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Table of Contents
by Ralph Morrison
Fast Circuit Boards
Cover
Title Page
Preface
1 Electric and Magnetic Fields
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electrons and the Force Field
1.3 The Electric Field and Voltage
1.4 Electric Field Patterns and Charge Distributions
1.5 Field Energy
1.6 Dielectrics
1.7 Capacitance
1.8 Capacitors
1.9 The D or Displacement Field
1.10 Mutual and Self Capacitance
1.11 Current Flow in a Capacitance
1.12 The Magnetic Field
1.13 The B Field of Induction
1.14 Inductance
1.15 Inductors
1.16 The Inductance of a Solenoid in Air
1.17 Magnetic Field Energy Stored in Space
1.18 Mutual Inductance
1.19 Transformer Action
1.20 Poynting’s Vector
1.21 Resistors and Resistance
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
2 Transmission Lines—Part 1
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Ideal World
2.3 Transmission Line Representations
2.4 Characteristic Impedance
2.5 Waves and Wave Velocity
2.6 The Balance of Field Energies
2.7 A Few Comments on Transmission Lines
2.8 The Propagation of a Wave on a Transmission Line
2.9 Initial Wave Action
2.10 Reflections and Transmissions at Impedance Transitions
2.11 The Unterminated (Open) Transmission Line
2.12 The Short‐Circuited Transmission Line
2.13 Voltage Doubling and Rise Time
2.14 Matched Shunt Terminated Transmission Lines
2.15 Matched Series Terminated Transmission Lines
2.16 Extending a Transmission Line
2.17 Skin Effect
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
3 Transmission Lines—Part 2
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy Sources
3.3 The Ground Plane/Power Plane as an Energy Source
3.4 What Is a Capacitor?
3.5 Turning Corners
3.6 Practical Transmissions
3.7 Radiation and Transmission Lines
3.8 Multilayer Circuit Boards
3.9 Vias
3.10 Layer Crossings
3.11 Vias and Stripline
3.12 Stripline and the Power Plane
3.13 Stubs
3.14 Traces and Ground (Power) Plane Breaks
3.15 Characteristic Impedance of Traces
3.16 Microstrip
3.17 Centered Stripline
3.18 Asymmetric Stripline
3.19 Two‐Layer Boards
3.20 Sine Waves on Transmission Lines
3.21 Shielded Cables
3.22 Coax
3.23 Transfer Impedance
3.24 Waveguides
3.25 Balanced Lines
3.26 Circuit Board Materials
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
4 Interference
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Radiation—General Comments
4.3 The Impedance of Space
4.4 Field Coupling to Open Parallel Conductors (Sine Waves)
4.5 Cross‐Coupling
4.6 Shielding—General Comments
4.7 Even‐Mode Rejection
4.8 Ground—A General Discussion
4.9 Grounds on Circuit Boards
4.10 Equipment Ground
4.11 Guard Shields
4.12 Forward Referencing Amplifiers
4.13 A/D Converters
4.14 Utility Transformers and Interference
4.15 Shielding of Distribution Power Transformers
4.16 Electrostatic Discharge
4.17 Aliasing Errors
Glossary
5 Radiation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Standing Wave Ratio
5.3 The Transmission Coefficient τ
5.4 The Smith Chart
5.5 Smith Chart and Wave Impedances (Sine Waves)
5.6 Stubs and Impedance Matching
5.7 Radiation—General Comments
5.8 Radiation from Dipoles
5.9 Radiation from Loops
5.10 Effective Radiated Power for Sinusoids
5.11 Apertures
5.12 Honeycomb Filters
5.13 Shielded Enclosures
5.14 Screened Rooms
5.15 Line Filters
Glossary
Appendix A: Sine Waves in Circuits
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Unit Circle and Sine Waves
A.3 Angles, Frequency, and rms
A.4 The Reactance of an Inductor
A.5 The Reactance of a Capacitor
A.6 An Inductor and a Resistor in Series
A.7 A Capacitor and a Resistor in Series
A.8 The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers
A.9 Resistance, Conductance, Susceptance, Reactance, Admittance, and Impedance
A.10 Resonance
A.11 Answers to Problems
Appendix B: Square‐Wave Frequency Spectrum
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Ideal Square Waves
B.3 Square Waves with a Rise Time
Appendix C: The Decibel
Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Cover
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Next Chapter
Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Preface
1 Electric and Magnetic Fields
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electrons and the Force Field
