INDEX

absolute quantization error 73, 79, 100, 107

absolute temperature 12

absorption coefficient 23

acceleration-to-frequency circuits 18

Accelerometers 14, 18

Accuracy 4, 5, 91, 112

acoustic gas sensor 26

active sensor 19, 21

Active Sensor of Rotation Speed (ASRS) 20

ActiveX 204

Adaptability 19

Adaptive PCM 161–65

Adding 129

Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 14

Advanced Methods 89, 120, 122, 126, 153

amplifier hysteresis 78

amplitude-frequency characteristic 138

analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 6, 12, 14, 41

angle encoders 6

angular

position sensor 21

speed 19

anti-lock braking system (ABS) 185–90, 192

Application-Specific Instruction Processor (ASIP) 227

approximating error 116

architectural-level power estimation 229

ASIC 2, 49, 225

atomic frequency standard 115

automated software development tools 228, 241

automobile sensors network 185

automotive applications 15, 183, 245

automotive-network interface 245

averaging windows 136

Dirichlet, see Weight Functions, Dirichlet

Base Clock Accuracy 60

base

energy cost 229–33, 241, 243

estimation 230

binary position sensors 7

biomedical applications 8

biosensors 7

block codes 62

boundary scan architecture 10

bulk micromachined piezoresistive 18

bus

architecture 59, 229,

CAN 183, 246–47

controller 247

D²B 246–47

I²C 2, 13, 14, 246–47

IS² 23, 246–47

Hart 246

SPI 13, 14

CAD tools 6, 225

caesium frequency standards 115

calculating error 61, 105, 112, 114, 171–72

calibration algorithm 15

CANOpen 247

capacitance-to-period converter 49

Capacitive

cell 24

spring mass accelerometers 18

carbon steel 26

central processing unit (CPU) 225

centralized architecture 192

charge balance technique 42

Chemical

sensor 7, 24

signal domain 8

chemisorbing polymer films 24

chrominance 23

circuit state effect 232, 234

circuit-breakers 211

clock oscillator 13

code 61–67

block length 61

Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH), 62

combination 61, 64–66

correcting 62, 65

cyclic 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68

distance 63, 65, 66

Golay 62–64,

Hamming 62

iterated 62

redundancy 62, 65, 67

coding

algorithm 61, 62

efficiency 62, 65

Combined Counting Method 79

ComponentWorks 2.0 203

condition jump instructions 235, 236, 238

conductivity 11, 199

confidence interval 221, 223

constant elapsed time (CET) method 70, 96, 123

Control Unit 81

Controller Area Network (CAN) 183

conversion

cycles 29, 32, 33, 42, 47, 94, 107, 177

speed 7, 46, 164, 174, 203

conversion

current-to-frequency 6

voltage-to-frequency 5, 35

correcting ability 62, 66

correlation dependence 167

crankshaft position sensor 20

criterion

conditional 153, 157, 158

preference 151, 153, 156, 157, 158

unconditional 153, 156, 158

crystalline quartz 17

DAQ Board 59, 67, 205

Data acquisition 1

systems 1, 3, 7, 8, 14, 51–53, 55, 59–62, 67, 197

data capturing method 6, 7

data

coding 62

logger 199

transfer instruction 230

transmission 3, 61

data-acquisition rate 86, 183, 184

decoding algorithm 62

degrees

centigrade 13

Fahrenheit 13

delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter 14

Derivation 135

digital

filtering 2

interface circuits 3

modulator 12

digital signal processing (DSP) 2, 105, 129, 183

direct counting method 52, 60, 70–73, 92, 121

Direct Memory Access (DMA) 70, 97, 124

Dirichlet window 108, 109, 117, 118, 120, 137, 141

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 82, 83

discretization step 217, 220, 221

distributed

control systems 248

intelligence 183

distribution

anti-modal 221

Erlang 221

trapezium 217, 221–23

triangular 72, 75, 108, 115, 217, 221

uniform 72, 74, 75, 105, 108, 115, 173, 221–23

Division 76, 89, 122, 130, 165, 171–72

DMA transfer method 70, 97, 124

double buffered measurement method (DB) 70, 96, 97, 123

dual-slope converters 41, 43

duty cycle modulated square-wave output 11

duty factor 3, 29, 42, 46, 77

dynamic

average power 121

range 4, 23, 41, 76, 110–11,

temperature compensation 17, 30

effect

photoelectric 6

piezoresistive 6

Seebeck 6

Elbert's converters 43, 45, 46

electrical signal domain 8, 18

Electrochemical oscillations 26

