Index
A
Abstract keyword, 127
Abstract members, 135
Abstract syntax implementations, 214–216
Abstract syntax representations
caching properties, 208
mapping transformation, 205–206
memoizing construction, 208–210
pros and cons, 204
syntax type design, 204
using on-demand computation, 206–207
Abstract syntax trees (ASTs), 178
drawing namespace, 178
inferred types, 179
Accumulating and rewriting transformations, 205
Accumulating functions, 47
Accumulating parameter, 224
Action.Login, 371
Activation records, 515
Active patterns, 174
converting same data to many views, 211–213
hiding abstract syntax implementations, 214–216
matching on .NET object types, 213–214
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 579
partial and parameterized active patterns, 214
adb.exe, 419
agent.Post(message), 286
agent.Receive(?timeout), 286
Agents. See MailboxProcessor
agent.Scan(scanner, ?timeout), 286
agent.TryReceive(?timeout), 286
agent.TryScan(scanner, ?timeout), 286
Anchoring control, 432
Arithmetic expressions, error estimation , 499–501
Arithmetic operators, 234
Array2D module, 59
ASCII character encoding, 175
AsyncAccept, 279
AsyncAcquire method, 290
Async.AwaitTask(task), 278, 280
Async.Catch combinator, 281
AsyncExecuteReader, 279
AsyncExecuteXmlReader, 279
Async.FromBeginEnd(beginAction, endAction), 278
Async.FromContinuations(callback), 278
AsyncGetResponse, 279
Asynchronous and parallel computations
cancellation checking, 274
common constructs used, 274, 275
common I/O operations, 279
exception propagation, 273–274
exceptions and cancellation, 280–281
fetching multiple Web pages, 270–272
fork-join parallel operator implementation, 281
in CPU parallelism, 282
parallel file processing
asynchronous image processor, 276–278
primitives and combinators, 278
synchronous image processor, 275–276
resource lifetime management, 274
using tasks, 280
Asynchronous programs, 258
Asynchronous Web crawling, 287–290
Async.Parallel(computations), 278
AsyncRead, 279
AsyncReceive, 279
Async.RunSynchronously(async), 278
AsyncSend, 279
Async.StartAsTask(computation), 280
Async.Start(async), 278
Async.StartChild(async), 279
Async.StartImmediate(async), 279
AsyncWrite, 279
AsynExecuteNonQuery, 279
Attribute types
custom attributes and, 495, 496
.NET types, 100
Automatic generalization, 45
Automatic memory, 514
AxisColor property, 445
AxShockwaveFlashObjects, 520
B
Background Workers
building iterative worker, 264–267
primary object members, 262, 263
raising GUI-thread events, 267–268
two-faced object, 263
Berkeley Database (BDB), 534
bigint type, 234
Binary comparison operators, 27
Binary data, 176
Binary decision diagrams (BDD), 296
circuit verification, 307
Equiv, 306
language representation techniques, 304
logical rules, 306
mkAnd operation, 306
pretty-printer installation, 306–307
ToString member, 306
Binary operators, 46
BinaryReader, 68
BinaryWriter, 67
Binary XAML (BXAML), 468
Boolean-valued expression, 28
Bool type, 233
Bottom-up rewriting, 205
.NET types, 99
builder, for workflows, 478, 483–485, 488
byte
literal byte arrays and, 164
operator, 235
C
C5 collection library, 509
Callbacks model, 46
Cancellation checking, 274
CAPTCHA validation, 409
Close operation, 68
Closure, 43
Code
implementation code and, 580
signature
command-line compiler, 154
design, 156
explicit signature type, 155
file vector.fs, 155
.fsi file extension, 155
type-inference process, 156
Code encapsulation and organization
accessibility annotation
checkVisitor function, 150
code restriction, 150
F# code, 151
GlobalClock module, 151
internal state, 151
property setters, 152
table protection, 150
code reusage
code compilation, 159
DLLs, 159
executable programs, 159
file dolphins.fs, 160
file whales.fs, 160
file whalewatcher.fs, 161
F# programming progress, 158
reusable components, 159
sharing and packaging mechanism, 161–162
encapsulation boundaries, 147
count state, 148
inferred types, 149
IPeekPoke, 148
IStatistic type, 149
mutable state count, 149
variable count, 149
namespace and modules
attribute addition, 156
AutoOpen attribute, 158
client code prevention, 156
definition, 154
explicit initial module declaration, 157
F# code fragments, 157
qualified names, 152
signature (see Code signature)
Vector2D, 153
.NET assembly, 147
packaging code, 147
Coercion operator, 101
collectLinks function, 289
COM callable wrapper (CCW), 518
Common Intermediary Language (CIL), 568
Common Language Runtime (CLR), 503, 512–514
CompiledName attribute, 371
Component Object Model (COM)
characteristics, 516
F# program
compiler, 517
GetType method, 517
Quit method, 517
SetValue method, 517
.NET classes, 518
.NET components, 518
COM callable wrapper, 518
programming pattern, 518
runtime callable wrapper, 518
running object table
Marshal class, 521
Composite formatting, 167
Compositional constructs, 571
Computation expressions. See Workflows
Computations
delayed, 486
precomputation and, 496
Compute bound application, 275
Concrete language format
ASTs
drawing namespace, 178
inferred types, 179
System.XML namespace
data sharing, 176
hierarchical structure, 176
interactive function, 177
sample fragment, 176
types and members, 177
Concrete representations, .NET Library Design Guidelines and, 579
Concurrency objects, 136
Concurrent programs, 258
&& conditionals operator, 28
|| conditionals operator, 28
Connection strings, databases and, 347
