Index

A note on the digital index

A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears. Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly to the place in the text in which the marker appears.

Symbols

! (shell command history), Command history
& (ampersand), running background jobs,
&& (two ampersands), logical and, stopping execution of combined commands, Combining commands
- (dash), standard input/output, Reading This Book
-- (two dashes), end of options, Reading This Book
--help option, Getting Help
. (period), The Filesystem, Wildcards, Creating and Running Shell Scripts
current directory, The Filesystem
dot files, Wildcards
shell script execution, Creating and Running Shell Scripts
.. (two periods), parent directory, The Filesystem
.NET, Beyond Shell Scripting
/ (slash), root directory, The Filesystem
; (semicolon), combine commands using, Combining commands
[ (left square bracket), alias for test command, test and “[”
(backward slash), Escaping, Whitespace and Linebreaks
escaping special characters, Escaping
line continuation, Whitespace and Linebreaks
^C command (killing programs), Killing a Command in Progress
^Z command (suspending jobs), ,
| (pipe operator), Pipes
|| (two pipes), logical or, stopping execution of combined commands, Combining commands
˜ (tilde), denoting home directories, Home Directories

A

abiword command,
absolute path of current directory, printing,
acroread viewer,
Adobe Photoshop,
Advanced Packaging Tool,
alias command, Aliases
alphabetical order, sorting text in,
alpine mail program, Email
amarok command,
ampersand (&), running background jobs,
apt-get command,
aptitude command, Installing Software,
arguments for commands, What’s a Command?
aspell command,
at command,
atq command,
atrm command,
attributes of files, , ,
changing,
viewing,
audacious command,
audacity sound editor,
audio, Audio, , , ,
editing,
playback,
ripping, ,
awk command, , awk
vs. tr command,

B

background jobs, running, Shell Job Control
backing up Linux files, Backups and Remote Storage
backquotes on command line, Quoting, Useful options,
vs. xargs, Useful options
backward slash (), Escaping, Whitespace and Linebreaks
escaping special characters, Escaping
line continuation, Whitespace and Linebreaks
basename command,
bash (Bourne-Again Shell), Linux: A First View, The Shell, Command-line editing, File Location, , , Programming with Shell Scripts
command-line editing, Command-line editing
printf command,
programming with shell scripts, Programming with Shell Scripts
type command, File Location,
bg command, ,
jobs command and,
bin directory, Directory path part 1: category
Booleans in shell scripts, , Booleans and Return Codes
/boot directory, Operating System Directories
Bourne-Again Shell (see bash), The Shell
braces, Brace expansion, , Variables
expansion on command line, Brace expansion
grep regular expressions,
shell variables, Variables
break command, Break and Continue
browsing the Web, Web Browsing
bunzip2 command,
burning CDs and DVDs, ,
bzcat command, Sample commands
bzip2 command, Useful options,
tar –j command and, Useful options

C

C and C++ languages, Beyond Shell Scripting
cal command,
Calc program (soffice),
calculator programs, Math and Calculations
calendar printing,
carriage returns,
case statement, Conditionals
cat command, , ,
revealing end-of-line characters,
tee command and,
CD burning programs, ,
cd command, The Filesystem, The Filesystem, Home Directories,
home directories, locating, Home Directories
CD ripping, ,
cdparanoia command,
cdrecord command, ,
k3b command and,
cgi-bin directory, Directory path part 1: category
chattr command,
checksums, comparing,
chfn command, Useful options,
with useradd, Useful options
chgrp command, File Protections, , Group Management
chmod command, File Protections,
chown command, File Protections,
chsh command,
cksum command, File Comparison,
clear command,
clearing the screen,
clock programs, Dates and Times
cmp command, File Comparison, Useful options
columns of text, extracting from files,
combining commands, Combining commands
comm command, File Comparison,
command-line arguments in shell scripts, Command-Line Arguments
command-line editing with bash, Command-line editing
commands, What’s a Command?, Combining commands, Command history, Killing a Command in Progress,
combining, Combining commands
killing, Killing a Command in Progress,
previous, Command history
comparing files, File Comparison
completing filenames with TAB key, Filename completion
compress command, Useful options, , Installing Software
software installation and, Installing Software
tar –Z command and, Useful options
compressing/uncompressing files, File Compression and Packaging
conditionals in shell scripts, Conditionals
configure script, tar.gz and tar.bz2 Files
configuring the shell, Tailoring Shell Behavior
connecting to networks, Network Connections
continue command, Break and Continue
controlling processes, Controlling Processes
cp command,
cpio command, Backups and Remote Storage
cron process,
crontab command,
CUPS printing system, Printing
curl command,
curly-brace expressions, Brace expansion (see braces)
cut command,

