Index
Absenteeism, 90
Absorption costing, 220–21
Acceptance/agreement, contract, 131–2
Accounting standards, 229
Accruals, 234
ACORN Life Style Segmentation model, 285
Acquisition co-operation, 306
Act of Parliament, procedure, 105
Action learning, 82
duration distribution patterns, 165–8
duration estimation, 179–80
standard deviations, 167
varying durations, 163–7
Activity on arrow (AOA) convention, 175
Activity on node (AON) convention, 175–6
Activity-based costing (ABC), 222
Advertising, 295
Affymatrix (case study), 125
Agreements, 125
See also Contracts
Alliance co-operation, 306
Allowances, price, 296
Annual rate of return technique, 200–203
Ansoff, matrix of change, 263
skills requirements, 321
Appraisal related pay, 87–8
Articles of association, 7
Assets and liabilities accounts, 235
Assistance sources, business start-up, 9–10
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Link (ADSL), 349
AutoCAD, 345
Average cost, stock material valuation, 216
B
Back calculations, using spreadsheets, 335–7
Bad debts allowance, 234
Balanced Scorecard (BSC) method, 38–9
customer perspective, 39–40
financial perspective, 39
learning and growth perspective, 41–2
linking with strategy, 42–3
process perspective, 40–41
Banks, business start-up guides, 7
Benchmarking, 28
customer expectations, 296
BIAS error analysis technique, 274
Biased distribution, 179
Book-keeping, 234
Breakeven points, costing, 222
British Quality Award (BQA), 27
British Quality Foundation (BQF), 27
BT, patent claim, 110–11
flexed, 246–7
preparation, 241–8
Building project, scheduling, 158
Business Excellence awards, 27–37
Business plan, 7–10
Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), 77
Buyer’s rights, 140
C
Capacity usage, control ratio, 245
Capital allowances, 225
Capital items, 197
Case law system, 105
Cash books, 235
budgetted, 241
for build project, 177
diagram, 207–208
project schedule, 162–3
through accounts, 240
Centralized structure, organization, 19
Chain Tensioning Device (case study), 132–4
Change management, 188
Civil law, 106
action procedures, 106–107
Client’s requirement (case study), 299–301
Closed-end questions, 288
Co-operation, with other organizations, 305–306
Coaching process, 81–2
Codes of conduct, 45–6
Institute of Management, 47
Common Market Law Reports, 105
Communication distribution channels, 266
Community Trade Mark (CTM), 123
Companies Act 1980, registration procedure, 6–7
Companies Act 1985, 229
E-mail identification, 126
Companies Act 1989, 229
Company, registered See Registered company
Company accounts See Financial accounts
Company profile analysis, 300
Compensating rest allowance (CRA), 102–103
Competition, awareness, 304
Competitive edge criteria, 297–9
Competitive profile, 301
polar chart, 301
Completion date, changing, 171–3
Compound interest calculations, 203
Computer aided design (CAD), 345
Computer-based learning (CBL), 346
Computer Misuse Act 1990, 319
applications (programs), 320–21
auxiliary hardware, 324
disaster recovery, 325
fault-finding, 324–5
health and safety factors, 319–20
Confidential information, 111–12
Conservation, financial guideline, 229
Consideration, 127
grant of rights, 137
Consistency, financial guideline, 230
Consortium co-operation, 306
Constraints theory, 183
Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, 130
Consumer Credit Act 1974, 13
Consumer goods, 257
Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 1987, 141
Contingency plans, 306–307
contents, 67
natural endings, 70–72
terminating, 69–72
Contract law, 48
acceptance/agreement, 131–2
conditions, 135
consideration, 127
frustration, 135
intention, 126–7
performance, 135
requirements, 125
terms, 127–30
use of standard forms, 129–30
Contribution (in marginal costing), 221
Control ratios, 244–6
application, 118
digital, 119–21
infringement, 118
international rules, 118–19
related rights, 119
symbol, 118
Copyright (Computer Programs) Regulations 1992, 121
Copyright Licence Agency (CLA), 137
Copyright, Patents and Registered Designs Act 1988, 316
