V
Contents
Forewo r d xi
Acknowle d gme n t s x v
Authors x v i i
chA p ter 1 robots ev ery where
1.1 With Vision 3
1.2 Technically Speaking 6
1.2.1 From Automata to Robots 6
1.2.2 Robot-Friendly Environments 8
1.2.3 e Robot Body 10
1.2.3.1 Appearance Is Important 10
1.2.3.2 Opportunities for Physical Activity 12
1.2.3.3 Articial Senses 13
1.2.4 e Robot Brain 14
1.2.4.1 Strong and Weak Articial Intelligence 14
1.2.4.2 Predictions from the Past 15
1.2.4.3 rough Trial and Error 16
1.2.4.4 Brute Computational Power 17
1.2.4.5 Articial Social Intelligence 18
1.2.4.6 Articial Morality 21
1.2.5 Networked Robots and Human-Based
Computing 23
1.3 Seen Socially 25
1.3.1 Information Technology 25
1.3.2 A Lifelike Appearance 26
1.3.3 Level of Autonomy 26
1.3.4 Robotization as Rationalization 27
1.3.4.1 Irrationality of Rationality 30
VI Contents
1.4 More Explorations 31
Interview with Luciano Floridi (Philosopher and Ethicist of
Information at Oxford University, United Kingdom) 32
References 38
chA p ter 2 ho m e is whe r e t h e ro b o t is: me chAno i d s,
hum A noids, An d Androids
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Mechanoid Robots: e Vacuum Cleaner 44
2.2.1 Experiences of Early Adaptors:
Roombarization 48
2.2.2 Reducing the Complexity of Household Tasks 50
2.2.3 Liability of Home Robots 53
2.3 Humanoid Robots: e Companion 55
2.3.1 e Robot Body 56
2.3.2 Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) 65
2.3.3 Social De-Skilling 68
2.4 Android Robots: e Sex Robot 69
2.4.1 Roxxxy 70
2.4.2 Benets of Sex Robots 72
2.4.3 Social and Ethical Issues 74
2.4.3.1 Cultural Acceptance of Sex Robots 74
2.4.3.2 Dehumanization 75
2.4.3.3 Sex with Child Robots 76
2.5 Observational Conclusions 78
2.5.1 Household Robots 79
2.5.2 Companion and Sex Robots 80
2.5.2.1 Expectations 80
2.5.2.2 Social, Ethical, and Regulatory
Issues 81
Interview with Kerstin Dautenhahn (Professor of Articial
Intelligence, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom) 82
References 85
chA p ter 3 tAkin g cAre oF our pA r e nt s: the role
oFdo motics A n d ro b ot s
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Domotics for the Care of the Elderly 94
3.2.1 Paradigmatic Shift in Care 96
3.2.2 Ethical Issues 97
3.2.2.1 Privacy 97
3.2.2.2 Human Contact and Quality of Care 99
3.2.2.3 Competence of Caregivers and
Care Recipients 99
3.3 From Home Robotics to Robots in the Home 101
3.3.1 Increasing the Pace of the Paradigmatic
Shift in Care 101
VIIContents
3.3.2 General Ethical Issues Relating to Care Robots 105
3.3.2.1 Safety 105
3.3.2.2 Designing Care Robots 107
3.3.2.3 Physical Appearance 108
3.4 Specic Ethical Issues with Regard to the Role of
Care Robots 109
3.4.1 e Robot as a Companion 110
3.4.1.1 Deception 110
3.4.2 e Robot as a Cognitive Assistant for the
Care Recipient 111
3.4.2.1 Autonomy 111
3.4.3 e Robot as a (Supporter of the) Caregiver 115
3.4.3.1 Dehumanization 115
3.4.3.2 Quality of Care 116
3.4.3.3 Human Contact 118
3.5 Observational Conclusions: e Long Term 118
Interview with Hans Rietman (Professor of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Twente,
theNetherlands) 121
References 125
chA p ter 4 dro n es in the cit y: towArd A FloAti n g
robotic pAno p tico n?