Console.In, 103
Construction sequences, 116
Explicit constructors and, 117
functions, 20
Content constructors, 366
Content.CustomContent, 367
Content.PageContent, 367
convertToFloatAndAdd, 98
Copy collection, 515
Counting functions, 46
CPU parallelism, 282
Create method, 121
CreateText function, 67
Cross-platform solutions, 392
Currying, 579
CustomContent, 366
CustomEquality and CustomComparison, 218
D
Databases
advantages of, 345
closing connections and, 350
creating, 348
DataContract serialization, 93
Data Definition Language (DDL), 347
Data Manipulation Language (DML), 347
Data structures
concrete, 38
delayed, 50
foundational, 30
F# program, 14
hash function, 91
mutable, 32, 33, 54, 62–63, 76–77
options, 33
Decimal type, 234
defaultArg functions, 121
Default keyword, 135
Delayed computations, 46, 78–79, 486
Delayed data structures, 50
Delegation, 133
DependencyObject, 473
Deserialize function, 93
dictionariesENDRG, 62
Dictionary
hash-table structure, 60
key types, 60
KeyValuePair, 61
with compound keys, 62
Discriminated unions
as records, 86
discriminator, 84
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 579
nonextensible modules, 86
recursive functions, 85
recursive references, 85
size function, 86
sizeOfTree, 85
‘T option type, 85
tree-like data structures, 85
Discriminator, 84
Dispose operation, 68
DivideByZeroException, 234
<div> tag, 368
DllImport custom attribute, 524
Docking control, 432
do expr constructs, 275
do! expr constructs, 275
Dot (.) notation, 83
Double buffering, 452
Drawing namespace, 178
Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs), 159
Dynamic lookups, 497
Dynamic memory, 515
E
emptyLists generics, 108
Encoding/decoding
binary data , 176
unicode strings, 175
Enums, 145
Enum types, 100
Equality, hashing, and comparison
asserting using attributes, 218
customizing on a type, 219–220
generic collection types, 221
generic operations, 217
ordered comparison, 218
suppressing on a type, 220
Equational reasoning, 572, 574
Error estimation, via quotations, 499
Events, 151
as first-class values, 260
creating and publishing, 260–262
creating WinForms, 259
Exception propagation, 273–274
Exception-related language and library constructs, 66
Exception types, 100
Exhaustive patterns, 35
Explicit constructors, 117
Explicit factoring, 97
Extern keyword, 524
Extreme Optimization library, 245
F
background of, 2
web site for, 6
Class function, 409
FB class, 409
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Facebook namespace, 409
main HTML application
Boolean value, 415
Click event handler, 414
FB.Login and FB.Logout functions, 414
LI node, 415
Mobile.Instance.ShowPageLoadingMsg, 414
updateStatus function, 414
Res.FacebookAPI resource, 409
status messages, 406
Visual Studio, 407
WebSharper documentation, 409
F# and .NET libraries
binary format, 504
C5 collection library, 509
COM components, 504
data structures, 508
Microsoft.FSharp.Collections, 508
System.Collections.Generic namespace, 509
DLLs, library constructs, 505
F# compiler, 504
interoperability, 512
COM (see Component Object Model (COM))
Common Language Runtime, 512–514
types, 503
namespaces and, 507
.NET delegate type, 511
PowerCollections, 509
reflective techniques
Microsoft.FSharp.Reflection, 511
schema compilation, 510
F# code
debugging
assertions, 549
attributes controlling program, 550
classes, 548
concurrent and graphical applications, 551–553
ConditionalAttribute, 549
debuggable programs, 544
DebuggerDisplayAttribute, 550
isPalindrome function, 549
menu, 545
palindrome string, 544
program state inspection, 544
recursion, 544
System.Diagnostics namespace, 548–551
Visual Studio debugger (see Visual Studio debugger)
Watch view, 545
window, 545
WriteXXX methods, 549
packaging
application data, 542
command-line compiler, 538
conditional compilation, 538
data and configuration settings, 543
optimization settings, 538
static linking, 541
XML documentation, 539
testing
Category and Culture attributes, 560
fixtures, 561
FsCheck, 558
goal, 557
Ignore and Explicit attributes, 560
.NET debugger, 557
nunit-console.exe, 562
posTests and negTests functions, 559
setup and teardown methods, 561
test fixture, isPalindrome function, 558, 561
TestFixtureSetUp and TestFixtureTearDown attributes, 561
test suite, isPalindrome function, 558
F# command-line compiler (fsc.exe), 154
File handling technique, 136
File.OpenText, 103
FindMinMax method, 443
FindName method, 470
Alt+Enter shortcut, 553
compiles code, 555
data structures, 14
development and testing, 553
directives, 554
double semicolons (;;), 12
fsi.exe, 8
fsi object, 554
.NET Framework, 19
scripting, 537
showWordCount function, 8
val keyword, 8
wordCount function, 8
Firebird database engine, 346
First-in/first-out (FIFO) collection, 63
Flexible type constraint, 104
F# libraries, 119
design compliance checks and, 568
functional programming design techniques, 571
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 565, 568
vanilla .NET libraries, 566
Flickering, 452
FLinq, 340
float32 type, 234
Floating constraints, 109
Float operator, 235
F# operators
dynamic reflection operators, 497
quotations
need for, 498
resolving reflected definitions, 501
Format static method, 167
Formatting dates, 168
Formlets, 359
Android applications, 425
ASP.NET server control, 380–381
ASP.NET server-side controls, 384
dependent, 387