D

date command, ,
watch command and,
dates, displaying/setting, Dates and Times, Useful options
dc command,
dd command, Backups and Remote Storage
deb file, Installing Software
Debian packages, Installing Software,
default editor, setting, Your Default Editor
desktop screen capture,
/dev directory, Directory path part 1: category
df command,
dia command,
diff command, File Comparison,
diff3 command, File Comparison,
dig command, Useful options
directories, Linux, The Filesystem, Home Directories, System Directories, Operating System Directories, , , ,
changing, using cd command,
creating,
deleting empty directories,
home directories, Home Directories
operating system directories, Operating System Directories
printing absolute path of,
system directories, System Directories
dirname command,
disk usage command (du),
disks and filesystems, Disks and Filesystems
DISPLAY environment variable, Shell variables
dnsdomainname command, Host Information
doc directory, Directory path part 1: category
domain name service (DNS), Host Location,
querying,
domainname command, Host Information
dot files, Wildcards
downloading files,
dpkg command,
du command,
dump command, , ,
chattr command and,
restore command and,
DVD burning,
DVD playback,
DVI files,
dvips command,

E

echo command, Your friend, the echo command, , Input and Output
script output provided by, Input and Output
ed line editor, sed,
diff –e command,
EDITOR environment variable, , Your Default Editor
setting default editor, Your Default Editor
egrep command,
else statement, Conditionals
emacs text editor, Command-line editing, Command-line editing, File Creation and Editing, Email, Useful options
bash command-line editing, Command-line editing
creating/editing files, File Creation and Editing
email readers, Email
lynx –emacskeys command, Useful options
email, Directory path part 1: category, Shell variables, Email, Email, Email, , , , , , Beyond Mail Readers
directory, Directory path part 1: category, Shell variables
emacs as reader, Email
file format, Beyond Mail Readers
log file,
pipelines,
queue,
readers, Email
reading over SSH connection,
scripting,
environment variables, Home Directories, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, , , Your Default Editor, Your Default Editor, , Useful options,
DISPLAY, Shell variables
EDITOR, , Your Default Editor
HOME, Home Directories, Shell variables
LOGNAME, Shell variables
MAIL, Shell variables
NNTPSERVER,
OLDPWD, Shell variables
PATH, Shell variables
preserving, in new shell, Useful options
printing,
PWD, Shell variables
SHELL, Shell variables
TERM, Shell variables
USER, Shell variables
VISUAL, , Your Default Editor
eog (Eye of Gnome) image viewer,
Epiphany web browser for GNOME,
escaping special characters, Escaping
etc directory, Directory path part 1: category
Evolution mail program,
Excel documents, , ,
editing with gnumeric,
editing with soffice,
exclamation point (!) for shell history, Command history
exit command, Terminating a Shell, Logins, Logouts, and Shutdowns, Loops, Exiting with a Return Code
exiting with return codes, Exiting with a Return Code
terminating loops, Loops
terminating shells, Terminating a Shell
exit status of Linux commands, Booleans and Return Codes
export command, Shell variables
expr command,
ext3 filesystems, , Disks and Filesystems
chattr/lsattr commands,
Eye of Gnome (eog) image viewer,