1.3 The Electric Field and Voltage
1.4 Electric Field Patterns and Charge Distributions
1.5 Field Energy
1.6 Dielectrics
1.7 Capacitance
1.8 Capacitors
1.9 The D or Displacement Field
1.10 Mutual and Self Capacitance
1.11 Current Flow in a Capacitance
1.12 The Magnetic Field
1.13 The B Field of Induction
1.14 Inductance
1.15 Inductors
1.16 The Inductance of a Solenoid in Air
1.17 Magnetic Field Energy Stored in Space
1.18 Mutual Inductance
1.19 Transformer Action
1.20 Poynting’s Vector
1.21 Resistors and Resistance
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
2 Transmission Lines—Part 1
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Ideal World
2.3 Transmission Line Representations
2.4 Characteristic Impedance
2.5 Waves and Wave Velocity
2.6 The Balance of Field Energies
2.7 A Few Comments on Transmission Lines
2.8 The Propagation of a Wave on a Transmission Line
2.9 Initial Wave Action
2.10 Reflections and Transmissions at Impedance Transitions
2.11 The Unterminated (Open) Transmission Line
2.12 The Short‐Circuited Transmission Line
2.13 Voltage Doubling and Rise Time
2.14 Matched Shunt Terminated Transmission Lines
2.15 Matched Series Terminated Transmission Lines
2.16 Extending a Transmission Line
2.17 Skin Effect
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
3 Transmission Lines—Part 2
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy Sources
3.3 The Ground Plane/Power Plane as an Energy Source
3.4 What Is a Capacitor?
3.5 Turning Corners
3.6 Practical Transmissions
3.7 Radiation and Transmission Lines
3.8 Multilayer Circuit Boards
3.9 Vias
3.10 Layer Crossings
3.11 Vias and Stripline
3.12 Stripline and the Power Plane
3.13 Stubs
3.14 Traces and Ground (Power) Plane Breaks
3.15 Characteristic Impedance of Traces
3.16 Microstrip
3.17 Centered Stripline
3.18 Asymmetric Stripline
3.19 Two‐Layer Boards
3.20 Sine Waves on Transmission Lines
3.21 Shielded Cables
3.22 Coax
3.23 Transfer Impedance
3.24 Waveguides
3.25 Balanced Lines
3.26 Circuit Board Materials
Problem Set
Glossary
Answers to Problems
4 Interference
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Radiation—General Comments
4.3 The Impedance of Space
4.4 Field Coupling to Open Parallel Conductors (Sine Waves)
4.5 Cross‐Coupling
4.6 Shielding—General Comments
4.7 Even‐Mode Rejection
4.8 Ground—A General Discussion
4.9 Grounds on Circuit Boards
4.10 Equipment Ground
4.11 Guard Shields
4.12 Forward Referencing Amplifiers
4.13 A/D Converters
4.14 Utility Transformers and Interference
4.15 Shielding of Distribution Power Transformers
4.16 Electrostatic Discharge
4.17 Aliasing Errors
Glossary
5 Radiation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Standing Wave Ratio
5.3 The Transmission Coefficient
τ
5.4 The Smith Chart
5.5 Smith Chart and Wave Impedances (Sine Waves)
5.6 Stubs and Impedance Matching
5.7 Radiation—General Comments
5.8 Radiation from Dipoles
5.9 Radiation from Loops
5.10 Effective Radiated Power for Sinusoids
5.11 Apertures
5.12 Honeycomb Filters
5.13 Shielded Enclosures
5.14 Screened Rooms
5.15 Line Filters
Glossary
Appendix A: Sine Waves in Circuits
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Unit Circle and Sine Waves
A.3 Angles, Frequency, and rms
A.4 The Reactance of an Inductor
A.5 The Reactance of a Capacitor
A.6 An Inductor and a Resistor in Series
A.7 A Capacitor and a Resistor in Series
A.8 The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers
A.9 Resistance, Conductance, Susceptance, Reactance, Admittance, and Impedance
A.10 Resonance
A.11 Answers to Problems
Appendix B: Square‐Wave Frequency Spectrum
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Ideal Square Waves
B.3 Square Waves with a Rise Time
Appendix C: The Decibel
Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 01
Table 1.1 The relative dielectric constant for materials used in electronics.
Table 1.2 The resistivity of common conductors.
Table 1.3 Ohms‐per‐square for copper and iron.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 The forces between charges. (a) Repelling force and (b) attracting force.
Figure 1.2 Equipotential surfaces around a charged sphere.
Figure 1.3 (a)–(c) Electric field configurations around a shielded conductor.
Figure 1.4 The electric field pattern of a circuit trace over a ground plane.
Figure 1.5 The electric field pattern in the presence of a dielectric.
Figure 1.6 The mutual capacitances between traces over a ground plane.
Figure 1.7 The voltage on a capacitor when supplied a steady current.
Figure 1.8 The magnetic field H around a current carrying conductor.
Figure 1.9 The H field in and around a solenoid.
Figure 1.10 A voltage induced into a moving coil.
Figure 1.11 An inductor driven from a constant voltage source.