Enhance.WithFormContainer function, 383
Formlet.Yield combinator, 381
helper function, 380
input field, 385
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Formlet.Enhance, 381–383
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Formlet namespace, 379–380
library features, 383
RunSnippet, 380
sitelet, 385
string-int pair, 386
text-box formlet, 379
validation error, 383
Validator.Is, 381
wrapper and render function, 380
Forward pipe (|>) operator, 581
F# PowerPack, 313
F# program
calling functions, 11
code documentation, 9
data structures, 14
F# Interactive (see F# Interactive)
let keyword, 9
object-oriented libraries (see Object-oriented libraries)
properties and dot-notation, 14–15
string analysis, duplicate words, 7
tuples
arbitrary number, 16
fst and snd functions, 16
inferred types and computed values, 16
patterns, 16
showResults function, 17
showWordCount function, 17
values and objects, 17
wordCount function, 15
values and immutability, 9
F# quotations, 498
.fsi file extension, 155
Functional programming
conditionals, 28
currying and, 579
F# library design techniques, 571
function values. (see Function values)
and imperative programming, 49
memoization (see Memoization)
precomputation (see Precomputation)
lists (see Lists)
multiparadigm languages and, 565
numbers
arithmetic comparisons, 27
arithmetic conversions, 26
arithmetic operators, 26
binary operator, 26
overloaded operator, 26
type annotation, 26
types and literals, 25
options, 33
pattern matching (see Pattern matching)
recursive functions
alternatives, 29
control, 29
factorial coding, 29
HTML fetching, 29
List.length, 29
mutually, 30
nonrecursive implementation, 30
tail recursive, 30
well-founded, 30
strings, 27
types
definitions (see Type definitions)
generics (see Generics)
.NET types (see .NET types)
subtyping (see Subtyping)
type-inference (see Type inference)
with side effects
imperative programming and laziness, 78
mutable data structures seperation, 76
pure and side-effecting computations seperation, 76
recursion, 76
weak vs. strong side effects, 77
Functions
currying, 579
generic, 500
Function values
abstract control, 44
accumulators model, 47
actions model, 46
aggregate operators
Array.filter and List.map, 39
design pattern, 40
getStats function, 40
iteration, 44
pipeline operations, 40
anonymous, 39
binary operators model, 46
callbacks model, 46
concrete data structure, 38
counting functions model, 46
delayed computations model, 46
forward composition operator, 41
function fetch, 38
generators model, 46
input lists, 38
key functions model, 46
List.map, 38
literal list of URLs, 38
local functions, 42
object methods as first-class functions, 45
orderings model, 46
output lists, 38
partial application, 42
predicates model, 46
remap function, 45
sinks model, 46
statistical functions model, 46
transformations model, 46
FxCop, 566
G
g command-line flag, 161
Generators, 46
Generic algorithms
explicit arguments, 94
function parameters
concrete record type, 95
dictionaries of operations, 96
explicit factoring by functions, 97
IDisposable interface, 97
implicit factoring by hierarchy, 97
object interface types, 96
type classes, 97
inlining, 97
Generic operators, 119
Generics
algorithms (see Generic algorithms)
F# list types, 87
functions
automatic generalization, 88
binary serialization, 92
boxing and unboxing, 91
dummy arguments, 108
generic comparison, 89
hashing, 90
pretty-printing, 91
List.map, 87
Generics
overloaded operators, 109
Set type, 87
type abbreviations, 87
type annotation, 88
type parameters, 88
GenericZero function, 98
getFirst, 88
GetResponse method, 22
configuration, 442
DataSamples class definition, 443
FindMinMax method, 443
FSharpChart, 442
Model-View-Controller paradigm, 443
plot samples, 441
PropertyGrid, 453
SplitContainer control, 453
style properties and controller
AxisColor property, 445
Model-View-Controller paradigm, 447
mouse-move events, 448
OnPaint drawing method, 445, 448
overridden vs delegation, 448
test application, 442
view
Background color property, 449
double buffering, 452
drawing, 449
OnPaint method, 449
paint method, 449
Graphics objects, 136
GUI
BackgroundWorker connection, 268
thread events code, 267
H
Hardware design, 296
Hash function, 90
Haskell programming language and monads, 2, 479
Heap allocated memory, 136
Hello World (sample) function, 523
Highest common factor (HCF), 94
HTML5 standards, 392
Hue saturation value (HSV), 455
I
I command-line flag, 161
i command-line option, 154
IComparable interface, 130
IDisposable interface, 68, 97, 130
IEnumerable interface, 129
IEnumerator interface, 130
IEvent interface, 130
if/then/elif/else construct, 28
Immutable data structures, 9, 32, 54
Immutable lists, 85
Immutable values, 9
Imperative programming, 33
arrays andENDRG, 60
arrays
generation and slices, 58
module, 57
.NET types, 58
one-dimensional, 56
primitive types, 58
reference types, 58
two-dimensional, 59
value types, 58
dictionaries andENDRG, 62
exceptions
catching, 64
categories, 64
failwith function, 63
function types, 63
GetResponse method, 63
new types, 65
System.Net.WebException, 63
try ... finally ... construct, 65
values, 63
and laziness, 78
for loops, 50
vs. functional programming, 49
and functional programming
memoization (see Memoization)
precomputation (see Precomputation)
with side effects, 75
I/O techniques