electrochemical reactions 26

electronic nose 24, 199

Embedded microcontroller 129, 143, 153, 200, 227

energy domains 4

error correction 66, 67, 174

error of method 100

Error of Rounding 77, 90, 105, 164, 171

Error of Wavefront Forming 164, 175

Error of Wavetail Forming 164, 173–74

Error Protection 61, 68

external interrupt processing 239

fibre-optic pressure transducers 17

finite impulse response filter (FIR) 136

firing-pins 211–14

flow mesh 19

free-running timer 97

frequency

deviation 104

function 217–18, 220–23

multiplier 130–33

ratio 100–03

frequency instability

long-term 73, 114

short-term 73, 114

Frequency Reference Error 73, 165, 168–69

Frequency Signals Unification 132

frequency-determining element 6, 11

frequency-time domain sensors 3, 4, 7, 27

frequency-to-code converter 8, 52, 54, 55, 57, 105, 112, 136, 143, 160

gas-filled cell 26

gate time 71

Gaussian distribution law 221

generating polynomial 62–64, 66, 67

Graphical User Interface (GUI) 200–02

Harvard architecture 225

high-Q piezoelectric quartz crystal 26

hybrid technology 20

hybrid-integrated processing electronics 3

hydrogen peroxide 26

I/O interface 203, 253

IEEE 1149.1 standard 10

IEEE-488 interfaces 200, 246

impedance matching 5

indirect counting method 69, 74, 77, 79, 123

input sampler 13

input signal noise 77

instruction level power model 229, 233

instruction set 225–27, 229

instruction-level power analysis 229

integrated quality factor 157

integrated microcoil 23

Integrated Smart-Sensor Bus (IS²), see IS²

Integration 135–36

intelligent pressure standards 17

intelligent sensor, see smart sensor

Interface Circuits 245, 248

inter-instruction effects 229, 241

interpolation method 69, 79, 86, 92

Interrupt Response

Delay Error 164, 173

Shift Error 164, 173–75

inverse Fourier transform 137

Inversed VFC 41, 43

Jitter 87

Karp's algorithm 233

LabVIEW software module 200–01

LabWindows/CVI 201

left low bound determination 153, 156

Liapunov characteristic functions (LCF) 217

Light intensity 23

light-sensing elements 23

linear block cyclic separable codes 62

linear-broken distribution 221

low-power programming style 228, 235, 237, 242, 244

luminance 23

M/T method 70, 94–96, 123

magnetic

field sensors 7

signal domain 8, 18

magnetoresistor 18

manipulation

absolute-phase 62

relative-phase 62

mass transport processes 26

MCS-51 microcontroller family 225

measurand-to-frequency conversion 5

measurand-to-parameter-to-frequency conversion 6

measurand-to-voltage-to-frequency conversion 6

measurement standard 165

measuring system 200

memory access cost 239–40

η-method 217

method of accelerated sensors polling 53–54

method of algorithm merging 175

method of coincidence 70, 125

method of recirculation 69

method of delayed coincidences 70

Method of dependent count (MDC) 70, 98, 124

Method with Non-Redundant Reference Frequency 121

MI-Bus 246

Michigan Parallel Standard (MPS) 246

Michigan Serial Standard (MSS) 246

microcontroller core 225

mode

idle 240, 243

power down 240, 243

Modified Method of Algorithm Merging 175

monolithic light-to-frequency converter 23

monolithic silicon diffused piezoresistors 14

monolithic temperature detectors 12

morphological

matrix 154

tensor 154

motion detectors 7

multichannel sensor interfacing 184–85

multichannel sensor systems 51, 197–98

multilayers architecture 183–84

multiparameters sensor 199

navigation sensors 7

negative feedback loop 13

Network Protocols 245–46

noise attenuation 42

immunity 3, 45, 47

noise-resistant signal transmission 61

non-contact sensors 20, 22

non-linear phase selectors 65

non-redundant reference frequency 121–23

nuclear magnetic resonance 127

numeration error 171

off-duty factor 3

offset 249, 251

on-chip reference 13

on-line time ratio 3

optical intensity 23

optimization

call 236

code 234

compiler 228, 241

cycle 237

jump 236

local 244

speed 234–35, 243–44

optimizing compilers 227–28, 242, 244

Opto Sensors 23

oven-controlled crystal oscillator 73

parallel

data transmission 59

information processing 184

parametric (modulating) sensors 6

partial matrix algorithm schemes 175

passive

sensors 6

peak detector 232

