289Armed militAry drones
autonomous one in a matter of minutes, simply by changing the soft-
ware. is could even be done after the launch.
Enforcement would have to follow the example of some other trea-
ties, such as the bans on dumdum bullets and anti-personnel mines.
No advance inspections take place, so countries could have this type
of ammunition or weapon in their arsenals. Only when the typical
wounds have been observed will the Red Cross or a UN Commission
start an investigation. e present case is more dicult: autonomous
weapons would produce the same wounds as remotely controlled ones.
Suspicion that a particular attack was carried out without ‘meaningful
human control’ could arise from certain circumstances, such as the
presence of a large swarm, which would be practically uncontrollable.
In such a case, the operating state would have to prove the presence
of a human operator.
To make this possible, it would have to be compulsory for armed
forces to record the data stream into and out of remote-controlled
weapons systems: those of their video and other sensors, their com-
munications with base, the decision processes, the operator’s hand
movements, and so on. Such data, adequately authenticated, could
prove that the attack was indeed under ‘meaningful human con-
trol, under the direct command of Major so and so and operated
by Captain such and such, as opposed to autonomous. My U.S. col-
league Mark Gubrud and I have worked on this, but obviously, it has
to be developed some more.
On a more personal note, do you consider yourself an activist scientist?
I think that would be only half true. I do not have the time to orga-
nize demonstrations and the like, even though I would like to see
more of them. Most of my time is taken up by professional activities
such as keeping track of military R&D and reecting on its poten-
tial long-term eects on peace and stability—obviously, this is what
made me co-found ICRAC. Other than that, I’m also working on
seismic and acoustic technologies that may be used to verify certain
arms control agreements. I feel committed to using my knowledge
as a physicist in the best interest of peace, and since this is a some-
what rare expertise, I think I may leave it to other people to orga-
nize the demonstrations.
290 Just ordinAry robots
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