abstractions, 68
file-processing, 67
.NET I/O via streams, 67
ReadLines function, 67
System.Console, 69
WriteAllLines function, 66
loops, 50
mutable locals, 56
mutable records. (see Mutable records)
.NET collections
dictionaries (see Dictionary)
other mutable data structures, 62
resizeable arrays, 59
sequence loops, 51
while loops, 51
Implementation, 304
code, 580
inheritance, 134
delegation and, 133
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 578, 579
Implicitarguments, 107
constructors, 116
factoring, 97
Indexer properties, 21, 118, 124
Inferred type parameters, 88
Inferred types, 115
Infixfunction, 119
Inherit keyword, 130
Integrating external data/services
language integrated OData
example, 335
handling pagination in OData, 339
query, 337
type provider, 336
language integrated SQL, 340
relational databases and ADO.NET
advantages of, 345
connecting to, 347
creating tables, 348
database engine and, 346
using stored procedures, 350
relational query operations
aggregation, 342
grouping, 344
inner queries, 343
joins, 344
nullables, 343
sorting, 342
REST requests
handling multiple pages, 334
JSON Format, 333
parsing XML/JSON data, 333
using WSDL services, 351
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Android, 415
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Android.Bluetooth, 416
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Formlet namespace, 387
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Formlets.JQueryMobile namespace, 425
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile, 415
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile.IAcceleration, 415
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile.ICamera, 416
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile.IGeolocator, 415
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile.ILog, 416
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Sitelets, 372
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Sitelets.Content module, 366
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Web.Control, 362
Interface inheritance, 130
Interfaces
concrete types, 129
ENDRG, 135
hierarchies of, 130
from .NET libraries, 129
partial implementations for, 131, 135
Internal accessibility annotation, 150, 152
Internal message protocols, 286
Internet Explorer Web Browser COM component, 518
InteropServices namespace, 524
int operator, 235
int type, 234
I/O bound application, 275
iOS devices
AddEventListener, 405
<canvas> element, 404
CDATA block, 400
Client.MyControl, 404
extra.files, 399
gesturechange event, 405
image viewer application, 398
index.html, 404
IntelliFactory.WebSharper.Mobile.Events class, 405
jQuery Mobile extensions, 404
Main.fs, 400
Main.html, 399
mobile events and features, 405
MyControl, 404
MySitelet, 404
OnAfterRender event, 404
OnLoad event, 404
scale and rotation, 405
virtual mouse events, 404
VMouseDown event, 404
Iterative worker, 264
ITextOutputSink, 131
J
Java Native Interface (JNI), 524
JavaScript.SetInterval function, 425
JpegBitmapDecoder, 474
JpegBitmapEncoder, 474
JSON format, 333
Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler, 513
K
Key functions, 46
L
Lambda expressions and F# quotations, 498
Language integrated OData
example, 335
handling pagination in OData, 339
query, 337
type provider, 336
Language integrated SQL, 340
Language-oriented programming
quotations and, 498
reflection and, 492
workflows and, 478
relational databases and, 347
Last-in/first-out (LIFO) collection, 62
Lazy lists, 182
Leaf rewriting (mapping), 205
Left-to-right, leftmost derivation (LL parsers), 183
Let bindings
resolving definitions for, 501
workflows and, 482
let pat = expr constructs, 275
let! pat = expr constructs, 275
Lexers, language oriented programming, 477
Line-based input processing, 169
LINQ (Language Integrated Query), ToSql queries, 340
Lists
and arrays, 195
cons operator, 31
foundational data structures, 30
function values, 32
input, 38
language constructs and operators, 30
List.map, 38
literal, 38
module, 31
@ operations, 31
output, 38
primes type and value, 31
processing, 223
values, 30
vs. resizable arrays, 59
Literal byte arrays, 164
loadXamlWindow, 472
Local functions, 42
Local variable, 9
Lock function, 292
LoginRedirect, 371
M
MailboxProcessor
asynchronous web crawling, 287
implementing counter, 283
member types, 286
object wrapping, 284, 285, 286
scanning mailboxes, 286
state machines, 284
Mandelbrot Viewer creation
application plumbing, 460
computing Mandelbrot, 454
delegation programming style, 454
fractals, 454
setting colors, 455
visualization application, 457
Map and filter operations, 196
mapFirst function, 107
Markup syntax, 468
Marshal class, 521
MatchCollection, 51
MatchFailureException, 36
Measure attribute, 250
membersENDRG, 114
Memoization
and caching, 75
fibNotFast function, 73
function, 72
lazy values, 74
lookaside table, 71
lookup and a discard method, 73
mutable internal tables, 74
service, 73
well-known Fibonacci function, 71
Memory model, 292
Message passing concurrency, 282
Message processing and state machines, 284
Metadata, 513
<meta> tag, 368
Method overloading, 121
Methods, .NET Library Design Guidelines and, 21, 578
Microsoft
FxCop, 566
Microsoft.FSharp.Reflection namespace, 511
Mimer SQL, 346
Mobile.VMouseEventArgs, 405
Mobile web applications
Android Applications (see WebSharper, Android applications)