Core problem resolution, 183
depreciation, 223
labour, 212–15
materials, 215–19
overheads, 220–22
process costs, 219–20
product costing, 226–8
variance, 248
Costs, 197–8
behaviour, 211–12
classification, 211
project financing, 198
Council of Ministers, EC, 105
Counterfeiting, 109
County courts, 106
Court of Auditors, 105
Creditor ratios, 252
Criminal law, 107
action procedures, 107–108
appeal procedures, 108
Critical path, 161
Crown courts, 107
Current ratio, working capital, 250
buying pattern research, 284
competitive profile, 302–303
complaints, 141
importance of contacts, 296
satisfaction, 31–2
Daily sales factors, 282
archive records/mining, 314–15
collection records, 289
market surveys, 286
primary sources, 286
protection, 318–19
secondary sources, 286
security precautions, 325
basics, 337–8
copyright protection, 120
creating, 338–42
synchronization of information, 343
Day books, 235
Debtor ratios, 251–2
Decentralized structure, organization, 19
Delphi Technique, 283
cyclic components, 281–2
determinants, 257–9
outside influences, 282
Deming Prize, 27
capital allowances, 225
in financial accounting, 232
Deregulation Act 1994, 105
Design Act 1949, 116
Desk-top publisher packages, 327
Digital copyright, 119–21
Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998, US, 316
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (World Trade Organization), 120
Direct costs, 211
Direct selling, 295
Directories, 321
Disability Discrimination Act 1995, 67–8
Disaster recovery, computer, 325
Discharge by frustration, 135
Disciplinary measures, misuse of Internet, 355
Disclosure, financial guideline, 230
Discount factors table, 204
depreciation charges, 198
Discounts, price, 296
Discrimination, selection process, 67–9
Dismissal procedures, 71
Distribution chain, 286
Distribution channels, 265
Distribution, of products, 295
Diversification strategy, 263
archiving, 330
control register, 189
formatting, 328–9
production technology, 327–30
updating records, 189
Domain (Internet), 349
names, 124
Domestic tribunal, 106
Double entry book-keeping system, 235
Duality, financial guideline, 230
E
Early Finish (EF) date, 159
Early Start (ES) date, 159
Earned value analysis, 193
Earnings per share, 253
Economic factors, 2–3
Elasticity of demand, 259
Electronic commerce, 347
Electronic information, copyright protection, 119–20
Electronic mail (E-mail), 350
address, 348–9
copyright, 121
Employees See Workforce
Employer’s Liability Insurance, 144
Employment terms See Contract of employment
Entrepreneurial structure, organizational, 17
benefits, 53
customer expectations, 297
legal requirements, 52
policy statement, 57
protection principles, 53
and quality standards, 54
review team, 53–6
Environmental Management System, 57
Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC), 46
Equal Opportunity Policy, 68
Equal opportunity review, 62
Equal Pay Act 1970, 67
Error analysis techniques, 274–5
community legislation, 105
community patent proposal, 116
European Communities Act, 105
Copyright Directives, 119
employee rights, 69
legislation, 105
Social Chapter, 69
Excellence model, 27–8
enabler criteria, 28–31
results criteria, 31–3
European New Approach Directives, consumer protection, 142
European Parliament, role, 105
European Patent Organization (EPO), 116
European Quality Award, 27
European Union Treaty, anticompetitive practices, 142
Excel Solver, 337
Expenses and sales accounts, 235
Experimental research, 288
smoothing technique, 279–80
Express terms, 128
F
Factor assessment method, 94–6
Factories Act 1961, 144
Failure mode effects and analysis (FMEA), 56
Fair Trading Act 1973, 142
Fault tree analysis (FTA), 56
Fault-finding, computer, 324–5
Feature attributes, product, 294
Federation Against Software Theft (FAST), 316
FIFO (first-in-first out), stock material valuation, 216
File naming conventions, 321–2
Financial accounts, 228–9
business plan requirements, 9
concepts, 229–30
depreciation, 232
interpreting, 248–53
preparation, 236–9
standards, 229
Financial spreadsheets See Spreadsheets
