Index

Numbers

2pxBorder, 41

A

Adams, Ansel, 61–62, 93, 100

Add Anchor Point tool, for modifying shapes, 49

additive processes, 109–111

Ades, Dawn, 128

adjustment layers

for hue, saturation, and brightness, 116–117, 171, 177–178

levels adjustment layer, 103–106, 172

nondestructive editing and, 156

Adobe Bridge

Batch Rename tool in, 82–84

digital photography and, 67

organizing digital photos, 80–81

Output workspace, 85–88

Adobe Illustrator

arranging stacking order of elements, 45

creating circles, 10

creating text boxes, 247

file presets, 11–12

Pathfinder panel, 188

typographic treatment with, 208

Adobe InDesign

creating document for sharing on web, 261

placing text in text frames, 270–271

preparing files for placement, 275

scaling images, 268

typographic treatment with, 208

Airey, David, 42

Albers, Josef, 112–113

alignment

Align panel, 19

of basic shapes, 46–47

guides and, 264–265

left, right, centered, justified, 238–239

of rows of dots, 17–20

on rule-of-thirds grid, 78–79

of text boxes, 252

typographic styles and, 273–274

alpha channels, 184. See also layer masks

analog, combining with digital techniques, 285

anchor points

creating shapes, 44

defining circle edges, 14

modifying paths, 165–167

modifying shapes, 48–50

moving, 232

Pen tool and, 154

tracing an image with Pen tool, 162–164

in vector graphics, 10, 43

aperture priority, 66, 77

aperture size, 72

appropriation practice, 133

apps, screen resolution for, 183

Arnheim, Rudolf, 39

artboard

Artboard tool, 232

creating shapes on, 43–45

duplicating, 47–50

features of, 12

artists/designers, communication with clients, 281

ascenders, of a letter, 203

Atkins, Anna, 128

augmented reality, 182

Azzarella, Josh, 137

B

background

adding color to, 55–57

creating background layers, 136, 140

with repeated dots, 15–17

shifting nature of, 7–8

backward compatibility, 37

Barthes, Roland, 42

baseline, of a letter, 203

Batch Rename tool, 82–84

Bauhaus school, of art and design, 113, 234

Bayard, Hippolyte, 128

Beck, Harry, 233, 235

Bézier handles

controlling curves, 43

creating curved paths, 154

modifying paths, 165–167

repositioning, 49–50

tracing an image with Pen tool, 162–163

bitmap graphics

digital photography and, 61

pixels in, 10

value/tonal range in, 91–92

bits, 4

black-and-white photo, applying color to, 125

Blank, Harrod, 65

blended images

adding gradients and layer masks, 197–199

adding vector mask, 192–193

articulating the design challenge, 186

combining vector shapes, 187–189

creating basic button, 193–194

creating layer groups, 195–196

gradients, 184–185

layer effects, 190–192

networked technologies and, 180–182

overview of, 179

screen resolution, 183

vector shapes, 183

blending modes, color, 120–121

blogjects, 180

boardstorming, at Jovenville, 293–296

Botanicalls project, 180–182

bracketing technique, 75–76

Brady, Mathew, 68, 80–81

branding, guidelines for design, 282–284

Braque, Georges, 133

Brautigan, Richard, 256

Breton, André, 131

Bringhurst, Robert, 238

brushes

adding brushwork texture, 285

adding details, 53–54

Brush tool, 10

pattern brush, 17

size settings, 140–141

Spot Healing Brush, 136, 140–142, 146–147

stroke settings, 53–54

Buñuel, Luis, 131, 176

buttons, creating basic, 193–194

C

Cairns, Jonathan, 157

camera obscura, 58–59

Canvas Size dialog box, 98–99

cap height, of letters, 203

circles. See also paths

creating, 10, 14

scaling, 16

clients

communication with, 281

coping with, 294

Clone Stamp tool

cloning with, 136

exercise adding extra mummy finger, 147–149

softening cloned edges, 150–152

Closure, Gestalt laws, 236

CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), 110, 216

Cole, Tracey, 73

collage

fair use of public domain materials, 132

history of, 129–131

collage, creating Dada-style

applying Magic Wand to, 173–176

converting a path to a selection to layer mask, 167–170

copying layer to document, 172–173

modifying paths created with Pen tool, 164–167

scaling, adjusting, and organizing, 170–171

selecting, copying, pasting, 176–178

setting up workspace for, 158–160

tracing an image contour with Pen tool, 160–164

color

adding to master pages, 275–276

additive processes, 109

CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), 110–111

color correction, 122–125

comparing, 120–121

default foreground and background colors, 175

harmonies, 114–117

modes in typography, 216

overview of, 107

primary and complementary, 110

RGB (red, green, black), 109–111

simultaneous contrast, 113, 117–120

as subject of art, 112