feature detection and polyfilling
Boolean value, 393
HasJs.Has, 394
HTML5 support, 393
JavaScript snippet, 393
libraries, 394
Modernizr, 393
WebSharper, 395
iOS devices. (see iOS devices)
mobile capabilities, 396
mobile frameworks, 396
serving mobile content, 397
social networking (see Facebook)
touch events, 395
vs. native mobile applications, 391
WebSharper mobile, 415
Model-View-Controller design pattern, 441
Monads, 479
Monoids, 480
Multiparadigm languages, 565, 574
Mutable data structures, 33, 54, 62, 76
MutablePair class, 293
Mutable records
aliasing, 54
event counter, 52
hidden mutable data, 55
long page counter, 52
mutable values, 52
mutation and identity, 55
<- operator, 52
reference cells, 53
Mutable reference cells, 53
Mutable state, 122
Mutually recursive functions, 30
MyExternalResource, 388
MySQL, 346
N
Named arguments, 120
Naming conventions, 576
interfaces and, 126
object interface types and, 130
per .NET Library Design Guidelines, 574
Nativeint type, 234
Negation normal form (NNF), 215
N escape character, 165
.NET asynchronous operations, 279
.NET CLR, 258
.NET collections, 91
.NET event handlers, 259
NET interoperability, 193
NET libraries
vanilla, 566
.NET libraries. See F# and .NET libraries
binary serialization, 92
imperative code, 18
object-oriented libraries, 18
text.Split, 19
XML, 23
NET Library Design Guidelines, 565
applying to F# programming, 574
checking for compliance with, 568
.NET proxies, 389
.NET shared-memory concurrency primitives, 294
.NET thread pool, 273
NET ToString() method, 91
.NET types
attribute types, 100
delegate types, 100
enum types, 100
exception types, 100
reference types, 99
value types, 99
Network connections, 136
NoComparison and NoEquality, 218
Nonexhaustive matches, 36
Northwnd sample database, 340
Not a Number (NaN) values, 235
Null values, 145
numDups, 8
Numeric data, 231
built-in aggregation operators
advantage, 239
complex relationship, 241
computation, 237
counting and categorization, 239
KMeans culstering algorithm, 242
numeric code writing, 240
Seq.maxBy operator, 238
Seq.minBy operator, 239
Seq.sumBy operator, 238
unitized/generic code, 241
charting with FSharpChart, 231, 232, 233
.NET math library
and frameworks, 245characteristics, 244
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrix, 250
histograms and distributions, 246
inverse matrix, 249
matrices and vectors, 248
matrix decomposition, 249
statistical function, 245
types and literals
arithmetic conversion, 235
arithmetic operators, 234
bitwise operations, 236
checked arithmetic, 234
comparison operators, 235
overloaded Math functions, 236
units of measure
applications, 250
apply and removal of units, 254
attribute, 250
computation, 250
data sequence, 253
generic algorithm, 251
KMeans algorithm, 255
limitations, 254
linear function, 252
numerical-integration techniques, 251
parameters, 253
variance function, 252
numWords, 8
O
Object expressions, formatting, 581
Object identity, 9
Object interface types, design guidelines, , 96, 579
object interface types. See Interfaces , 126
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology, 516
Object-oriented libraries
fetching Web Page, 22
.NET libraries, 18
new keyword, setting properties, 20
open keyword, namespaces and modules, 19
Object-oriented (OO) programming, 225
functional programming and, 565
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 578
Object programming
classes
construction sequence, 116
constructors, 116
explicit constructors, 117 generic instantiation, 117
inferred type, 115
length precomputation, 114, 115
Scale method, 116
static bindings, 117
symmetry, 114
cleanup resource
IDisposable, 136
lexical scope, 135
operating-system resources, 135
F# object and .NET types
delegates, 144
delimitation, 143
enums, 145
null values, 145
structs, 144
modules extension
code organization, 143
mutable state
auto-property, 125
complexity, 124
currDX and currDY, 123
definition, 122
indexer property, 124
inferred signature type, 123, 124
optional property settings, 124, 125
Vector2D type, 122
notational convenience
dot notation, 117
indexers property, 118
overloaded properties, 118, 119
object interface types
abstract types, 126
concrete types, 129
definition, 127
implementation variations, 126
objects and members, general rules, 114
partial implementation
abstract members, 133
concrete types, 133
creation, 131
implementation inheritance, 134
objects, 135
Observables, 290
OCaml
library design and, 566
underscore (_) and, 576
OCaml programming language, 2
O command-line flag, 161
Offline sitelets, 364
On-demand computation, 206
Online sitelets, 365
OnPaintBackground method, 436
OpenText function, 68
Operator overloading, 235
Operators, 290
infix, 171
recommendations for using, 581
Optional arguments, 120
Optional property settings, 124
Option values, .NET Library Design Guidelines and, 577
Oracle database engine, 346
Out parameter, 61
Outscope values, 13
Override keyword, 135
Overriding methods, 447
P
Packaging code, abbreviations, 153
PageContent, 366
Pages.ProtectedPage, 371
Parallel programs, 258
Parser combinators, language-oriented programming and, 477, 186
Partial and parameterized active patterns, 214
form patterns, 37
guarding rules and combining patterns, 36
inferred type function, 34
isLikelySecretAgent, 34
keyword, 34
list values, 34