Financing costs, 198
Fire Precautions Act 1971, 144
Fixed costs, 211
Fixed period contracts, completion procedures, 70–71
Float/slack, project scheduling, 160
Folders, 321
Follow-on activities, monitoring, 185
Ford, Henry, 73
Forecasting, 269–70
indicators, 272
information sources, 271–2
medium range, 270–71
quantitative methods, 274
short range, 270
simple method, 275
Forrester effect, supply chain, 23–5
Freeware, 317–18
Frustration, contract, 135
Full costing See Absorption costing
design progress reporting, 192
design project, 165
production project, 170
Gearing ratios, 252
General Product Safety Regulations (GPSR) 1994, 142
Goldratt, Eliyahu, 178
core problem resolution, 183
management of uncertainties, 178
theory of constraints, 183
Goodwill, as asset, 234
Grant of rights, 136–7
Grants available, 198
Graphical user interfaces, 322–3
skills requirements, 327
Green Paper, 105
H
Hardware skills requirements, 324
Hawthorne Experiment, 76
HAZOP (hazard and operability) studies, 51
computer working conditions, 320
VDU radiation, 319
Health and Safety Commission, 144
code of practice, 51–2
Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992, 320
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 144
Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981, 144
Help facility, software, 323
Herzberg, Fredrick, 75
High Courts, 106
HTML document, 355–6
editor, 356
Human needs layers, 74
Human relations movement, 76
Hygiene (dissatisfier) factors, 75
Hyperlinking, 123
I
Implied terms, 128
Incentive theory, motivation, 74
Income Tax, 11
Incoterms, 129
Industrial goods, 257
Industrial Training Boards, 77
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) See Information Technology (IT)
Information sources, 9–10
Information Technology (IT), 312–13
speed of change, 313–14
copyright, 121–2
patent, 115
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 349
application of current laws, 316–17
as asset, 234
protection against abuses, 317
rights, 109
Intellectual Property Rights Initiative, 121
International Labour Organization, job factors, 94
International patents, 115–16
International Registration (IR), trade mark, 123–4
Internet, 347
access costs, 349
company policies, 355
decentralization, 347–8
domain names, 124
problem areas, 354–5
speed of access, 349
TCP/IP links, 347–8
terminology, 348–9
liability, 120
InterNIC (US domain allocation), 124
Intrinsic theories, motivation, 75
Inventions, 112
Investment appraisal, 196–7
cash flows, 199
techniques, 198–209
Invitation to treat, 127
ISO 9004:2000 (Quality Management Principles), 44
Job evaluation schemes, 91–2
comparative methods, 93–6
executive positions, 96
description decument, 63–4
design, 76–7
enrichment schemes, 76
offers procedure, 67
ranking method, 93
reduction in number of rates, 91–2
Joint venture co-operation, 306
Judicial review, 106
Julia Roberts, domain name, 124
K
Kant, approach to ethical issues, 46
Karoshi phenomenon, 314
Key performance results, 33
Kolb’s Model of Learning, 81
L
Labour costs, 212–13
controlling, 214
elements, 213–14
Labour law, 49
Latest Finish (LF) date, 160
Latest Start (LS) date, 160
Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, 135
LE PEST C analysis See PEST analysis
Leadership, performance criteria, 28–9
Learning processes, 80–82
Ledger accounts See Book and ledger accounts
Legal issues, 45–6
business plan requirements, 9
environmental management, 52
health and safety, 50–52
intellectual property protection, 315–19
whistle-blowing, 49–50
contract law, 48
EC legislation, 105
evolution, 104–105
labour law, 49
new laws procedure, 105
Liability, limitations, 5–6
Licensing procedure, 136
consideration, 137
copyright material, 137
grant of rights, 136–7
software, 137
specific obligations, 137–8
Life cycle, product See Product life cycle
LIFO (last-in-first-out), stock material valuation, 216
Limited company, 5
Line charts, 334
Line and staff relationships, 16
Linear regression formula, 276–7
LINUX software, 317–18
Liquidity, 249
McGregor, Theory Y, 75