F

false command, true and false, Loops
infinite loops and, Loops
fdisk command, Disks and Filesystems
fetchmail command, Beyond Mail Readers
fg command, ,
jobs command and,
file command,
filename completion, Filename completion
files, File Protections, File Protections, , , , , , , , , File Viewing, File Creation and Editing, File Creation and Editing, File Properties, , , , , , , , , File Location, ,
attributes of, File Properties
copying, using cp command,
counting words,
creating, File Creation and Editing,
deleting, using rm command,
disk space of,
editing, File Creation and Editing
group ownership,
linking, using ln command,
listing, using ls command,
locating, File Location
moving,
ownership, File Protections, , ,
permissions, File Protections, ,
renaming, using mv command,
timestamps,
transferring between machines, ,
viewing, File Viewing
filesystem, The Filesystem, Disks and Filesystems
find command, ,
with xargs,
finger command, ,
Firefox web browser, The Graphical Desktop,
floppy command, Disks and Filesystems
fonts directory, Directory path part 1: category
for loops, Loops, Command-Line Arguments
command-line arguments and, Command-Line Arguments
foreground, bringing jobs into,
formatting disks, Disks and Filesystems, Disks and Filesystems
free command, ,
fsck command, , Useful options
shutdown command and, Useful options
ftp (File Transfer Protocol) program, ,
insecure, use sftp,

G

g++ command, Beyond Shell Scripting
gcc command, Beyond Shell Scripting
geeqie image viewer,
ghb command,
ghostview command, ,
DVI files and,
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program),
GNOME graphical environment, Getting Help, Linux: A First View, , ,
Epiphany web browser,
getting help with, Getting Help
xclock command,
xscreensaver program,
gnome-system-monitor command, ,
GNU emacs, File Creation and Editing (see emacs text editor)
gnumeric command,
gnuplot command,
Google, Usenet News
Groups, Usenet News
gqview, (see geeqie image viewer)
graphical desktop, The Graphical Desktop
graphics, viewing/editing, Graphics and Screensavers,
graphing data,
grep command, , ,
egrep command and,
ps command and,
grip command,
group ownership of files,
groups, Group Management, , ,
groupadd command,
groupdel command,
groupmod command,
groups command, Useful options,
id –Gn command and, Useful options
gunzip command,
gv command, ,
DVI files and,
gxine command,
gzip command, Useful options, , Installing Software
software installation and, Installing Software
tar –z command and, Useful options

H

HandBrake,
HandBrakeCLI command,
hard links,
hardware platform, Useful options
head command,
help and tutorials, Getting Help
--help option, Reading This Book
hexadecimal dump of binary files,
history command, Command history
home directories, Home Directories
HOME environment variable, Home Directories, Shell variables
host command,
host information, Host Information, Host Location
hostname command, Useful options,
html directory, Directory path part 1: category

I

ICMP packets,
id command,
ID3 tags, ,
id3tag command,
if statement, Conditionals
ifconfig command,
images, viewing/editing, Graphics and Screensavers,
Impress program (soffice),
include directory, Directory path part 1: category
index of file locations, creating,
info command, Getting Help
init.d directory, Directory path part 1: category
input in shell scripts, Input and Output
input/output redirection, Input/output redirection
installing software, Installing Software
instant messaging on Linux, Instant Messaging
Internet domains, looking up registration of,
ip command,
ISO files, ,

J

Java language, Beyond Shell Scripting
javac command, Beyond Shell Scripting
job control in Linux shells, Shell Job Control
jobs command,
jobs, scheduling, ,

K

k3b command, ,
kaffeine video player,
KAudioCreator,
KDE graphical environment, Getting Help, Linux: A First View, Running a Shell, , ,
getting help with, Getting Help
Konqueror web browser,
running shells within, Running a Shell
xclock command,
xscreensaver program,
Kerberos,
kernel, Linux: A First View, Linux: A First View, , Useful options, Useful options
name, Useful options
version, , Useful options
kill command, Killing a Command in Progress,
kino command,
kmail command, Email
konsole command, Running a Shell
ksnapshot command,

