Table of Contents

Preface

Part 1: The Kubernetes Disruption

Chapter 1: Introducing the New Operating Model

The Kubernetes journey

Characteristics of the new operating model

Team collaboration and workflows

Control theory

Interoperability

Extensibility

Architecture focus

Open source, community, and governance

The next Kubernetes use case

Summary

Chapter 2: Examining the State of Infrastructure Automation

The history of infrastructure automation

The need for the next evolution

The limitations of IaC

A Kubernetes operating model for automation

Multi-cloud automation requirements

Crossplane as a cloud control plane

A universal control plane

Open standards for infrastructure vendors

Wider participation

The cloud provider partnerships

Other similar projects

Summary

Part 2: Building a Modern Infrastructure Platform

Chapter 3: Automating Infrastructure with Crossplane

Understanding Custom Resource Definitions and custom controllers

Adding a new CRD

Working with the CRD

Understanding the Crossplane architecture

Managed resources

Providers

Composite resources

Crossplane core

Installing Crossplane

Installing and configuring providers

Setting up a cloud account

Installing a provider

Configuring the provider

Multiple provider configuration

An example of POSTGRES provisioning

Summary

Chapter 4: Composing Infrastructure with Crossplane

Feeling like an API developer

How do XRs work?

XRD

Composition

Claim

Postprovisioning of an XR

Readiness check

Patch status

Propagating credentials back

Preprovisioned resources

Building an XR

The infrastructure API requirement

Creating the XRD

Providing implementation

Provisioning the resources with a claim

Troubleshooting

Summary

Chapter 5: Exploring Infrastructure Platform Patterns

Evolving the APIs

API implementation change

Hands-on journey with composition revision

API contract changes

Non-breaking changes

Version upgrade

Version upgrade with breaking changes

Nested and multi-resource XRs

PatchSets

XRD detailed

Naming the versions

The openAPIV3Schema structure

The additional parameter of an attribute

Printer columns

Managing external software resources

Unifying the automation

Summary

Chapter 6: More Crossplane Patterns

AWS provider setup

Creating an AWS account and IAM user

Creating the Kubernetes secret

AWS provider and ProviderConfig setup

Managing dependencies

Resource reference within and nested XR

Referring to an outside resource

Secret propagation hands-on

Helm provider hands-on

Defining API boundaries

Alerts and monitoring

Enabling Prometheus to scrape metrics

Setting up monitoring alerts

Enabling the Grafana dashboard

More troubleshooting patterns

Summary

Chapter 7: Extending and Scaling Crossplane

Building a new provider

XRM detailed

Configuration fidelity

Spec and status configuration

Naming the custom and external resource

Configuration ownership

Sensitive input and output fields

Framework to build a provider

Packaging and distribution of XR/Claim

Packaging and distribution

Installing and using the configuration

Testing the configurations

Installing KUTTL

KUTTL test setup

TDD

Multi-tenant control plane patterns

Multi-tenancy with a single cluster

Multi-tenancy with multiple clusters

Summary

Part 3:Configuration Management Tools and Recipes

Chapter 8: Knowing the Trade-offs

Unified automation scope

Complexity clock, requirements, and patterns

The configuration complexity clock

Configuration management requirements

Patterns and trade-off

Open Application Model

KubeVela, the OAM implementation

Specialized and extendable abstraction

Specialized abstraction

Extendable abstraction

Impact of change frequency

XRM change frequency

Summary

Chapter 9: Using Helm, Kustomize, and KubeVela

Application configuration management capabilities

Using Helm for application deployment

Working with an existing chart

Hands-on chart development

Chart generation

Customizing configurations with Kustomize

Deploying application workloads with KubeVela

Anatomy of a KubeVela application definition

Summary

Chapter 10: Onboarding Applications with Crossplane

The automation requirements

The solution

Preparing the control plane

The GCP provider

The GitLab provider

Helm and Kubernetes provider setup

Automating the application deployment environment

The repository and CI setup

GitLab configuration

The onboarding XR/claim API

The deployment dependencies

API boundary analysis

Summary

Chapter 11: Driving the Platform Adoption

Why we need an infrastructure platform as a product

Understanding customers’ needs

Product development practices

Self-service

Collaborative backlog management

The platform product life cycle and team interaction

The OAM personas

Summary

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