Madrid Protocol, 123
Magistrates courts, 107
Mail merging, 330
Mail Order Transactions (Information) Order 1976, 126
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, 27
accounting requirements, 210–11
business plan requirements, 5–6
setting goals, 271
Management-by-target payment schemes, 86
Manpower planning, 58–62
See also Recruitment
Marginal costing, 221–2
Margins, 250
Mark-ups, 251
classification, 257
description, 8
identification, 257–9
qualifying criteria, 297–9
case study, 308–311
development approach, 263
penetration approach, 263
Marketing, role, 255–6
Marketing mix, 293
product components, 293–6
service extensions, 296–7
Marketing research, 283–4
data sources, 286
preparing brief, 284
programme, 284–5
proposal, 285
questioning technique, 288–9
target selection, 285–8
use of results, 290–92
Maslow, Abraham, 74
Mass media distribution channels, 266
Matching, financial guideline, 230
Material costs, 215
controlling, 219
stock valuation, 215–18
Matrix of change, 263
Mayo, Elton, 76
Measured day work, 86
Memorandum of association, 6–7
Mentoring process, 81
Merchant Shipping Act 1988, 105
Merger co-operation, 306
Merit rating, 87
Message passing, electronic, 347–8
Metatags, 123
infringement case study, 121–2
Microsoft Office (software package), 326
Misrepresentation, 130
Model of Learning, Kolb’s, 81
Modems, cable, 349
Money measurement concept, financial guideline, 229
Money transactions, 10–13
See also Financial accounts
Moore’s Law, chip complexity, 313
Moral rights, 119
Motivation theories, 73
human relations, 76
incentive approach, 74
intrinsic appproach, 75
satisfaction approach, 75
Motivator factors, 75
Moving average formula, 278–9
MP3/Mpeg3, infringement case study, 122
MS Access (software), 339–42
Multi-tasking, 186
N
Negligence, 140
claims, 106
Nestlé, Aero IP protection, 109
Network diagram, 175–6
for design project, 165
for production project, 170
for project activities, 159
computer, 323
skills requirements, 323
New building project, 158
New entrants, barriers, 303–304
New plant installation project, 169
New product design project, 163
New product risks, 264
Newspaper Licensing Agreements (NLA), 137
No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, US, 121
Nolan Committee on Standards in Public Life, 49–50
NOMINET (UK domain allocation), 124
Non-productive time, 214
Numerical spreadsheets See Spreadsheets
O
Objectivity, financial guideline, 230
Obscene Publications Act 1959, 120
Observational research, 288
Offers, 126–7
Office of Fair Trading (OFT), competition exemptions, 143
Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963, 144
One-person business See Sole trader business
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, US, 120
Open-end questions, 289
Operating systems, 321–3
skills requirements, 322
business plan requirements, 8
monitoring, 184
Order processing, customer expectations, 296–7
Order-losing/winning criteria, 297–9
Organization, 4
business sub-unit structure, 19
centralized structure, 19
decentralized structure, 19
entrepreneurial structure, 17
internal structures, 15–19
line and staff relationships, 16
performance improvement, 26–7
policy establishment, 29
strategy establishment, 29
surrounding environment, 16
Overhead costs, 197
control, 222
recovery, 222
Own company, setting-up, 7–10
Owners’ objectives, business plan requirements, 9
Ownership types, 4–7
Paired comparison method, 93
Paris Convention 1886, 115
Parliamentary Copyright, 137
performance criteria, 30
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 116
application and procedure, 112–14
European, 116
examination, 115
granting, 115
infringement, 115
international, 115–16
ownership, 112
requirements, 111
search procedure, 112–13
Patents Office, 117
Payment by results (PBR), 84–6
Payment schemes, 83–8
objectives, 83
Pension schemes, 88–9
developing abilities, 80–82
performance criteria, 29–30
satisfaction, 32
See also Workforce
Perceived price (PP), 291
Perceived value (PV), 291
Performance improvement, 26–7
Performing rights, 119