L

lame command,
last command,
less command, ,
cat command and,
lib directory, Directory path part 1: category
libexec directory, Directory path part 1: category
LibreOffice,
line continuation character, Whitespace and Linebreaks
linebreaks, , , Whitespace and Linebreaks
grep,
in shell scripts, Whitespace and Linebreaks
Windows and Macintosh,
links, ,
hard vs. symbolic,
Linux, components of, Linux: A First View
linuxforums.org, Getting Help
linuxhelp.net, Getting Help
linuxquestions.org, Getting Help
ln command,
load average, , ,
locate command, ,
locating files,
lock directory, Directory path part 1: category
log directory, Directory path part 1: category
logging into remote machines, ,
logname command, ,
whoami and,
LOGNAME environment variable, Shell variables
logout command, Logins, Logouts, and Shutdowns
look command,
loops in shell scripts, Loops
/lost+found directory, Operating System Directories
lpq command,
lpr command, Printing
lprm command,
LPRng printing system, Printing
ls command, Reading This Book, File Protections, , File Properties
displaying file attributes, File Properties
file protections and, File Protections
lsattr command,
lynx web browser,

M

m4 macro-processing language, m4
magnetic tape command (mt),
mail, Email (see email)
mail command,
mail directory, Directory path part 1: category, Shell variables
MAIL environment variable, Shell variables
mailq command,
make command, tar.gz and tar.bz2 Files
man command, Getting Help, Directory path part 1: category
man directory, Directory path part 1: category
masks and protection modes,
math commands, Math and Calculations
md5sum command, File Comparison, ,
/media directory, Directory path part 1: category
memory usage, displaying,
mesg command, Useful options,
Microsoft Excel documents, , ,
editing with gnumeric,
editing with soffice,
Microsoft Visio,
Microsoft Word documents, , ,
editing with abiword,
editing with soffice,
MIDI, Audio
misc directory, Directory path part 1: category
mkdir command,
mkfs command, Disks and Filesystems
mkisofs command, ,
mlocate command,
/mnt directory, Directory path part 1: category
mono command, Beyond Shell Scripting
mount command,
movie playback,
Mozilla, ,
Firefox,
Thunderbird,
MP3 files, , ,
create from WAV,
ID3 tags,
playback,
mplayer command,
mt command,
mv command,

N

nameserver, (see domain name service)
.NET, Beyond Shell Scripting
network connections, establishing, Network Connections
network interface, displaying information about, ,
news, Usenet, Usenet News
nice command,
nisdomainname command, Host Information
nl command, ,
cat command and,
NNTPSERVER environment variable,
nslookup command, Useful options
ntfs filesystems, Disks and Filesystems
ntp daemon,
ntpdate command,

O

oclock command,
octal dump (od) command,
od (octal dump) command,
OLDPWD environment variable, Shell variables
oobase command,
oocalc command,
oodraw command,
ooimpress command,
oomath command,
oowriter command,
OpenOffice.org package,
Opera web browser,
operating system directories, Operating System Directories
operating system name, Useful options
options for commands, What’s a Command?
output in shell scripts, Input and Output
ownership of files, File Protections,

P

package managers, Installing Software
PackageKit,
parted command, Disks and Filesystems
partitioning disks, Disks and Filesystems, Disks and Filesystems
passwd command,
paste command,
patch command, context diff,
PATH environment variable, Shell variables
Perl language, Beyond Shell Scripting
permissions, file, File Protections, ,
photos, viewing/editing, Graphics and Screensavers,
Photoshop,
PHP language, Beyond Shell Scripting
pidgin command,
pidof command,
ping command,
Pinta,
pipe (|) operator, Pipes
plotting data,
postfix mail server, Beyond Mail Readers
print screen,
printenv command, ,
at command and,
printf command, , Input and Output
script output provided by, Input and Output
-printf option (find command), Useful options
printing, Printing
/proc directory, Directory path part 1: category, Operating System Directories
processes, Viewing Processes, Viewing Processes, Controlling Processes, Controlling Processes
controlling, Controlling Processes
shell jobs vs., Viewing Processes
viewing, Viewing Processes
processor type, Useful options
procmail command, Beyond Mail Readers
ps command, ,
public_html directory, Directory path part 1: category
pwd command, The Filesystem,
PWD environment variable, Shell variables
Python language, Beyond Shell Scripting