subtractive processes, 108

of text, 249

warm and cool hues, 113

white balance setting and color cast, 72

Color panel

filling a path, 15

gradient settings, 34

Invert option on, 56

stroke values, 36

Color Picker dialog, 118–119

Common Fate, Gestalt laws, 236

communication, clarity and openness of, 280–281

complementary color relationships, 110

compression settings, for digital cameras, 70

consistency, in design, 255–256

Content area, of Adobe Bridge, 80–81

Continuity, Gestalt laws, 236, 250, 255–258

contours

creating with Pen tool, 154

tracing, 160–164

contrast

color correction, 123

in typographic design, 210–212

Convert Anchor Point tool, 48–50

cool hues, 113

copy/paste

Copy button, 52

exercise, 176–178

layers to document, 172–173

selections for, 144

copyright law, 132–133

Craighead, Alison, 63–64

Create New Layer button, 29

Crespo, riCardo, 286–287

cropping

by rule of thirds, 78–79, 122

using anchors, 103–104

curve adjustment, for increasing contrast, 123

curves

Bézier handles for, 43

modifying, 49–50

D

Dada art movement, 129–131

Dalí, Salvador, 131, 176

DeLappe, Joseph, 5

Delete Cropped Pixels button, 78

Demers, Michael, 287–289

depth, contrasting values creating, 35–36

depth of field setting, for digital cameras, 73

derivative works, fair use and, 132–133

descenders, of letters, 203

digital cameras

mechanics of, 69–70

settings for, 70–75

zone system for, 93

digital manipulation

appropriation practice, 133

combining analog with, 285

ethics of, 136–137

fair use and, 132–133

new tools for, 132

overview of, 127–129

photomontage and collage and, 129–131

repairs and hoaxes. See repairs and hoaxes

surrealism, 131

verisimilitude, 134

digital noise, 71

digital photography

Adobe Bridge and, 67, 80–81

Batch Rename tool for, 82–84

bracketing technique in, 75–76

camera mechanics for, 69–70

creating PDFs of images, 85–88

light measurement, 66

pixels, 61

preparatory considerations, 76–77

rule of thirds, 66–67, 77–79

as specialized craft, 65

zone system and, 93, 98–103

digital technologies

pointillism and, 3–4

qualities of, 2

Direct Selection tool

adding vector shapes, 227–229

making final adjustments, 229

modifying paths, 164–167

for modifying shapes, 49–50

Dobson, Kelly, 180

Doctorow, Cory, 180

documents

copying layer to, 172–173

creating with one artboard, 43–45

sharing on web, 261

Dodge and Burn tools, 143–145

dots

art and, 2–4

computer graphics and, 2

creating figure/ground, 15–17

creating patterns, 7–8

grouping/alignment of, 17–20

Doyle, Christopher, 280

drop shadows, 275–276

Duchamp, Marcel, 130, 133

E

editing. See also revision practices

color editing, 108

layer masks, 156

no editing vs. editing as every stage, 285

nondestructive, 156–158

Edwards, Mark, 155

effects

drop shadows, 275–276

layer effects, 190–192

Eggert, Alicia, 22, 23

Eisenstein, Sergei, 131

elements, working with on master pages, 266

Ellipse tool

creating circles, 10, 195

creating shapes, 13–14

loading from Tools panel, 12

enlarging images, 27–28

Eraser tool, 156

Essentials, setting workspace to, 27, 43, 77

Eternity clock, 22–23

ethics, of digital manipulation, 136–137

EV (exposure value), 75–76

Expand Appearance option, converting lines to shapes, 54

exporting, to PDFs, 276–277

exposure value (EV), 75–76

eyeball icon, making layers visible/invisible, 187

Eyedropper tool, adding Fill colors, 228

Ezer, Oded, 232

F

fair use, copyright law and, 132–133

faktura (Rodchenko), 129

Faludi, Rob, 181

families, typographic, 207

Felton, Nicholas, 256–257

files

digital camera settings, 70

naming/saving, 25

renaming, 82–84

utilizing master/shared, 36–38

fills/filling

adding with Eyedropper tool, 228

filling circle with color, 119

filling rectangle with color, 275

icons for, 14

Flaxton, Terry, 61–62

Fleming, Mike, 22, 23

fonts. See also typefaces

creating typographic styles, 274

personality of, 202

selecting point size of type, 220

foreground, 7–8, 15–17

framing photographs, 69–70

Free Transform tool, 119, 174

f-stop values

aperture size and, 66, 69, 72

depth of field and, 73

G

Gestalt laws, 234, 236–237, 250, 255–258

Gestalt psychology, 7–8

Gilliam, Terry, 131

glyphs, 202

Gomez, Dr. L. Hernandez, 289

Good Gestalt, Gestalt laws, 236

gradients

adding, 197–199

applying to layer masks, 184–185

Gradient tool, 33–34

grids

guide placement, 242–243, 250–251

historic uses of, 233–234

using, 252

Grosz, George, 130

guides

alignment and, 264–265

establishing on master pages, 262–263, 266

hiding/deleting, 52

horizontal, 188

