Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.
A
B
chemical processes 131
long-lasting filtration technology 130
sand and gravel deposits 130
Beer-Lambert law 59
BF See Bank filtration (BF)
C
colloidal silver coating 105
cost 106
Hong Phuc filter 105
Katadyn product 105
Kisii system 105
lab tests 104
local construction companies 104
maintenance 105
RWD 105
water purification 103–104
iodinated resins 172–173
nanosorbent form 170
renewable energy 170–172
silver particles 170
colloidal silver coating 107
cost 108
local materials 110
maintenance 108
Thimi filter and TERAFIL 106–107
cost 110
local materials 110
maintenance 109–110
materials, manufacturing, removal efficiency 109
chlorine tablets 84–85
disadvantages 85–86
liquid chlorine, disinfectant 83–84
diarrheal risk 85
diffusion-induced release, halogens 85
sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) 84–85
removal rate, pathogens 115–116
traditional clay ovens 115
water purifier system 115–116
CNT See Carbon nanotube (CNT)
Conventional water treatment plants 178
average product cost 15–16
daily labor cost 15
description 11
drinking water, emergency 15
humanitarian relief 11
NGOs and programs 16
relative costs 16–17
treatment system 11
D
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) 158
chlorinators 83–86
electrochlorination systems 79–83
silver-impregnated activated carbon 74–79
UV light systems 55–74
brackish/sea water 24–25
desalinating techniques 26
drinking and cooking 25
energy-balance analysis 26
potable water 25–26
E
anodic oxidation 82
cost 82–83
electrochemical disinfection, water 81–82
household applications 79–80
platinum-and iridium oxide-coated titanium 82
seawater electrolysis, bromate 82
small Ecodis cell 80–81
Emergency water purification 4
F
cost 115
disposable device 114–115
commercial products 29
costs 29
emergency use 27–28
evaluation 29
G
GHE See Greenhouse gas effect (GHE)
coconut GAC filters 75
water filtration and bacterial endotoxins 74
Greenhouse gas effect (GHE) 47–48
H
batch-process devices 41
concentric tube/flat type 43–44
mass flow rate 43
thermostatic valves 43
Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) 75
applications 61–63
natural disasters and wars 19–20
RO process 20
sizes, UV installations 61–63
surface waters 74–75
UV disinfection, potable water 55
I
camps/community 4
diarrhea 1–3
unsafe drinking water 1–3
Iodinated resins 172–173
cost 128
L
LED See Light emitting diode (LED)
cost 122
ultrafiltration (UF) membranes 121–122
bacteria and virus reduction 113
cost 114
Light emitting diode (LED) 69
advantages 84
degradation process 84
microorganism inactivation 83–84
treatment device 84
Low-pressure high-output (LPHO) 56
M
cost 118
operating removal efficiency 118
N
CNT 170
environmental effects 169–170
nanomaterials 169–170
silver particles 170
water treatment applications 169–170
characteristics 5
hygiene practices 1–3
morbidity and mortality 1–3
natural disasters types 4
point-of-use (POU) treatment 1
types 4
“bank filtration” (BF) See (Bank filtration (BF))
description 130
design of wells See (Wells design)
vertical/horizontal collector wells 131–132
evaluation, small-scale systems 129–130
local/nonlocal governments 177–178
training/experience 5–6
P
bacterial and contaminant removal 103
candle See (Candle filter)
ceramic disk See (Ceramic disk filter)
ceramic pot See (Ceramic pot filters)
Chulli (Ovens) treatment See (Chulli treatment method)
device, Lifestraw Personal See (Lifestraw Personal)
gravity/human suction 103
Lifestraw Family See (Lifestraw Family)
product, FilterPen 114–115
bacteria and virus removal 126
cost 127
lifespan, UF modules 126
bacteria colonization 74
disease and costs 16–17
emergency preparedness plans 179–180
NSF guidelines 64
small-scale community treatment 1
training 6–7
water treatment 179
description 116
energy sources 116
Lifesaver Jerrycan 121–122
microfiltration (MF) and RO 116
multistage backpack filter See (Multistage backpack filter)
packaged and portable RO filter See (Reverse osmosis (RO))
WaterBox 119–121
R
energy-recovery pumps 171–172
membrane desalination 171