Personal information managers (PIMs), 343
Personal pension schemes, 89
Personnel specification, 64
Five-fold Grading System, 64–5
Seven-point Plan, 64
PEST analysis, 1
economic factors, 2–3
political factors, 2
socio-cultural factors, 3
technological factors, 4
Physical distribution, 295
Pie charts, 334
Piracy, 109
computer software, 121
Place, as part of marketing mix, 295
Plant installation project, scheduling, 169
Plant/company payment schemes, 86–7
Policy, performance criteria, 29
Political factors, 2
Pornography, Internet, 354–5
Prepayments, 234
content, 343
pitfalls, 344
delivery criteria, 298
elasticity, 259
as part of marketing mix, 296
structure, 296
variance, 248
Price/earnings (P/E) ratio, 253
Price:value matrix, 291–2
Pricing gap, 296
Primary data sources, market surveys, 286
Private limited company, 5
Privity, sale of goods, 140
Probability, 168
Process costs, 219–20
Processes, performance criteria, 31
benefits, 293
correlation of attributes, 291
costing, 226–8
design project scheduling, 163
development strategy, 263
image/profile, 290
as part of marketing mix, 293–5
range and depth, 294
research, 283
Product life cycle, 259–63
Product/service definition, business plan requirements, 8
Productivity measurement, 98–103
control ratio, 244
Profit margin, 251
Progress reporting, 189–94
control activities, 187–8
Goldratt’s theory and solution, 183–7
initial planning, 155–7
new building (case study), 158–63
new plant installation (case study), 169–73
new product design (case study), 163–9
summary report, 190
uncertainty laws, 177–8
use of computers, 345
use of resource time buffer, 184–5
See also Projects
operation, 180–82
preparation, 180
Project specification, 149
cash flow schedule, 162–3
change of aims, 188
combining, 173–5
completion date changes, 171–3
completion stage, 194
initiation, 151–3
network diagram, 159
non-economic considerations, 208–209
progress reporting, 189–94
risk assessment, 209–10
stages, 149
terms of reference, 153
uncertainties and failure causes, 176–8
varying activity durations, 163–7
methods, 295–6
as part of marketing mix, 295–6
research, 284
techniques and skills, 266–9
Proprietor See Sole trader business
Provision and Use of Weights Act, 143
Prudence, financial guideline, 229
Four ‘P’s (marketing mix), 293
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, 49
Public limited company, 6
Public relations/publicity, 296
Q
Quality control, 44
and environmental management, 54
identification of internal problems, 300–301
ISO 9004:2000, 44
Quality function deployment (QFD), 290
Questioning techniques, market surveys, 288–9
Quick ratio, working capital, 250
R
Race Relations Act 1976, 67
Rating, work content, 102
Realization concept, financial guideline, 229
Record system, business plan requirements, 8
Records and Notification of Injuries, Disease and Dangerous Occurrences Regns. 1985, 144
Recruitment, 63
attracting suitable candidates, 65
contract of employment, 67
discrimination, 67–9
interviews, 65–6
job offer, 67
job requirement, 63–4
selecting best applicant, 65–6
Reducing balance method, depreciation, 223–4
Registered company, 5
Registered design, 116–17
Regression formula, 276–7
Repetitive strain injury (RSI), 320
Representations, 130
Resale Prices Act 1980, 142
Research, marketing See Marketing research
Resignation procedures, 69–70
Resource time buffer, 185
information report, 171
performance criteria, 30
Restrictive Trades Act 1976, 142
Retirement procedures, 70
Return on capital employed (ROCE), 249
Return on investment (ROI), 249
Revaluations, 234
Revenue items, 197
Rights of Third Parties Bill, 136
Risks, new product, 264
Routers, Internet, 347
Royalty stream, 137
Sale of Goods Acts 1893, 140–41
Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994, 315–16
budget, 242
patterns, 273
promotions, 295
research, 284
techniques and skills, 266–9
commission payment schemes, 86
forecasting input, 271–2
Sampling techniques, market surveys, 287–8
Satellites, data broadcasting, 349
Satisfaction theories, motivation, 75