placing on grid, 242–243, 250–251

scaling and, 170

snapping to, 269

Gutenberg, Johannes, 202–203

gutter, between text and images, 264

H

halation, 113, 118

Hand tool, 141–142

hardness setting brushes, 148

harmonies, color, 114–117

Hartman, Kate, 181

Heartfield, John, 130

Helvetica typeface, 206

highlights

adjusting exposure value, 145

levels adjustment layer and, 105

histograms, 104–106, 109

History panel, Photoshop, 141

hoax creation, 137

Höch, Hannah, 130–131

hues

adding layer for, 177

adjusting, 116, 171

color correction, 122

HSL (hue, saturation, and luminosity), 107–108, 116–117

Hue/Saturation adjustment tool, 108

primary and complementary, 109–110

warm and cool hues, 113

Hughes, Jack, 112

human perception, 2, 21

hyphenation, 272–273

I

iconic graphics

adding/saving background color, 55–57

brushing details into treetop, 53–54

creating shape combinations, 46–47

creating shapes for, 43–45

logos as, 42

modifying shapes, 48–50

reflect/copy profile icon, 51–52

uniting shapes, 47–48

Illustrator. See Adobe Illustrator

image frames (InDesign), 270

Image Size dialog box, 95–98

images

adding gradient backgrounds, 33–34

creating borders, 31

creating depth in, 35–36

creating gutter between text and images, 264

duplicating, 31–32

importing, 266–269

measuring block for placing, 263–264

placing/locking, 27–29

placing/relinking, 217–218

prepping, 270

previewing, 268

relationship between type and, 206

replacing type with, 225–227

scaling, 276

utilizing master/shared files, 36–38

importing images, 266–269

Info panel, 103

iPad screen resolution, 183

ISO settings, for digital cameras, 71

Itten, Johannes, 39–40, 113

J

James, Christopher, 92

Johnson, Chris, 93

Johnson, D. Wayne, 280

Jordan, Chris, 8, 9

Jovenville, 293–296

JPG quality slider, 98

Jungmann, Ales, 22, 26

juxtaposition

in creating collages, 176

in Mark Edwards design, 155

photomontage and, 153

K

Kaiser, Kathleen, 281–283

kaleidolism.com, 41

Kane, John, 202, 204

kerning

adjusting horizontal space between letters, 213–215

adjusting letters to a guide, 251

display type, 220–225

for line spacing, 239

Key command, becoming efficient with, 245

Kodak’s Brownie camera, 59, 60

L

Lasso tool, 143

Lavers, Annette, 42

layer masks

Add Layer Mask button, 150–152

adding, 168, 197–199

applying gradients to, 184–185

converting, 167–170

fundamentals of working with, 156

scaling, 170–171

layers

clipping, 177

copying between documents, 172–173

creating background layer, 136, 140

creating for working on eyes, 144–146

creating for working on fingers, 148, 150–151

creating for working on forehead, 146–147

creating layer groups, 195–196

creating new, 148

effects, 190–192

flattening, 217

keeping copy of original, 140

moving, 225

naming, 148

rearranging stack order of, 145–146

Layers panel

Crop Preview in, 78, 79

gradients layer in, 33

rectangle path on top of, 55

selecting images within, 32

understanding, 29

LCD screen, for framing photographs, 69–70

Le, David, 74

leading

adjusting, 224

for letter spacing, 213–215, 239

placeholders for virtual, 244

The League of Imaginary Scientists, 289–292

legibility, of type, 205

Lehni, Jürg, 210–211

Lester, Paul Martin, 255–256

letters

kerning. See kerning

letterforms, 202

parts of, 203

levels adjustment layer, 103–106, 122

Library of Congress (LOC), 139, 159

light meters, for digital photography, 66

lines

complexity of, 22

creating with Pencil tool, 29–31

drawing intersecting, 31

leading for spacing, 239

length in typographic design, 237–238

qualities of, 4, 22–24

varying contrast to create depth, 35–36

linking

Link button for image placement, 27

text boxes, 246–249

Lissitzky, El, 129–130

Load Path, 167

locking images, 28–29

logos, 42

London, Kati, 181

Lorem Ipsum, placeholder or dummy text, 246–247

Ludwig, Colleen, 22, 24

luminosity (lightness), 107–108, 116–117

Lupton, Ellen, 202–203, 234, 236

M

Macnab, Maggie, 22

Magic Wand, 173–176

Majoor, Martin, 204

Man, Ray, 128

Marks and Bleeds, 253

marqueeing shapes

circles, 16

ellipses, 13, 118

rectangles, 54

masks. See layer masks

master files, 36–37, 57

master pages

accessing and applying, 259

adding color and drop shadows, 275–276

establishing guides on, 262–263, 266

McCarty, Kevin, 91–92

measuring blocks

as guide, 250–251

for image placement, 263–264

meetings, standing up at, 287

Meggs, Philip, 206, 212

Méliès, Georges, 131

Metadata Placard, in Adobe Bridge, 81

Miedinger, Max, 206

Miller, J. Abbott, 234

Minus Front button, 54

Moholy-Nagy, László, 128