Figure 1.12 The inductance of round copper conductors.
Figure 1.13 A magnetic circuit with an air gap.
Figure 1.14 Ferrite cup core construction.
Figure 1.15 A trace over a conducting plane showing fields.
Figure 1.16 Poynting’s vector for parallel conductors carrying power.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 The lumped parameter model of a transmission line.
L
is inductance per unit length.
C
is capacitance per unit length.
Figure 2.2 The field pattern around a trace over a ground plane (microstrip).
Figure 2.3 The flow of current in a wave as it moves along a transmission line.
Figure 2.4 The wave action associated with a transmission line shunt terminated in its characteristic impedance.
Figure 2.5 The wave action on a transmission line shunt terminated in its characteristic impedance.
Figure 2.6 The voltage waveforms on an ideal open circuit transmission line for a step input voltage. (a) Individual waves and (b) The sum of the waves.
Figure 2.7 The voltage waveforms on an ideal open circuit transmission line for a step input voltage.
Figure 2.8 The voltage pattern of waves on a short‐circuited transmission line. (a) Individual waves and (b) The sum of the waves.
Figure 2.9 The staircase current pattern for a shorted transmission line.
Figure 2.10 Rise times and the reflections from an unterminated transmission line.
Figure 2.11 Matching shunt termination using a remote switch.
Figure 2.12 A matching termination using a remote switch.
Figure 2.13 The voltage at a termination when there is a mismatch in impedances.
Figure 2.14 The voltage at a termination when there is a mismatch in terminating impedance.
Figure 2.15 A series (source) terminated transmission line.
Figure 2.16 A typical transmission line.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 The first energy sources when a logic trace is connected to the nearest power conductor.
Figure 3.2 Wave action for a simple logic transmission. Note: Each wave is on a different time scale.
Figure 3.3 A four‐layer board layup.
Figure 3.4 (a) and (b) Two four‐layer board configurations.
Figure 3.5 An acceptable six‐layer board configuration.
Figure 3.6 (a) A via crossing conducting planes with radiation and (b) Two vias crossing conducting planes.
Figure 3.7 Using vias in the transition from stripline to microstrip.
Figure 3.8 The return current path for stripline when a power plane is used.
Figure 3.9 The delay caused by a stub on a transmission line.
Figure 3.10 Microstrip geometry.
Figure 3.11 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for trace thickness of 1.5 mils.
Figure 3.12 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for a trace thickness of 2 mils.
Figure 3.13 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for a trace thickness of 2.7 mils.
Figure 3.14 Embedded microstrip geometry.
Figure 3.15 Centered stripline. Curves of constant characteristic impedance for a trace thickness of 1.5 mils.
Figure 3.16 Asymmetric stripline.
Figure 3.17 Trace pattern for use on a two‐sided board.
Figure 3.18 The characteristic impedance of a coaxial geometry.
Figure 3.19 Transfer impedance test for a coaxial cable.
Figure 3.20 The transfer impedance for several standard cables.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Field coupling to parallel conductors (wires).
Figure 4.2 The mutual capacitance and mutual inductance between two transmission lines.
Figure 4.3 A step‐function wave applied to a culprit line.
Figure 4.4 Inductive coupling between transmission lines.
Figure 4.5 The termination of a balanced transmission line.
Figure 4.6 A differential amplifier using a guard shield.
Figure 4.7 A forward referencing amplifier.
Figure 4.8 A single‐phase isolation transformer. (a) One shield, (b) two shields, and (c) three shields.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 A standing wave pattern.
Figure 5.2 An impedance Smith chart showing the relation between the reflection coefficients and terminations on a 1‐ohm transmission line.
Figure 5.3 (a) The paths taken on a Smith chart to reach the point
τ
= 1 where
x
= 0 and
r
= 1. (We first added a shunt capacitor.) and (b) The paths taken on a Smith chart to reach the point
τ
= 1 where
x
= 0 and
r
= 1. (We first added a shunt inductor.)
Figure 5.4 The E and H field intensities near a half‐dipole antenna.
Figure 5.5 The E and H field intensities near a radiating loop.
Appendix 01
Figure A.1 The unit circle and the point (0.5, 0.866).
Figure A.2 A sine and cosine wave.
Figure A.3 Sine wave voltage and current for an inductor. The current lags the voltage by 90°.
Figure A.4 Sine wave voltage and current for a capacitor. The voltage leads the current by 90°.
Figure A.5 The vectors representing the voltages in a series
RL
circuit.
Figure A.6 The vectors representing the voltages in a series
RC
circuit.
Appendix 02
Figure B.1 The harmonics that make up a square wave.
Figure B.2 The harmonics that make up a square wave plotted linearly and on a logarithmic scale.
Figure B.3 The harmonics of a square wave with a finite rise time.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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