4.1 Introduction: Amazon Prime Air 131
4.2 Civil Applications of Drones 135
4.2.1 Recreational Use 135
4.2.2 Drone Journalism 138
4.2.3 Precision Farming 140
4.3 Drones for Law Enforcement 144
4.3.1 Robocops 144
4.3.2 Tasks of Police Drones 147
4.3.3 Examples of Police Drones 148
4.3.4 Legal and Ethical Issues 152
4.4 Safety 154
4.4.1 Aerial Safety 155
4.4.2 Improper Operations 155
4.4.3 Hacking of Drones 157
4.4.4 Drone Hunting 158
4.5 Privacy 159
4.5.1 Reasonable Expectations of Privacy 162
4.5.2 Voyeurism 163
4.5.3 Big Brother Drone Is Watching You 164
4.5.4 e Chilling Eect 165
4.6 e Regulation of Drones 165
4.6.1 Regulations in the United States 166
4.6.1.1 e U.S. Federal Aviation
Administration 166
VIII Contents
4.6.1.2 e U.S. Federal Government 168
4.6.1.3 Local and State Governments 169
4.6.2 Regulations in the European Union 170
4.6.2.1 e European Commission 170
4.6.2.2 European Countries 172
4.6.3 Proliferation of Drone Regulations 173
4.7 Concluding Observations: Drones Create a Floating
Robotic Panopticon 174
Interview with Mark Wiebes (Innovation Manager with the
Dutch National Police, the Netherlands) 178
References 181
chA p ter 5 wh o drives the cAr?
5.1 Introduction 185
5.2 Problems for Modern Road Trac and the Costs 188
5.2.1 Trac Victims 188
5.2.2 Trac Congestion 189
5.2.3 Pollution 190
5.3 Driver Assistance Systems (Levels 1 and 2) 191
5.3.1 ABS and ESC 191
5.3.2 Adaptive Cruise Control and
Stop-and-GoSystems 194
5.3.3 Pedestrian and Cyclist Airbags 195
5.3.4 Pre-Crash Systems 196
5.4 Limited Self-Driving Automation (Level 3) 196
5.4.1 Trac Management 197
5.4.2 Cooperative Systems 199
5.4.3 Cooperative Driving 202
5.5 Autonomous Cars (Level 4) 207
5.5.1 Google 210
5.5.2 AutoNOMOS and the Remotely Controlled
Community Taxi 213
5.6 Social and Ethical Issues Surrounding Car
Robotization 216
5.6.1 Acceptance 216
5.6.2 Privacy 218
5.6.3 Security and Safety 221
5.6.3.1 Reliability 221
5.6.3.2 Negative Behavioral Adaptation 222
5.6.3.3 Cyber Security 223
5.6.4 Better Drivers 223
5.6.5 Liability 227
5.6.5.1 Liability of the Manufacturers 228
5.6.5.2 Liability of the Road Authorities 229
5.6.5.3 Liability of the Driver 229
5.6.6 Legislation for Limited and Full Self-
Driving 231
IXContents
5.7 Concluding Observations 232
5.7.1 Short Term: Driver Assistance Systems
(Levels 1 and 2) 233
5.7.1.1 Expectations 233
5.7.1.2 Social, Ethical, and Regulatory
Issues 233
5.7.2 Medium Term: Cooperative Systems (Level 3) 235
5.7.2.1 Expectations 235
5.7.2.2 Social, Ethical, and Regulatory
Issues 236
5.7.3 Long Term: Autonomous Cars (Level 4) 236
5.7.3.1 Expectations 236
5.7.3.2 Social, Ethical, and Regulatory Issues 238
Interview with Bryant Walker Smith (Assistant Professor of
Law, University of South Carolina, United States) 240
References 243
chA p ter 6 Arm e d militAry dro n es: the ethic s b ehind
vArious deg rees oF Auton o my
6.1 Focus on Teleoperated and Autonomous Armed
Military Robots 249
6.1.1 Unarmed Military Robots 250
6.1.2 Armed Military Robots 251
6.2 Autonomy of Military Robots Is High on the Agenda 254
6.3 Military Robots and International Humanitarian Law 259
6.3.1 Tele-Led Drones 260
6.3.1.1 Proportionality Principle 260
6.3.1.2 Discrimination Principle 262
6.3.1.3 Targeted Killing 263
6.3.2 Autonomous Drones 265
6.4 Question of Responsibility 270
6.4.1 Responsibility of the Manufacturers 271
6.4.2 Responsibility of the Human Operators 273
6.4.3 Responsibility of the Commanding Ocer 276
6.5 Proliferation and Security 277
6.6 Concluding Remarks 280
6.6.1 Social and Ethical Issues 281
6.6.1.1 Proliferation and Abuse 281
6.6.1.2 Counterproductive Nature 281
6.6.1.3 Humanization versus
Dehumanization 282
6.6.1.4 Autonomy 282
6.6.2 Regulation 283
6.6.2.1 Work on an International Ban on
Autonomous Armed Robots 283
6.6.2.2 Curbing the Proliferation of
Armed Military Robots 284
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