montage, 129–131. See also collage

Move tool

adjusting image position, 171

centering content, 194

moving layers, 225

utilizing zone scale and, 99–101

Müller-Brockmann, Josef, 237

multipage layouts, 255–256, 259

multistability, 8

Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), 289–292

Myers, Tiffini, 113

MyShinyMonkey.com, 40–41

N

negative space

creating virtual leading and, 244

example of use of, 242

in typographic design, 236

Negroponte, Nicholas, 1–2, 4–5

networked technologies, 180–182

New Document dialog box, 12, 43–44

New Filenames field, in Batch Rename tool, 82–84

Niépce, Nicéphore, 126–127

nondestructive editing, 156–158

O

opacity settings. See transparency/opacity settings

Option key, 15–16

Orozco, Joven, 293–296

orphans, typographic design and, 240–241

Outer Glow effect, layer effects, 190

Output workspace, 85–88

overflow text, text boxes and, 247–248

P

packaging, design of Hot Wheels packaging, 286–287

Pages panel

adding color and drop shadows to master pages, 275–276

creating master pages, 263

navigating documents, 262

placing images in documents, 266

Paintbrush tool, 53–54

paper, selecting size for printing, 242

paragraph styles

applying, 277

for consistent typographic treatment, 259

creating, 271–274

paragraphs

assembling type into, 237–241

working with paragraph breaks, 249

Past Experience, Gestalt laws, 236

Patch tool, 136

Path mode, vector tools, 187

Pathfinder panel

Adobe Illustrator, 188

for joining shapes, 48

unwanted effects from, 53

paths

converting to a selection and then to layer mask, 167–170

creating curved, 154

creating elliptical, 14

making copies of, 15

modifying, 164–167

Pen tool creating, 160–164

Patrick, Bryan, 137

pattern brush, 17

PDFs

creating PDF Portfolio, 208

designing for reading on a screen, 259

exporting, 276–277

placing images in, 268

saving multipage, 55–57

sharing on web, 261

of thumbnail-sized images, 85–88

trim marks on, 253

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 42

Pen tool

modifying paths created with, 164–167

for precision selection, 154–155

tracing image contours, 160–164

vector-based tools in Photoshop, 187

Pencil tool

accessing Selection tool from, 31

choosing, 29–30

drawing lines with, 30–31

Pencilbox Studios, 281–285

petroglyph, 200

Pettis, Bre, 279–280

photograms, 91

photography

in color, 62

digital. See digital photography

history of, 59, 127

vector illustration vs., 60

zone system and, 61

photomontage, 129–131

Piana, Brian, 112

Picasso, Pablo, 133

pixels

applying pixel masks, 167

in bitmap graphics, 10

development of, 2

in digital photography, 61

Magic Wand tool and, 173–174

nondestructive editing and, 156

pixel-based layer masks, 184

redistributing, 90, 95–96

resampling, 90

UI designs and, 132

vector tools and, 187

placeholders, 244, 246–247

point sizes, of type, 219, 248

pointillism, 3–4

Polygonal Lasso tool, 114–115

Prägnanz, Law of, 234

previewing images, 268

previewing layout, 276

primary colors, 109, 110

printing

CMYK color and, 110

color modes and, 216

paper size for, 242

print resolution, 95–96

Profile menu, 11–12

Proximity, Gestalt laws, 236

PSD files, 268

public domain, 132, 173

R

Rectangle tool

adding shape for framing composition, 227–229

creating and positioning rectangular shapes, 263

creating borders, 31

filling rectangle with color, 275

using in Shape mode, 187

Rectangular Marquee tool, 114–115

Red Eye tool, 136

redistributing pixels, for resolution, 90, 95–96

Reflect tool, 51–52, 228–229

Rejlander, Oscar Gustav, 128

repairs and hoaxes

adding extra mummy finger with Clone Stamp tool, 147–149

creating hoaxes, 137

making tonal repairs with dodge and burn, 143–145

overview of, 136–137

reducing wrinkles with Spot Healing Brush, 146–147

removing dust and blemishes from photograph, 139–142

softening cloned edges, 150–152

source materials for, 138–139

Resample Image check box, 159–160

resampling pixels, 90, 96–98

resizing type, 220–225

resolution

DPI (dots per inch) settings, 159

redistributing pixels for, 90, 95–96

resampling pixels for, 96–98

screen resolution, 183

revision practices

boardstorming at Jovenville, 293–296

clarity and openness of communication and, 280–281

collaboration with institution scientists at MOCA, 289–292

overview of, 279

Pencilbox Studios Mission Hospital project, 281–284

Pencilbox Studios Perception of the Princess project, 284–285

reworking package design at Mattel, 286

working with game time and real time in Elder Scroll IV:Oblivion, 287–289

RGB (red, green, black)

