePOWER wind turbines, 48, 48f., 255, 256, 260, 264f., 264–269, 268f., 275f., 323t., 408
Westinghouse, 9
West Virginia, research on bat fatalities, 65
Westwind wind turbines, 323t.
WhalePower, 402f., 402–404, 403f.
Whisper wind turbines, 40f., 105f., 229–230, 230f., 231f., 286–287t., 299t., 310f., 322t., 323t., 324t.
White, Lynn, Jr., 4
Whittlesey, Robert W., 404
Who Killed the Electric Car? (film), 396
Whole-house meters, 117
Williams, Robin, 239
Wilson, Alex, 401
WIME-3D wind turbines, 8
Wincharger wind turbines, 6, 308t., 312f., 313
Winco wind turbines, 182f.
Wind
conversion into energy, 2, 97t., 98t.
defined, 2
WindAid, 393f.
Wind Atlas and Application Program, 159t.
Windenergie (Molly), 138
Wind energy. See also Wind turbines
applying basic formula, 89–98
basic formula, 82–89
direct drivers of, 25–26, 46, 248–249
economic benefits of, 26–30
electricity basics and, 71–80
history of. See History of wind energy
principles of, 80–98
principles of resource evaluation, 134–141
synergy with solar energy, 34, 35f., 103, 229f., 339f., 346f.
wind speed terminology, 80–82
Wind Energy Data (NOAA), 153t.
Wind Energy Division (Risø DTU, Roskilde, Denmark), 150, 422
Wind energy roses, 133f., 155–158, 156f.
Wind Energy Solutions Canada wind turbines, 327t.
Wind farms, 11–13
property values and, 55
small wind versus, 26
Wind for Schools program, 225f., 381f.
Wind gradient, 91
WindMade, 407–408
regional, 148–152, 149f., 149t., 150f., 151f., 152f.
WindNavigator, 159t.
Windows
plastic over, 127
Wind power classes, 134–135, 135t.
Wind power density, 134, 139–141
Wind-powered cars, 42
Wind Power for Dummies (Woofenden), 274
Wind Powering America, 149t., 150
Windpowering America Wind Energy Payback Period Workbook, 218t.
Wind Powering Maps, 149t.
Wind shear, 91, 137–140, 139f.
Wind shear exponent, 91–93, 92t., 138–139, 139t.
Wind speed, 80–82. See also Average wind speed
applying, 90–94
available energy and, 134
in knots, 80–81
at site with several buildings, 140–141
stratified, 136
types of, 81
for VAWTs versus HAWTs, 262–263
Wind speed calculators, 144t.
Windspire wind turbines, 84f., 320t.
WindStream, 159t.
WindTide, 17
WindTronics wind turbines, 32, 44, 413f., 413–417, 416f.
Wind Turbine Economic Feasibility Calculator, 219t.
Wind turbine power, 300–301
Wind turbines
anatomy and parts, 241–253
on boats, 8f.
components, 20–26
cost of. See Cost of wind turbines
defined, 5
drag vs. lift, 239–241
ecological issues. See Ecological issues
environmental issues. See Environmental issues
flying, 404–408
future developments in. See Future developments
history of. See History of wind energy
horizontal axis. See Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
installation of. See Installation
in rural electrification programs, 7, 7f.
selecting. See Selecting wind turbines
site assessment. See Site assessment
standards and certifications, 276–279
vertical axis. See Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
Wind turbine syndrome, 49–50
Wind Turbine Technology (Spera), 139t.
Windustry, 208
Windustry Wind Project Calculator, 219t.
Wind-Works.org, 192t.
Winpower wind turbines, 6
Winsave, 170
Wire. See also Transmission wires
Woofenden, Ian, 26, 27–28, 47, 60, 86, 171, 254, 261, 263, 274, 333–334, 346, 380, 415, 424
World Future Council, 194
World of Wind Atlases, 149t., 150
World Wildlife Fund, 407
WunderMap (Weather Underground), 154, 154f.
X
Xantrex sine-wave inverters, 338
Xantrex SW Plus Inverter/Charger, 334f.
Xzeres wind turbines, 319t., 323t., 325t.
Y
Yago, Jeffrey, 349–350
YouTube, 282
Z
Zeeland Wind Test Site (Netherlands), 13, 14f., 18t.
Zephyr Corporation, 170, 318t., 322t.
Zond wind turbines, 130f.
hearings, 230–233
use variance, 225–226