period-modulated oscillator 248

phase manipulation

digit-by-digit 62, 64, 65

Phase Shift-to-Code Conversion 85, 86, 125

phase-frequency characteristics 221

phosphoric acid 26

photo diode matrix 23

photodetectors 6, 7

photosensors 6, 7

piece-wise linear approximation 217

piezo film 18

piezoresistivity 14

polling

cyclic synchronous 52

software controlled asynchronous 52

polynomial function 17

position sensor 7, 19, 21

power consumption graph 233–34

probability distribution 217, 219, 221–23

programmable counter array 148

program-oriented conversion methods (PCM) 143

proximity switches 7

pulse width modulation (PWM) 26

quantile multiplier 217

quantization

error 60, 72, 91, 107, 109, 165

noise 13

time 52

window 98

quartz beam 17

Quasi-Ternary Code Decoding 65

quasi-pipelining data processing 203

Quasi-Ternary Coding 62–64, 66

quasi-ternary cyclic code 65, 66

quaziparallel algorithms 184

rain sensors 7

ratiometric

counting technique 145, 150

encoding format 12

Rayleigh distribution 217

reciprocal counting method 70, 94, 95, 123

reference time interval 90, 92, 95, 147, 173

relaxation oscillator 42

Reliability 5

Residual Matrixes 64–65

resistance bridge 14

Resonant

pressure transducer 18

structures 6

rotation

acceleration 21

angle 19

speed 18–22

rotor-modulator

rounding error 77, 105, 171

rubidium frequency standards 115

sampling time 251

self-adaptation 2, 59

Self-Adapting Methods 89

self-checking systems 8

Self-diagnostic 2, 5

self-generating sensors 6

self-identification 2

self-testing 193

semiconductor active position sensor 19

sensing diaphragm 15

sensor bus standard 253

sensor networks 183

Sensor

analog 3, 7

digital 7

flow 7

gas 24–26

frequency 3, 4, 7

Hall 18, 21, 22, 186

humidity 24

pressure 14–18

quasi-digital 3, 5

system 183, 193, 197

temperature 8–14

sensor-driven process control 247

sensors array 27

Sensors Web Portal 27

short infra red radiation 23

Si-Al thermopiles 11

sigma-delta modulator 12

signal

conditioning 1, 15

processing 1, 2, 15, 129

redundancy 62, 65, 67

silicon diaphragms 14

silicon micromachining 2

Simpson distribution law 72, 75, 108

single buffered measurement method (SB) 96–97, 123

smart sensor 2

architecture 57–59

systems 200, 224

Smart Sensors Buses 245

software level design 225

software low-power design 225, 228, 244

solar cells 6

sound velocity 26

Space-Division Channelling 55, 57

stand-alone instrument 200

star configuration 2

static analysis 226

Steklov's function 19

step approximation 217

straight-line segment 217, 220–21

strain measurement 15

strain-gage signal 17

Subtraction 129–30

successive-approximation converter 13

surface acoustic wave (SAW) 6, 26

surface micromachined capacitive 18

synchronized VFC 41

syndromes 66

Systematic Error 146, 173–75

Tachometer 211, 215

Temperature Data Recorder 14

Temperature-to-Digital Converter 13

thermal

compensation 18

conductivity 11

delay line 11

diffusion constant 11

management 13

monitoring 9

noise 167

watchdog 14

Thermal-Feedback Oscillator (TFO) 11

thermocouple sensors 6

thickness sensors 7

three-phase differential method of measurement 248

tilt sensors 7

time

cycle polling 52

Time-Dividing Channelling 52

time-domain oversampling 12

time-interval measurement 69

Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) 252–53

time-window counting 69

tracking error 116

transducer,

intelligent 2

transferred polynomial 66

transmission rate 61

trigger

error 60, 77, 86, 112, 115–16

hysteresis 115

Truncation error 171–72

Tuning Algorithm 213

two-wire interface 14

ultrasound transmitter 26

unit-volume heat capacitance 11

Universal Transducer Interface (UTI) 248–52

valve photoelectric cells 6

vapour condensation 26

vibrating quartz crystal pressure transducer 17

virtual

counter 102, 147, 159

measuring channel 201–03

instruments 200–03

tachometric system 211, 214

voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) 6, 7, 29–47

Weight Functions 136–41

Dirichlet (Π-shaped) 137

graded-triangular 137, 140

optimal 137, 141

trapezoidal 137, 140–41

Wheatstone bridge 15

Wien Bridge oscillator circuit 12

window-comparator architecture 14