match ... with ... construct, 34
primes, 35
rule, 34
strings and integers, 34
structured values, 35
subtyping, 102
tuple, 34
Performance guidelines (see Guidelines)
Persistent data structure. (see Imutable data structures)
Pickering, Robert, 478
Pinning, 527
Pipelining, 193
Placeholders, 367
Platform Invoke
calling conventions
activation record, 522
fcall convention, 523
memory leak, 523
stdcall and cdecl convention, 523
thread stack, 523
C data structures mapping
definition, 525
StructLayout custom attribute, 525
SumC prototype, 526
definition, 522
DllImport custom attribute, 524
execute native code, 524
extern keyword, 524
function pointers, 530
functions, 522
Hello World (sample) function, 523, 524
interopServices namespace, 524
Java Native Interface, 524
marshalling parameters
function pointers, 526
native code, 526
native functions, 527
padding, 526
strings, 526
marshalling strings
ANSI C strings, 529
C function, 528
default conversions, 528
F# PInvoke prototype, 529
sayhello function, 529
string buffer, 529
System.Text.StringBuilder object, 529
parameter passing, 525
Sum function, 524
wrapper generation limitations, 534, 535
Polymorphism, 128
PostAndReply, 286
PostgreSQL, 346
PowerCollections library, 509
precomputation, 496
Precomputation
and objects, 70
and partial application, 69
Primary constructors, 116, 124
Printf module and function, 17, 165
Private accessibility annotation, 150
probabilistic workflows, 487
Procedural programming, library design and, 571
Progressive enhancement, 392
rProperties, design duidelines
PropertyGrid, 453
Propositional logic
AndL function, 301
arrays of propositions, 301
BDD
circuit verification, 307
Equiv, 306
language representation techniques, 304
logical rules, 306
mkAnd operation, 306
pretty-printer installation, 306
ToString member, 306
circuit components, code, 300
circuits property, checking, 303
formulae evaluation, 298
halfAdder, propositional formula, 302
hardware circuits, 300
minimalistic representation, 297
N-bit adder, 301
primitive propositions, 297
Prop formula, 297
QBF, 296
truth tables, 299
twoBitAdder, 302
Public accessibility annotation, 150, 151, 152
Q
Qualified names, 152
Quantified Boolean formulae (QBF), 296
Queries. See also Relational query operations
Query, definition, 337
Quotations
example of, 499
rationale for using, 498
R
RandomTicker, 260
Range expressions, 190
r command-line flag, 161
Reactive programs, 258
ReadAllLines function, 67
ReadAllText function, 67
ReaderWriterLock, 293
readValue function, 92
Records
cloning, 84
discriminated unions, 86
F# Interactive, 83
heterogeneous results, 82
labels, 82
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 579
non-unique field names, 83
stats, 82
type annotation, 82
type.field syntax, 82
Records, relational databases and, 348
Recursive functions
alternatives, 29
control, 29
discriminated unions, 85
factorial coding, 29
HTML fetching, 29
List.length, 29
mutually, 30
nonrecursive implementation, 30
tail recursive, 30
well-founded, 30
Recursive workflow expressions, 492
redraw() function, 404
Reference types, 99
Reflection
types and, 493
library, 496
reflection, 492
Regular expressions, 163
Relational databases and language
Relational databases and ADO.NET
advantages of, 345
connecting to conn, 347
creating, 348
creating tables, 348
database engine and, 346
using stored procedures, 350
Relational query operations
aggregation, 342
grouping, 344
inner queries, 343
joins, 344
nullables, 343
sorting, 342
RequestGate, 289
Require attribute, 388
R escape character, 165
Resgen.exe tool, 543
ResizeArray module, 60
Resource lifetime management, 274
Resources, combine with workflows
Resources.BaseResource, 388
Resources for further reading, mreasure, 255
Responsive web design, 392REST requests
handling multiple pages, 334
JSON Format, 333
parsing XML/JSON data, 333
return expr constructs, 275
return! expr constructs, 275
RichTextBox control, 21
Runtime callable wrapper (RCW), 518
Runtime type, 101
S
Samples
error estimation, quotations and, 499
workflows, 480
sbyte operator, 235
sbyte type, 233
Schemas, type reflection, 493
Scope, 12
Sequence expressions and workflows, 478
Sequences
aggregate operators, 191
compatible types, 192
finding elements and indexes, 199
folding sequences, 201
grouping and indexing, 200
iteration, 191
lazy sequences, 192
map and filter operations, 196
selecting multiple elements, 198
truncate and sort operations, 197
using range expressions, 190
using sequence expressions
additional logic, 194
cleaning up, 202
computation expressions, 194
expressing operations, 203
generating lists and arrays, 195
Serialize function, 93
Server-side functionality, 363
Set.ofList function, 14
setTextOfControl function, 103
settleDelta() function, 404
Shared-memory concurrency, 282
concurrency primitives, 294
explicit thread creation, 291
race conditions and .NET memory model, 291
using locks, 292
using ReaderWriterLock, 293
showResults function, 17
ShowVisualTree function, 473
showWordCount function, 17
Side effects and workflows, 485
Signature types/signature files, and guidelines, 578
Silverlight, 465
Sinks, 46
Sitelet.Filter value, 371
Sitelet.Infer constructor, 370
Sitelets
Action.MyPage action, 364
Action type, 364
client-side controls, 368
construction, 369
dynamic templates, 367
non-GET HTTP commands
basic menu and order creation form, 376
