CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
1.1 Temperature IC and Smart Sensors
1.2 Pressure IC and Smart Sensors and Accelerometers
1.5 Humidity Frequency Output Sensors
1.6 Chemical and Gas Smart Sensors
2 Converters for Different Variables to Frequency-Time Parameters of the Electric Signal
2.1 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters (VFCs)
2.2 Capacitance-to-Period (or Duty-Cycle) Converters
3 Data Acquisition Methods for Multichannel Sensor Systems
3.1 Data Acquisition Method with Time-Division Channelling
3.2 Data Acquisition Method with Space-Division Channelling
3.3 Smart Sensor Architectures and Data Acquisition
3.4 Main Errors of Multichannel Data-Acquisition Systems
3.5 Data Transmission and Error Protection
3.5.1 Essence of quasi-ternary coding
3.5.2 Coding algorithm and examples
3.5.3 Quasi-ternary code decoding
4 Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion
4.1 Standard Direct Counting Method (Frequency Measurement)
4.2 Indirect Counting Method (Period Measurement)
4.4 Method for Frequency-to-Code Conversion Based on Discrete Fourier Transformation
4.5 Methods for Phase-Shift-to-Code Conversion
5 Advanced and Self-Adapting Methods of Frequency-to-Code Conversion
5.1 Ratiometric Counting Method
5.2 Reciprocal Counting Method
5.4 Constant Elapsed Time (CET) Method
5.5 Single- and Double-Buffered Methods
5.7.1 Method of conversion for absolute values
5.7.2 Methods of conversion for relative values
5.7.3 Methods of conversion for frequency deviation
5.7.4 Universal method of dependent count
5.7.6 Metrological characteristics and capabilities
5.7.7 Absolute quantization error Δq
5.7.8 Relative quantization error δq
5.7.10 Accuracy of frequency-to-code converters based on MDC
5.7.12 Quantization error (error of method)
5.7.13 Reference frequency error
5.8 Method with Non-Redundant Reference Frequency
5.10 Advanced Method for Phase-Shift-to-Code Conversion
6 Signal Processing in Quasi-Digital Smart Sensors
6.1 Main Operations in Signal Processing
6.1.2 Multiplication and division
6.1.3 Frequency signal unification
6.1.4 Derivation and integration
6.2 Weight Functions, Reducing Quantization Error
7 Digital Output Smart Sensors with Software-Controlled Performances and Functional Capabilities
7.1 Program-Oriented Conversion Methods Based on Ratiometric Counting Technique
7.2 Design Methodology for Program-Oriented Conversion Methods
7.3 Adaptive PCM with Increased Speed
7.5 Correction of PCM's Systematic Errors
7.6 Modified Method of Algorithm Merging for PCMs
8 Multichannel Intelligent and Virtual Sensor Systems
8.1 One-Channel Sensor Interfacing
8.2 Multichannel Sensor Interfacing
8.2.1 Smart rotation speed sensor
8.2.3 Self-adaptive method for rotation speed measurements
8.3 Multichannel Adaptive Sensor System with Space-Division Channelling
8.4 Multichannel Sensor Systems with Time-Division Channelling
8.6 Virtual Instrumentation for Smart Sensors
8.6.1 Set of the basic models for measuring instruments
8.7 Estimation of Uncertainty for Virtual Instruments
9 Smart Sensor Design at Software Level
9.1 Microcontroller Core for Smart Sensors
9.2 Low-Power Design Technique for Embedded Microcontrollers
9.2.1 Instruction selection and ordering
9.2.2 Code size and speed optimizations
9.2.3 Jump and call optimizations
9.2.5 Minimizing memory access cost
9.2.6 Exploiting low-power features of the hardware
9.2.7 Compiler optimization for low power
10 Smart Sensor Buses and Interface Circuits
10.1 Sensor Buses and Network Protocols
10.2 Sensor Interface Circuits
10.2.1 Universal transducer interface (UTI)
10.2.2 Time-to-digital converter (TDC)