Q

quoting, Quoting, Variables
in shell scripts, Variables
on command line, Quoting

R

rc.d directory, Directory path part 1: category
rcsdiff command,
read command, Input and Output
readlink command, Useful options
redirecting input/output, Input/output redirection
regular expressions, , Useful options, Search options for locate, , , , awk
awk command, awk
egrep command,
find –regex command, Useful options
grep command, ,
less command and,
locate –r command, Search options for locate
remote machines, , , , , , , ,
file transfers, ,
hostname lookup,
logging in with ssh,
logging in with telnet,
sending ICMP packets to,
traceroute command,
renice command,
reset command, Killing a Command in Progress
restore command, , , ,
mt command and,
resuming jobs with fg command,
return codes of Linux commands, Booleans and Return Codes, Exiting with a Return Code
rhythmbox command,
ripping CD tracks, ,
rm command,
RMAIL program, Email
rmdir command,
root directory (/), The Filesystem
/root home directory for superuser, Home Directories
root user, Users and Superusers, Becoming the Superuser
rpm command, Installing Software,
RPM Package Manager files, Installing Software, ,
rsync command,
Ruby language, Beyond Shell Scripting
run directory, Directory path part 1: category

S

sbin directory, Directory path part 1: category
scheduling jobs, ,
scp command,
screen capture,
screensavers, , ,
viewing/editing,
xscreensaver program,
screenshots,
sdiff command, File Comparison,
secure copy (scp) command,
secure shell (ssh) program,
sed command, , sed
vs. tr command,
semicolon (;), combine commands using, Combining commands
sendmail mail server, Beyond Mail Readers
seq command,
setting the date and time, Useful options,
by timeserver,
sfdisk command, Disks and Filesystems
sftp command,
share directory, Directory path part 1: category
SHELL environment variable, Shell variables
shell prompts, What’s a Command?, Shell prompts
for superuser commands, Shell prompts
shell scripts, Programming with Shell Scripts, Programming with Shell Scripts, Conditionals, Loops, Break and Continue, Creating and Running Shell Scripts, Creating and Running Shell Scripts, Command-Line Arguments, Exiting with a Return Code
break and continue in, Break and Continue
command-line arguments in, Command-Line Arguments
conditionals in, Conditionals
creating, Creating and Running Shell Scripts
exiting with return codes, Exiting with a Return Code
loops in, Loops
programming with, Programming with Shell Scripts
running, Creating and Running Shell Scripts
shell windows, opening, Running a Shell
shells, Linux: A First View, Running a Shell, The Shell, The Shell Versus Programs, Command history, Shell Job Control, , Terminating a Shell,
(see also bash)
changing login shell program,
history-related commands, Command history
job control, Shell Job Control
running, Running a Shell
suspending,
terminating, Terminating a Shell
vs. programs, The Shell Versus Programs
shutdown command, Logins, Logouts, and Shutdowns,
slash (/), The Filesystem, The Filesystem
directory separator, The Filesystem
root directory, The Filesystem
sleep command,
slocate command,
slrn newsreader,
soffice command,
soft links,
software installation, Installing Software
sort command,
sound, Audio (see audio)
Sound Juicer,
source command, Creating and Running Shell Scripts
spamassassin, Beyond Mail Readers
special characters, escaping, Escaping
spell command,
spelling checkers, Spell Checking
spool directory, Directory path part 1: category
src directory, Directory path part 1: category
ssh (secure shell) program,
stackexchange.com, Getting Help
standard output, printing messages on, Screen Output
stat command,
su command, Users and Superusers, , Becoming the Superuser, Installing Software
becoming superuser, Becoming the Superuser
software installation and, Installing Software
whoami command and,
subdirectories, Linux, The Filesystem
sudo command, Users and Superusers, Useful options, Installing Software
sum command, File Comparison,
superusers, Users and Superusers, Becoming the Superuser
becoming, Becoming the Superuser
suspend command,
symbolic links, , Useful options
target file of, Useful options
symlink,
synaptic package manager,
sync command, ,
system directories, System Directories
system load, , ,
displaying graphically, ,