conceptual mapping, 373
Create Order and List Orders pages, 379
CreateOrderForm, 374
formlet, 374
helper functions, 374
ListOrders, 374
order attributes, 373
order storage, 373
POST and PUT requests, 378
response content functions, 377
specific order retrieval, 376
online vs. offline, 364
routers and controllers, 372
serving content, 365
single-page sitelet, 363
Sitelets.Website attribute, 364
Sitelet.Sum combinator, 372
Slice notation, 58
Smart web applications
Ajax rich client applications
development methods, 358
WebSharper (see WebSharper)
web server
arbitrary TCP server, 356
asynchronous task, 356
cloud-computing solutions, 358
coding in F#, 354
GET request, 356
HTTP commands, 353
quote server, 356
Regex1, 356
scaling, 358
SSL server, 357
TCP socket connection, 355
splitAtSpaces function, 11
SplitContainer control, 453
sprintf function, 165
SQLite, 346
Stack- and heap-allocated memory, 222
Stack, resources, 136
Static memory, 514
Statistical functions, 46
stdcall calling convention, 530
stored procedures, 350
Stream, 69
StreamWriter, 67
StringBuilder, 67
String placeholder, 368
StringReader, 68
Strings
parsing, 170
printfn function and, 165
regular expressions and, 171
sprintf function and, 165
unicode encoding/decoding and, 175
StringWriter, 67
StructLayout custom attribute, 525
Structs, 144
Structural comparison, 89
StructuralEquality and StructuralComparison, 218
Structural formatting, 167
Structural hashing, 62
Structured data
active patterns (see Active patterns)
equality, hashing, and comparison. (see Equality, hashing, and comparison)
Structured Query Language (SQL), 347
Subarrays, 58
Submodules, 153
Subtyping
automatic upcasting, 102
dynamic casting, 101
flexible types, 104
.NET types, 99
pattern matching, 102
static casting, 101
SWIG wrapper generator, 535
Sybase iAnywhere, 346
Symbolic differentiation
algebraic expression
abstract syntax representation, 313, 314
main Expr type, 313
parsing, 315
simplifications, 317
StarNeeded member, 315
VisualExpr.fs, 313
Visual Studio 2012, 313
expression rendering
code, 326
expressions and sizes, 323
rendering options, 320
RenderOptions type, 320
visual elements and sizes, 321
VisualExpr, 323
local simplifications, 312
simple algebraic expressions modeling, 310
user interface client, 327
visual application, 310
Symbolic programming. See Propositional logic
Synchronization context, 268
Syntax member, object expressions and, 581
Syntax trees, 228
System namespace
core types, 508
supervising and program execution, 509
useful services, 508
System.Net library, 22
System.Net.WebRequest, 22
System.Object.ReferenceEquals function, 55
System.Reflection namespace, 493
System.Text.RegularExpressions, 171
System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Matches, 51
System.Threading.AutoResetEvent, 294
System.Threading.Interlocked, 294
System.Threading.ManualResetEvent, 294
System.Threading.Mutex, 294
System.Threading.Semaphore, 294
System.Threading.WaitHandle, 294
System.Windows.Forms.Form, 20
T
Tables, relational databases and, 348
Tail calls and recursive programming
and list processing, 223
object-oriented programming, 225
processing syntax trees, 228
processing unbalanced trees, 226
simple tail-recursive function, 222, 223
stack- and heap-allocated memory, 222
using continuations, 227
telnet.exe, 419
Text label, 20
TextOutputSink object, 133
TextReader, 68
text.Split, 19
Textual data
binary parsing and formatting
combinator-based pickling, 186
data aggregation, 185
data reliability, 183
marshalling, 183
picklers and unpicklers, 183
primitive read/write functions, 184
concrete type. (see Concrete language format)
data format
ASCII characters, 164
building strings, 163
code, printf style, 166
escape characters, nonverbatim strings, 165
generic structural formatting, 167
.NET formatting, 167
%O/%A pattern, 166
printfn and sprintf functions, 165
printfn module, 165
string and character laterals, 164
triple-quote string laterals, 164
parsing strings
basic value, 168
encoding and decoding. See Encoding/decoding
line-based input processing, 169, 170
regular expressions, 170
System.Text.RegularExpressions, 171, 172, 173, 174
recursive descent parsing
information extraction, 180
lazy lists generation, 182
LL parsers, 183
polynomials, 182
symbolic differentiation, 180
tokenizer for polynomials, 181
TextureBrush, 435
Thread hopping, 272
Threads, 258
Top-down rewriting, 205
Top-level members, resolving, 501
TopMost label, 20
Transact-SQL (T-SQL), 347
Transformations, 572
TRANSFORM_CALLBACK type, 530
Transformers model, 46
Truncate and sort operations, 197
TryGetValue method, 61
T-SQL (Transact-SQL), 347
Tuples
arbitrary number, 16
fst and snd functions, 16
hash fucniton, 91
inferred types and computed values, 16
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 580
patterns, 16
showResults function, 17
showWordCount function, 17
type-checking error, 16
values and objects, 17
wordCount function, 15
Two-dimensional arrays, 59
Type classes, 97
Type constructors, 10
discriminated unions (see Discriminated Unions)
multiple types, 87
record (see Records)
type abbreviations, 81
Type function, 108
Type inference, 10, 11, 41, 45, 193
explicit factoring, 97
generic functions, 88
subtyping, 100
troubleshooting
generic overloaded operators, 109
type annotations, 105
value restriction. (see Value restriction)
