B. Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors
by H. Scott Fogler
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Fifth Edition
- About This E-Book
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication Page
- Contents
- Preface
- A. Who Is the Intended Audience?
- B. What Are the Goals of This Book?
- C. What Is the Structure of CRE?
- D. What Are the Components of the CRE Web Site?
- E. Why Do We Assign Homework Problems?
- F. What Is a Living Example Problem (LEP)?
- G. What Software Is Available to Solve the LEPs?
- H. Are There Other Web Site Resources?
- I. How Can Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking Skills Be Enhanced?
- I.2 Enhance Creative Thinking Skills
- J. What’s New in This Edition?
- J.2 Content
- K. How Do I Say Thank You?
- About the Author
- 1. Mole Balances
- 2. Conversion and Reactor Sizing
- 3. Rate Laws
- 4. Stoichiometry
- 5. Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion
- 5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors
- 5.2 Batch Reactors (BRs)
- 5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
- 5.4 Tubular Reactors
- 5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors
- 5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant
- Summary
- ODE Solver Algorithm
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 6. Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles and Molar Flow Rates
- 6.1 The Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithm
- 6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors
- 6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor
- 6.4 Membrane Reactors
- 6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors
- 6.6 Semibatch Reactors
- Summary
- ODE Solver Algorithm
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 7. Collection and Analysis of Rate Data
- 7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis
- 7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess
- 7.3 Integral Method
- 7.4 Differential Method of Analysis
- 7.5 Nonlinear Regression
- 7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors
- 7.7 Experimental Planning
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 8. Multiple Reactions
- 8.1 Definitions
- 8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions
- 8.3 Parallel Reactions
- 8.4 Reactions in Series
- 8.5 Complex Reactions
- 8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions
- 8.7 Sorting It All Out
- 8.8 The Fun Part
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 9. Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors
- 10. Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors
- 10.1 Catalysts
- 10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction
- 10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step
- 10.3.1 Is the Adsorption of Cumene Rate-Limiting?
- 10.3.2 Is the Surface Reaction Rate-Limiting?
- 10.3.3 Is the Desorption of Benzene Rate-Limiting?
- 10.3.4 Summary of the Cumene Decomposition
- 10.3.5 Reforming Catalysts
- 10.3.6 Rate Laws Derived from the Pseudo-Steady-State Hypothesis (PSSH)
- 10.3.7 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Law
- 10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design
- 10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication
- 10.6 Model Discrimination
- 10.7 Catalyst Deactivation
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 11. Nonisothermal Reactor Design—The Steady-State Energy Balance and Adiabatic PFR Applications
- 12. Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design—Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange
- 12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange
- 12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid
- 12.3 Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects
- 12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects
- 12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS)
- 12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions
- 12.7 Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor
- 12.8 Safety
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 13. Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design
- 14. Mass Transfer Limitations in Reacting Systems
- 15. Diffusion and Reaction
- 15.1 Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems
- 15.2 Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets
- 15.3 The Internal Effectiveness Factor
- 15.4 Falsified Kinetics
- 15.5 Overall Effectiveness Factor
- 15.6 Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes
- 15.7 Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed
- 15.8 Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction-Rate Data
- 15.9 Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf
- 15.10 Fluidized Bed Reactors
- 15.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and Problems
- Journal Critique Problems
- Supplementary Reading
- 16. Residence Time Distributions of Chemical Reactors
- 17. Predicting Conversion Directly from the Residence Time Distribution
- 18. Models for Nonideal Reactors
- 18.1 Some Guidelines for Developing Models
- 18.2 The Tanks-in-Series (T-I-S) One-Parameter Model
- 18.3 Dispersion One-Parameter Model
- 18.4 Flow, Reaction, and Dispersion
- 18.5 Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model
- 18.6 Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction
- 18.7 Two-Parameter Models—Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors
- 18.8 Use of Software Packages to Determine the Model Parameters
- 18.9 Other Models of Nonideal Reactors Using CSTRs and PFRs
- 18.10 Applications to Pharmacokinetic Modeling
- Summary
- CRE Web Site Materials
- Questions and problems
- Supplementary Reading
- A. Numerical Techniques
- B. Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors
- C. Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant
- D. Software Packages
- E. Rate-Law Data
- F. Nomenclature
- G. Open-Ended Problems
- G.1 Design of Reaction Engineering Experiment
- G.2 Effective Lubricant Design
- G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor
- G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation
- G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design
- G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing
- G.7 Methanol Synthesis
- G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo
- G.9 Alcohol Metabolism
- G.10 Methanol Poisoning
- H. Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages
- I. How to Use the CRE Web Resources
- Index
B. Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors
Ideal Gas Constant
Volume of Ideal Gas
1 lb-mol of an ideal gas at 32°F and 1 atm occupies 359 ft3 (0.00279 lbmol/ft3).
1 mol of an ideal gas at 0°C and 1 atm occupies 22.4 dm3 (0.0446 mol/dm3).
Viscosity
1 poise = 1 g/cm/s = 0.1 kg/m/s
1 centipoise = 1 cp = 0.01 poise = 0.1 micro Pascal · second
Force
Pressure
1 Pa = 1 Newton/m2
Work
A. Work = Force × Distance
1 Joule = 1 Newton · meter =1 kg m2/s2 = 1 Pa · m3
B. Pressure × Volume = Work
(1 Newton/m2) · m3 = 1 Newton · m = 1 Joule
Time Rate of Change of Energy with Time
Gravitational Conversion Factor
Gravitational constant
g = 32.2 ft/s2
American Engineering System
SI/cgs System
gc = 1 (Dimensionless)
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