additive processes, 109–110

color modes and, 216

converting from gray scale to, 115

primary and complementary color and, 110–111

rhythm, in typographic design, 210–212

Rich, Alex, 210–211

Robinson, Henry Peach, 128

Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 129–130

Romain, Ron, 40–41

rotating

with Free Transform tool, 174

images, 172

text boxes, 223

Rounded Rectangle tool, 193–194

Rubin, Edgar, 8

Ruder, Emil, 202, 238

rule of thirds

cropping by, 122

in digital photography, 66–67

in postproduction editing, 77–79

rulers. See guides

RYB (red-yellow-blue) color model, 108

S

saccadic movement, of eyes, 237–238

Sagmeister, Stefan (and team), 212

sans serif typefaces, 205–206, 259

saturation

adding layer for, 177

adjusting, 171

HSL (hue, saturation, and luminosity), 107–108, 116–117

Hue/Saturation adjustment tool, 108

saving files, 25

scaling

collage, 170–171

images, 276–277

Non-Uniform Scale option, 244

Schad, Christian, 128

Schwitters, Kurt, 130

screen

color modes and, 216

designing typography for, 259

screen resolution, 96–98, 183

selection boxes, in zone scale analysis, 99–102

selections

adding text boxes, 218

adding to/deleting from, 144

choosing circle properties, 14

converting from a path and to a layer, 167–170

copying and pasting, 176–178

creating figure/ground, 20

dragging, 118

features of Selection tool, 13

Pen tool for precision selection, 154–155

sentences, 237–241

serif typefaces, 205–206

serifs, of a letter, 203

Seurat, Georges, 3–4

shadows

adding drop shadow to master pages, 275–276

levels adjustment layer and, 105

lightening, 144

Shape mode, vector tools, 187

shapes

creating rectangle with shape tools, 187–189

as iconic designs. See iconic graphics

as psychological tools, 39

tools for creating, 12–14, 44

Shift key, for constraining proportions, 14

shift-clicking circles, 17

shutter speed, 66, 69, 74

shutter speed priority, 66, 77

Signac, Paul, 3

Similarity, Gestalt laws, 236, 255–258

Simon, Scott, 280

simultaneous contrast, 113, 117–120

Sketchpad, 4

Smart Guides, for aligning shapes, 46–47

snapping, to guides, 269

Spiekermann, Erik, 202, 210, 280–281

spimes (Sterling), 180

Spot Healing Brush

digital repairs with, 136

reducing wrinkles, 146–147

removing dust and blemishes, 140–142

Sriskandaraja, Sai, 181

stacking order, in Illustrator, 45

Stark, Kio, 279–280

Sterling, Bruce, 180

strokes

changing value of, 30, 36, 53

creating basic button, 193–194

Ellipse tool options for, 12

filling rectangle with color and, 275

icons for, 14

styles, creating typographic, 271–274

subtractive processes, color, 108

surrealism, 131, 176

Sutherland, Ivan, 4

Swiss international style, 236–237

Symmetry, Gestalt laws, 236

T

Talbot, William Henry Fox, 127–128

Template button, 27

templates, master pages as, 259

Terror, Diogo, 237

text

changing color of, 249

creating gutter between text and images, 264

creating typographic styles, 274

leading, kerning, and tracking, 213–215

placeholder or dummy text (Lorem Ipsum), 246–247

placing in text frames, 270–271

text boxes

adding, 218–219

creating, 252

linking, 246–249

rotating, 223

Type tool and, 213

text frames (InDesign)

for cover page, 277