power source, emergency 170–171
PV cells 171
rural irrigation 171–172
Solar Cube 172
technology devices 171
water purification processes 170–171
wind and solar energies 172
Resource Development International Cambodia (RDIC) 109–110
cost 119
device costs 21
energy use 20
operating removal efficiency 118–119
pressure-driven membrane processes 20
Rural Water Development (RWD) Program 105
S
antibacterial carbon fibers 78–79
biocide, water treatment 74
cartridge filtration systems 74
copper, antimicrobial effects 74–75
cost 79
FTIR spectra 79
home-use GAC filters 74
HPC 75
water filtration process 75
cost 128
daily cleaning 127–128
description 127–128
community-scale/smaller systems 91
description 88
microbial community structure and ability 101–103
performance, in parallel and series 94
posttreatment units 97
raw water 90
roughing filter/natural settling 101
silver-impregnated activated carbon 97
stress test, two barrels 97
untreated fresh water 88
UV light 97
evaluation 129–130
iWater Cycle See (iWater Cycle)
Perfector-E See (Perfector-E water purification system)
refugee/internally displaced person (IDP) camps 122–123
SkyHydrant See (SkyHydrant)
Sunspring device See (Sunspring device)
treatment 178–179
construction and foldability 35
design and operating parameters 34
foods 33
thermal insulation 34
and SOPAS See (Solar pasteurization (SOPAS))
and titanium dioxide 49–50
cookers 33–36
devices designed, water 36–38
GHE 47–48
indicators, water 44–47
multi-use systems 47
planar reflectors 38
recovery heat exchange devices 41–44
reflectors 40
SODIS devices 40
transparent polypropylene bag 38
water microbiology 31–33
SSF See Slow sand filtration (SSF)
cost 125
description 124
MIT kits 125
prefilters 125
WQA Gold Seal Program 124–125
T
Thimi filter 106–107
Trihalomathane (THM) precursor 89
U
advantages and disadvantages 71–72
Beer-Lambert law 59
bench-scale testing 68
biofouling prevention 73
classification 56
cost per unit water treatment 73–74
discharge, photons 56
disinfection process 73
DNA damage 60
dose and microbial inactivation 65–66
dose-distribution characteristics 68–69
flow rates 72
flowthrough dynamics 70–71
functional system 72–73
HA/DR applications 61–63
hydraulics, reactor 68–69
inactivation efficiency 60
LED-based lamps 69–70
log-inactivation values 66–67
maintenance 73
mercury vapor lamps 56
photoreactivation 69
photorepair/dark repair 69
power consumption 64
prices 64–65
scattering 60
solarization 57–59
spectrophotometer 59
system type 72
UVT 59
water purification 69–70
Ultraviolet transmittance (UVT) 59
W
developed countries 176–177
emergency response phases 177–178
located improved water source 177–178
peri-urban and rural areas 178–179
rural areas 179
urban areas 178
country’s water resources 181
performance and ease of use 182
sustainability and social acceptability 182
watershed management policy 181
investment costs 182
POU and packaged technologies 179–180
sanitation services and hygiene 180–181
structural resilience, systems 175–176
watershed management policy 180–181
weather-related events 175–176
boiling water 32–33
description 31
destruction, microbes 33
folded stainless steel 46–47
measurement and equipment 31
recording thermometer 44
SODIS 33
quantity indicators 4
acute response/long-term application 7
characteristics 5
cost 8
disaster relief programs 6
emergency devices 7
energy source/disinfection byproducts 169
iodinated resins 172–173
nanotechnology 169–170
NGOs 5–6
POU uptake 6–7
power sources 9
renewable energy 170–172
source and quality 7
bedrock wells 149
characteristics, unconsolidated materials 147–148
climate change effects 150–151
DBPs and TOC 158
developing countries 149
drawdown 148–149
floods 151
microorganisms/contaminants removal 161–162
natural backfill and artificial (gravel) pack 144–145
nonpumping water table 144
pretreatment, surface water 166–167
riverbank filtration 149–150
sand pumping 147
screen entrance velocity 145–147
size distribution, materials 136
surface waters 150–151
unconsolidated formations 132–133
X
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