visual editing environment, 105
type classes, 97
Type of operator, 493
Type PingPong, 106
Type provider, 336
Types
language-oriented programming and, 477, 478
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 578
partially implemented, 135
reflection and, 493
Type StreamReader, 103
Type TextReader, 103
Type TimeSpan, 44
Type variable, 45
U
uint16 operator, 235
uint16 type, 233
uint32 operator, 235
uint32type, 234
uint64 operator, 235
uint64 type, 234
Unativeint type, 234
Unbox function, 92
dynamic casting, 101
.NET types, 99
Underscore (_), 576
Ungeneralized type variables, 106
UNNNNNNNN escape character, 165
Upcast operator, 101
urlCollector, 289
use pat = expr constructs, 275
UserControl class, 438
Utils.SimpleContent function, 369
V
Value restriction
automatic generalization, 106
definition, 106
empty lists, 106
explicit type arguments, 108
generic functions
dummy arguments, 108
explicit arguments, 107
nongeneric constrain values, 107
Values, 21
types, 99
.NET Library Design Guidelines and, 577
vanilla .NET libraries, 566
VerifyUser, 371
Visible label, 20
Visualization and Graphical User Interfaces
control
anatomy of, 441
docking and anchoring, 432
Dock property, 430
fsi.exe., 431
layout, 432
placing controls, 429
registering controls, 429
single thread apartment model, 429
STAThread, 429
status bar, 430
Visual designers, 432
Web browser application, 430
WebBrowser control, 431
Windows Forms, 431
creation (see Mandelbrot Viewer creation)
drawing applications
Bézier curve, 434
brushes and pens, 435
canonical splines, 434
control point, 436
curves application, 436
movingPoint variable, 436
OnPaintBackground method, 436
paint-based model, 434
window, 434
graphical applications, 428
Hello, World! application, 427
sensor samples. See GraphControl
WPF (see Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF))
Visual Studio debugger
debugging session, 545
features, 546
Visual Studio’s COM automation model, 521
VSLab Viewlets, 440
W
WebRequest object, 22
WebSharper
Android applications
Android emulator, 417
ApplicationControl server control, 425
Client.BingMapsKey, 424
Client module, 424
Controls.Password function, 425
Controls.TextField function, 425
device configuration, 420
Enhance.WithSubmitButton function, 425
formlet code, 425
formlets, 417
installation and set up, 418
Main.fs, 422
Main.html, 421
MapOptions, 425
SDK documentation, 419
setMap, 425
ShowMap() function, 425
tools, 419
updateLocation, 425
Visual Studio template, 420
ASP.NET-compatible server-side application, 359
automated resource tracking and handling, 387
documentation, 359
feature detection and polyfilling, 395
formlets (seeFormlets)
mobile, 415
.NET proxies, 389
Rich Internet Applications (RIAs), 360
server code, 362
sitelets (see Sitelets)
third-party JavaScript libraries, 388
Visual Studio 2010, 360
WebSharper script manager control, 362
Well-founded recursion, 30
Whitespace, regular expression and, 172
Windows Forms
articulated frameworks, 429
brushes and pens, 435
COM components, 429
coordinate transformation, 449
DataSamples, 445
event loop, 428
F# Interactive, 466
fsi.exe, 429
OnPaintBackground method, 436
System.Windows.Application class, 466
User controls, 438
VSLab, 440
WPF’s layout model, 466
Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)
bitmaps and images, 474
controls
ButtonChrome node, 473
data-binding expression, 474
DependencyProperty class, 473
FindName method, 472
loadXamlWindow, 472
logical tree, 472
nested controls, 472
opaque, 471
ShowVisualTree function, 473
TextBox implementers, 473
Text property, 473
visual tree, 472
definition, 465
dependency properties and animations, 466
drawing
application, 467
markup syntax, 468
window’s visual tree, 468
XAML (see XAML)
event loop, 465
FSharpx.TypeProviders package, 465
layout model, 466
.NET framework, 465
paint-event-based paradigm, 467
retention-based, device-independent rendering, 466
Silverlight, 465
toolkit model, 467
Turbo Pascal, 466
Win32 and GDI rastering engine, 476
window from F# Interactive, 465
XML-based composition language, 466
Window.xaml code, 469
wordCount function
calling functions, 11
code documentation, 9
F# Interactive, 8
Length and Count, 14
let keyword, 9
scope, 12
tuple, 15
type, 10
workflows
examples of, 480
workflows (computation expressions), 194
combining with resources, 492
constructs, 479
how they work, 478
key uses of, 478
probabilisticBEGINRG, 487
probabilisticENDRG, 491
recursive workflow expressions and, 492
resources cleanup and , 492
side effects and, 485
success/failure and, 480
terminology and, 480
with custom query operators, 486
workflowsENDRG, 492
writeCharFunction parameter, 131
WriteLine functions, 167
writeValue function, 92
WSDL services, 351
X, Y
XAML
ASP.NET files, 468
BAML, 468
Blend and Visual Studio, 465
business logic, 469
coordinate system, 470
C# source files, 468
FindName method, 470
F# project system, 468
FSharpx type, 469
F# source code, 465
graphical elements, 469
Microsoft Expression Blend, 469
source-code generation, 468
transformed elements composition, 470
Visual Studio, 469
visual tree, 469
Window class, 468
window definition, 468
WYSIWYG editor, 469
XML, 23
language-oriented programming and, 477
XmlAttribute type, 177
XmlDocument type, 177
Xml namespace, 176
XmlNode type, 177
XmlReader type, 177
XmlWriter type, 177
XPath, 180
Z
zeroCreate function, 146