T

TAB key, completing filenames with, Filename completion
tail command,
talk command,
tape drives, copying files to, ,
tar command, , , , Installing Software
mt command and,
software installation and, Installing Software
tar files, gzipped tar files: sample commands, bzipped tar files: sample commands, Compressed tar files: sample commands, Installing Software, tar.gz and tar.bz2 Files
bzipped, bzipped tar files: sample commands
compressed, Compressed tar files: sample commands
gzipped, gzipped tar files: sample commands
tee command,
telnet command,
TERM environment variable, Shell variables
Terminal program, Running a Shell
terminating shells, Terminating a Shell
test command, test and “[”
text manipulation commands, File Text Manipulation
Thunderbird mail program, The Graphical Desktop,
tilde (˜), denoting home directories, Home Directories
time, displaying/setting, Dates and Times
timestamps,
tmp directory, Directory path part 1: category
top command,
touch command, Creating a File Quickly,
creating empty files, Creating a File Quickly
tr command,
traceroute command,
translating characters, using tr command,
true command, true and false, Loops
infinite loops and, Loops
tty command,
tutorials, Getting Help, , , ,
emacs,
Linux help, Getting Help
mutt mailer,
vim editor,
type command, File Location, ,
locating files,
types of files, reporting,

U

umask command,
umount command,
uname command, Operating System Directories,
uncompress command,
uniq command,
until loops, Loops, Loops
infinite loops and, Loops
unzip command,
up2date command, Installing Software
update-manager,
updatedb command,
uptime command, Operating System Directories, ,
Usenet news, Usenet News
USER environment variable, Shell variables
useradd command,
userdel command,
usermod command,
users, Users and Superusers, , , , , , User Account Management, , , , ,
creating new accounts,
deleting existing users,
finger command and,
listing logged-in users,
modifying accounts,
password changes,
printenv command and,
printing login names,
printing user IDs,
superusers and, Users and Superusers
updating information,
users command,
/usr/share/doc directory, Getting Help
uxterm command, Running a Shell

V

/var directory, Directory path part 1: category
variables, Shell variables, Shell variables, Variables
defining, Shell variables
in shell scripts, Variables
vi, File Creation and Editing (see vim text editor)
video, Video, , , ,
editing,
playback, ,
ripping,
viewing, File Viewing, File Viewing, Viewing Processes
files, File Viewing, File Viewing
processes, Viewing Processes
vim text editor, Command-line editing, , File Creation and Editing, , sed, Useful options
bash command-line editing, Command-line editing
less command,
lynx –vikeys command, Useful options
sed and, sed
Visio,
VISUAL environment variable, , Your Default Editor
setting default editor, Your Default Editor
vlc video player,

W

w command,
watch command,
wc command, What’s a Command?,
web browsing, Web Browsing, , ,
automation,
retrieving pages via command line,
text-based,
wget command, Useful options
whereis command, File Location, ,
locating files,
which command, ,
locating files,
while loops, Loops, Loops
infinite loops and, Loops
whitespace, Quoting, , Whitespace and Linebreaks, Whitespace and Linebreaks
linebreaks,
programming with shell scripts, Whitespace and Linebreaks
quoting on command line, Quoting
who command, ,
tee command and,
whoami command, ,
logname and,
whois command,
wildcard characters and the shell, Wildcards, Wildcards
(see also regular expressions)
windows (shell), opening, Running a Shell
Word documents, , ,
editing with abiword,
editing with soffice,
write command,
Writer program (soffice),
www directory, Directory path part 1: category

X

X11 directory, Directory path part 1: category, Directory path part 2: scope
xargs command, Useful options, , , Useful options
vs. backquotes, Useful options
with find command,
xcalc command,
xclock command,
xdvi command,
xine video player,
xload command,
xpdf viewer,
xscreensaver command,
xscreensaver-demo command,
xterm command, Running a Shell
xv command, alternative to GIMP,
xxd command,
xxdiff command, File Comparison

Y

yes command,
ypdomainname command, Host Information
yum command, Installing Software,

Z

zcat command, Sample commands, Sample commands
zip command,
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