Science Reference Information Service (SRIS), 113
Scientific management, 73
Search engines, World Wide Web, 352–3
Secondary data sources, market surveys, 286
Secure operation skills, 325
Segmentation models, market surveys, 285
Selection process, recruits, 65–6
Self-directed teams, 76
Seller’s rights, 140
Semi-variable costs, 212
Server, computer, 348
Service extensions, 296–7
Sex Discrimination Act 1975, 67
Shadowing process, 81
Share price ratios, 253
Shareware, 317–18
Sick pay, 89–90
monitoring, 90
Signal attributes, product, 294
Simulation software, 345–6
Smith, Adam, 73
Socio-cultural factors, 3
copyright, 121
distribution, 317–18
licences, 137
simulation, 345–6
Spamming, E-mail, 350
Spreadsheets, 331–3
back calculations, 335–7
graphics, 333–5
Staff, satisfaction perceptions, 32
Stakeholders, and ethical issues, 48
Standard cost, stock material valuation, 217
Standard deviation (SD), 167
project, 169
State pension scheme, 88
Statement of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP) guidelines, 229
Statutory maternity pay (SMP), 89–90
Statutory sick pay (SSP), 90
STEEP analysis See PEST analysis
STEP analysis See PEST analysis
financial accounting, 232
valuation, 215–18
Stock ratios, 252
Straight line method, depreciation, 223
Strict liability, 106
Student syndrome (assignment work pattern), 181
Subsidies, 198
Substitute products, threat, 304
Supplier relationships, 19–20
competitive profile, 302
monitoring quality, 21–2
supply chain, 22–6
vendor assessment, 20
Supply chains, 22–6
Forrester effect, 23–5
information flow, 25
Supply and demand function, 258–9
Supply position matrix, 302
Suppplier preference matrix, 303
SWOT analysis, 305
T
Taylor, Frederick W, 73
Teachers pension scheme, 89
Technological factors, 4
Tendering process, 127
Terms, contract, 127–30
Terms of reference, project, 153
Test marketing, 288
The Gadget Shop v The Bug Chain (case study), 108–109
Theory Y, 75
Time rate payment scheme, 83–4
Time study, 101
Times series patterns, demand fluctuations, 273
To do list, 191
Tort, 106
application, 123
description, 122–3
domain names, 124
Trade Union Reform and Employment Rights (TURER) Act 1993, 67
Trades Descriptions Act, 141
Trading Standards Office, 142
Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), 77
Training needs, 79
programmes, 80–82
Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), 347
Treaty of Accession 1972, 105
Treaty of Rome, monopoly situations, 137
Turnover ratios, 251–2
U
UK National Readership Survey (NRS) model, 285
cause-effect diagram, 178
management, 178
project, 176–8
Uncompetitive practices, 142
Uniform resource locator (URL), 348
University courses (case study), 307
Unlimited company, 5
Usage variance, 248
Variable costs, 211
labour, 246
materials, 245
sales, 245
VAT (Value Added Tax), 12
Vendor See Supplier relationships
Verifiability, financial guideline, 230
Vicarious tort, 106
Viruses (computer programs), 319
Volume index, control ratio, 245
W
Warranty, 135
Watt, patent application, 114
copyright protection, 120
page production, 355–6
See also World Wide Web
Whistle-blowing, 49–50
White Paper, 105
Windows GUI, 326–7
Word processors, 327
advanced skills, 330
data input and editing, 328
document automation, 330
document formatting, 328–30
elementary skills, 328
intermediate skills, 328–30
use of graphics, 330
Work content, operation, 98–9
age analysis, 59
benefit rewards, 82–91
conditions of employment changes, 61
equal opportunities, 62
evaluation, 59
external changes, 61–2
fixed period contracts, 70–71
internal changes, 61
payment rewards, 82–8
resignation procedures, 69–70
stability/turnover, 60
training and development, 77–82
Working capital ratios, 249–50
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 116
global copyrights, 119
World Wide Identical Screening Search (WISS), 123
for commercial transactions, 357–8
finding information, 351–3
intelligent searching, 354
web page production, 355–6
Entertainment (WWF), domain name, 124
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