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Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
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Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
by William H. Kersting
Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 4th Edition
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1. Introduction to Distribution Systems
1.1 The Distribution System
1.2 Distribution Substations
1.3 Radial Feeders
1.4 Distribution Feeder Map
1.5 Distribution Feeder Electrical Characteristics
1.6 Summary
Reference
2. The Nature of Loads
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Individual Customer Load
2.2.1 Demand
2.2.2 Maximum Demand
2.2.3 Average Demand
2.2.4 Load Factor
2.3 Distribution Transformer Loading
2.3.1 Diversified Demand
2.3.2 Maximum Diversified Demand
2.3.3 Load Duration Curve
2.3.4 Maximum Noncoincident Demand
2.3.5 Diversity Factor
2.3.6 Demand Factor
2.3.7 Utilization Factor
2.3.8 Load Diversity
2.4 Feeder Load
2.4.1 Load Allocation
2.4.1.1 Application of Diversity Factors
2.4.1.2 Load Survey
2.4.1.3 Transformer Load Management
2.4.1.4 Metered Feeder Maximum Demand
2.4.1.5 What Method to Use?
2.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculations Using Allocated Loads
2.4.2.1 Application of Diversity Factors
2.4.2.2 Load Allocation Based upon Transformer Ratings
2.5 Summary
Problems
3. Approximate Method of Analysis
3.1 Voltage Drop
3.2 Line Impedance
3.3 “K” Factors
3.3.1 Kdrop Factor
3.3.2 Krise Factor
3.4 Uniformly Distributed Loads
3.4.1 Voltage Drop
3.4.2 Power Loss
3.4.3 The Exact Lumped Load Model
3.5 Lumping Loads in Geometric Configurations
3.5.1 The Rectangle
3.5.2 The Triangle
3.5.3 The Trapezoid
3.6 Summary
Problems
Reference
4. Series Impedance of Overhead and Underground Lines
4.1 Series Impedance of Overhead Lines
4.1.1 Transposed Three-Phase Lines
4.1.2 Untransposed Distribution Lines
4.1.3 Carson’s Equations
4.1.4 Modified Carson’s Equations
4.1.5 Primitive Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines
4.1.6 Phase Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines
4.1.7 Sequence Impedances
4.1.8 Parallel Overhead Distribution Lines
4.2 Series Impedance of Underground Lines
4.2.1 Concentric Neutral Cable
4.2.2 Tape-Shielded Cables
4.2.3 Parallel Underground Distribution Lines
4.3 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
References
5. Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines
5.1 General Voltage Drop Equation
5.2 Overhead Lines
5.2.1 The Shunt Admittance of Overhead Parallel Lines
5.3 Concentric Neutral Cable Underground Lines
5.4 Tape-Shielded Cable Underground Lines
5.5 Sequence Admittance
5.6 The Shunt Admittance of Parallel Underground Lines
5.7 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
References
6. Distribution System Line Models
6.1 Exact Line Segment Model
6.2 The Modified Line Model
6.2.1 The Three-Wire Delta Line
6.2.2 The Computation of Neutral and Ground Currents
6.3 The Approximate Line Segment Model
6.4 The Modified “Ladder” Iterative Technique
6.5 The General Matrices for Parallel Lines
6.5.1 Physically Parallel Lines
6.5.2 Electrically Parallel Lines
6.6 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
References
7. Voltage Regulation
7.1 Standard Voltage Ratings
7.2 Two-Winding Transformer Theory
7.3 Two-Winding Autotransformer
7.3.1 Autotransformer Ratings
7.3.2 Per-unit Impedance
7.4 Step-Voltage Regulators
7.4.1 Single-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators
7.4.1.1 Type A Step-Voltage Regulator
7.4.1.2 Type B Step-Voltage Regulator
7.4.1.3 Generalized Constants
7.4.1.4 The Line Drop Compensator
7.4.2 Three-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators
7.4.2.1 Wye-Connected Regulators
7.4.2.2 Closed Delta-Connected Regulators
7.4.2.3 Open Delta-Connected Regulators
7.5 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
References
8. Three-Phase Transformer Models
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Generalized Matrices
8.3 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
8.3.1 Voltages
8.3.2 Currents
8.4 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Up Connection
8.5 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection
8.6 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Up Connection
8.7 The Grounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection
8.8 Open Wye–Open Delta
8.9 The Grounded Wye–Grounded Wye Connection
8.10 The Delta–Delta Connection
8.11 Open Delta–Open Delta
8.12 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
8.13 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
9. Load Models
9.1 Wye-Connected Loads
9.1.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
9.1.2 Constant Impedance Loads
9.1.3 Constant Current Loads
9.1.4 Combination Loads
9.2 Delta-Connected Loads
9.2.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
9.2.2 Constant Impedance Loads
9.2.3 Constant Current Loads
9.2.4 Combination Loads
9.2.5 Line Currents Serving a Delta-Connected Load
9.3 Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads
9.4 Shunt Capacitors
9.4.1 Wye-Connected Capacitor Bank
9.4.2 Delta-Connected Capacitor Bank
9.5 Three-Phase Induction Machine
9.5.1 Induction Machine Model
9.5.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of a Motor
9.5.3 Phase Analysis of an Induction Motor
9.5.4 Voltage and Current Unbalance
9.5.5 Motor Starting Current
9.5.6 The Equivalent T Circuit
9.5.7 Computation of Slip
9.5.8 Induction Generator
9.5.9 Induction Machine Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
9.5.10 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with an Induction Motor
9.6 Summary
Problems
References
10. Distribution Feeder Analysis
10.1 Power-Flow Analysis
10.1.1 The Ladder Iterative Technique
10.1.1.1 Linear Network
10.1.1.2 Nonlinear Network
10.1.2 General Feeder
10.1.3 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder
10.1.3.1 Shunt Components
10.1.4 Applying the Ladder Iterative Technique
10.1.5 Let’s Put It All Together
10.1.6 Load Allocation
10.1.7 Loop Flow
10.1.7.1 Single-Phase Feeder
10.1.7.2 IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder
10.1.7.3 Summary of Loop Flow
10.1.8 Summary of Power-Flow Studies
10.2 Short-Circuit Studies
10.2.1 General Short-Circuit Theory
10.2.2 Specific Short Circuits
10.2.3 Backfeed Ground Fault Currents
10.2.3.1 One Downstream Transformer Bank
10.2.3.2 Complete Three-Phase Circuit Analysis
10.2.3.3 Backfeed Currents Summary
10.3 Summary
Problems
WindMil Assignment
References
11. Center-Tapped Transformers and Secondaries
11.1 Center-Tapped Single-Phase Transformer Model
11.1.1 Matrix Equations
11.1.2 Center-Tapped Transformer Serving Loads through a Triplex Secondary
11.2 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with Center-Tapped Transformer
11.2.1 Basic Transformer Equations
11.2.2 Summary
11.3 Open Wye–Open Delta Transformer Connections
11.3.1 The Leading Open Wye–Open Delta Connection
11.3.2 The Lagging Open Wye–Open Delta Connection
11.3.3 Forward Sweep
11.3.4 Backward Sweep
11.4 Four-Wire Secondary
11.5 Putting It All Together
11.5.1 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Connection
11.5.2 Open Wye–Delta Connections
11.5.3 Comparisons of Voltage and Current Unbalances
11.6 Summary
Problems
WindMil Homework Assignment
References
Appendix A: Conductor Data
Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
Index
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Appendix A: Conductor Data
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Index
Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
Concentric Neutral 15 kV Cable
Tape-Shielded 15 kV Cable
Tape thickness = 5 mils
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