modifying or aligning content in, 274

placing text in, 270–271

repositioning, 276

texture, adding brushwork texture, 285

Thinking with Type (Lupton), 236

Thompson, Bill, 281, 284–285

Thompson, Lauren, 73

Thomson, Jon, 63–64

TIFF images, 159

Tingley, Ashley, 74

tonal range

modifying, 103–106

in photographic images, 91–92

Tool Tips, 17–18

Tools panel

loading tools from, 12

stroke/fill icons on, 14

“tear off” arrow on, 48

tracking (letter spacing), 213–215, 273

transformations

centering content and, 194

with Free Transform tool, 174

rotating images, 172

scaling images, 170–171

transparency/opacity settings

adding color and drop shadows to master page, 275

brush values, 148

filling circle with color and, 119

locking, 120

for type, 223

trim marks, on PDFs, 253

Tschichold, Jan, 237

Turkle, Sherry, 180

tweetjects, 180

Type tool

adding text boxes, 218–219

adjusting kerning, tracking and leading, 213–215

changing point size of type, 248

creating text boxes, 247

resizing and kerning type, 220–225

selecting typeface, 194

vector-based tools in Photoshop, 187

ways of using, 213

typefaces

designing PDFs for reading on a screen, 259

families of, 207

selecting, 218

serif vs. sans serif, 205–206

typography

adding text boxes, 218–219

adding vector shapes for framing composition, 227–229

classifications of type, 204–205

color modes in, 216

contrast and rhythm in designing, 210–212

designing for screen, 259

final adjustments, 229–232

grid for aligning composition, 233

Illustrator vs. InDesign, 208

kerning, 213–215, 220–225, 239

leading, 213–215, 239

letter parts, 203

letterforms, 202

negative space in design, 236

overview of, 201–202

placing/relinking images, 217–218

relationship between type and images, 206

replacing type with an image, 225–227

resizing type, 220–225

sentences and paragraphs, 237–241

serif vs. sans serif typefaces, 205–206

styles, 271–274

Swiss international style, 236–237

text boxes, 213

typeface families, 207

widows and orphans, 240–241

Tzara, Tristan, 129

U

UI (user interface), 132, 183

Unite button, combining multiple shapes, 52

V

values, in photographic images, 91–92

Van Deusen, Thomas, 71

vector graphics

anchor points in, 10

in app user interface, 183

Bézier handles and, 43

developing with vector shape tools, 183

photography vs., 60

vector masks, 167, 192–193

vector shapes

combining, 187–189

designing vector graphics, 183

framing composition with, 227–229

UI designs and, 132

vector-based layer masks, 184–185

vector-based tools in Photoshop, 187

verisimilitude, 134

Vertical Align Top button, 17

viewfinder, for framing photographs, 69–70

Villareal, Leo, xiv, 3, 8

virtual environments, 180

visual images

dots in, 3

pixels for, 2

W

Walsh, Jessica, 212

Warhol, Andy, 133

warm hues, 113

Web, sharing documents on, 261

white balance settings, for digital cameras, 72

white space, adjusting kerning and, 214

Widener, Jeff, 137

widows, typographic design and, 240–241

Willow, Simon, 133

workspace(s)

Adobe Bridge, 80–81, 85–88

setting up, 27, 158–160

X

x-height, of a letter, 203

Z

Zellen, Jody, 258

zone system

analyzing photographs with, 98–103

for digital cameras, 93

overview of, 61

Zoom tool, 141–142