Appendix Data for engineering materials

Contents

  • A.1 Names and applications: metals and alloys A-2
  • A.2 Names and applications: polymers and foams A-3
  • A.3 Names and applications: composites, ceramics, glasses and natural materials A-4
  • A.4 Melting temperature and glass temperature A-5
  • A.5 Density A-7
  • A.6 Young’s modulus A-9
  • A.7 Yield strength and tensile strength A-11
  • A.8 Fracture toughness A-13
  • A.9 Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion A-15
  • A.10 Electrical resistivity and dielectric constant A-17

This appendix lists the names and typical applications of common engineering materials, together with data for their properties.

A.1 Names and applications: metals and alloys

Metals   Applications
Ferrous Cast irons Automotive parts, engine blocks, machine tool structural parts, lathe beds
High carbon steels Cutting tools, springs, bearings, cranks, shafts, railway track
Medium carbon steels General mechanical engineering (tools, bearings, gears, shafts, bearings)
Low carbon steels Steel structures (‘mild steel’)—bridges, oil rigs, ships; reinforcement for concrete; automotive parts, car body panels; galvanised sheet; packaging (cans, drums)
Low alloy steels Springs, tools, ball bearings, automotive parts (gears, connecting rods, etc.)
Stainless steels Transport, chemical and food processing plant, nuclear plant, domestic ware (cutlery, washing machines, stoves), surgical implements, pipes, pressure vessels, liquid gas containers
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys  
Casting alloys Automotive parts (cylinder blocks), domestic appliances (irons)
Nonheat-treatable alloys Electrical conductors, heat exchangers, foil, tubes, saucepans, beverage cans, lightweight ships, architectural panels
Heat-treatable alloys Aerospace engineering, automotive bodies and panels, lightweight structures and ships
Copper alloys Electrical conductors and wire, electronic circuit boards, heat exchangers, boilers, cookware, coinage, sculptures
Lead alloys Roof and wall cladding, solder, X-ray shielding, battery electrodes
Magnesium alloys Automotive castings, wheels, general lightweight castings for transport, nuclear fuel containers; principal alloying addition to aluminum alloys
Nickel alloys Gas turbines and jet engines, thermocouples, coinage; alloying addition to austenitic stainless steels
Titanium alloys Aircraft turbine blades; general structural aerospace applications; biomedical implants
Zinc alloys Die castings (automotive, domestic appliances, toys, handles); coating on galvanised steel

A.2 Names and applications: polymers and foams

Polymers   Abbreviation Applications
Elastomer Butyl rubber   Tires, seals, anti-vibration mountings, electrical insulation, tubing
Ethylene-vinyl-acetate EVA Bags, films, packaging, gloves, insulation, running shoes
Isoprene IR Tires, inner tubes, insulation, tubing, shoes
Natural rubber NR Gloves, tires, electrical insulation, tubing
Polychloroprene (neoprene) CR Wetsuits, O-rings and seals, footwear
Polyurethane elastomers el-PU Packaging, hoses, adhesives, fabric coating
Silicone elastomers   Electrical insulation, electronic encapsulation, medical implants
Thermoplastic Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ABS Communication appliances, automotive interiors, luggage, toys, boats
  Cellulose polymers CA Tool and cutlery handles, decorative trim, pens
  Ionomer I Packaging, golf balls, blister packs, bottles
  Polyamides (nylons) PA Gears, bearings, plumbing, packaging, bottles, fabrics, textiles, ropes
  Polycarbonate PC Safety goggles, shields, helmets, light fittings, medical components
  Polyetheretherketone PEEK Electrical connectors, racing car parts, fibre composites
  Polyethylene PE Packaging, bags, squeeze tubes, toys, artificial joints
  Polyethylene terephthalate PET Blow moulded bottles, film, audio/video tape, sails
  Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic) PMMA Aircraft windows, lenses, reflectors, lights, compact discs
  Polyoxymethylene (acetal) POM Zips, domestic and appliance parts, handles
  Polypropylene PP Ropes, garden furniture, pipes, kettles, electrical insulation, Astroturf
  Polystyrene PS Toys, packaging, cutlery, audio cassette/CD cases
  Polyurethane thermoplastics tp-PU Cushioning, seating, shoe soles, hoses, car bumpers, insulation
  Polyvinylchloride PVC Pipes, gutters, window frames, packaging
  Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) PTFE Nonstick coatings, bearings, skis, electrical insulation, tape
Thermoset Epoxies EP Adhesives, fibre composites, electronic encapsulation
Phenolics PHEN Electrical plugs, sockets, cookware, handles, adhesives
Polyester PEST Furniture, boats, sports goods
Polymer foams Flexible polymer foam   Packaging, buoyancy, cushioning, sponges, sleeping mats
Rigid polymer foam   Thermal insulation, sandwich panels, packaging, buoyancy

A.3 Names and applications: composites, ceramics, glasses and natural materials

Composites   Applications
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide Automotive parts, sports goods
Polymer CFRP Lightweight structural parts (aerospace, bike frames, sports goods, boat hulls and oars, springs)
GFRP Boat hulls, automotive parts, chemical plant
Ceramics    
Glasses Borosilicate glass Ovenware, laboratory ware, headlights
Glass ceramic Cookware, lasers, telescope mirrors
Silica glass High performance windows, crucibles, high-temperature applications
Soda-lime glass Windows, bottles, tubing, light bulbs, pottery glazes
Porous Brick Buildings
Concrete General civil engineering construction
Stone Buildings, architecture, sculpture
Technical Alumina Cutting tools, spark plugs, microcircuit substrates, valves
Aluminum nitride Microcircuit substrates and heat sinks
Boron carbide Lightweight armour, nozzles, dies, precision tool parts
Silicon Microcircuits, semiconductors, precision instruments, IR windows, MEMS
Silicon carbide High-temperature equipment, abrasive polishing grits, bearings, armour
Silicon nitride Bearings, cutting tools, dies, engine parts
Tung, sten carbide Cutting, tools, drills, abrasives
Natural    
  Bamboo Building, scaffolding, paper, ropes, baskets, furniture
  Cork Corks and bungs, seals, floats, packaging, flooring
  Leather Shoes, clothing, bags, drive-belts
  Wood Construction, flooring, doors, furniture, packaging, sports goods
A.4 Melting temperature, Tm, and glass temperature image

    Tm or Tg (oC)
Metals    
Ferrous Cast irons 1130–1250
High carbon steels 1289–1478
Medium carbon steels 1380–1514
Low carbon steels 1480–1526
Low alloy steels 1382–1529
Stainless steels 1375–1450
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 475–677
Copper alloys 982–1082
Lead alloys 322–328
Magnesium alloys 447–649
Nickel alloys 1435–1466
Titanium alloys 1477–1682
Zinc alloys 375–492
Ceramics    
Glasses Borosilicate glass* 450–602
Glass ceramic* 563–1647
Silica glass* 957–1557
Soda-lime glass* 442–592
Porous Brick 927–1227
Concrete, typical 927–1227
Stone 1227–1427
Technical Alumina 2004–2096
Aluminum nitride 2397–2507
Boron carbide 2372–2507
Silicon 1407–1412
Silicon carbide 2152–2500
Silicon nitride 2388–2496
Tungsten carbide 2827–2920
Composites Aluminum/silicon carbide 525–627
Metal CFRP n/a
Polymer GFRP n/a
Natural Bamboo* 77–102
Cork* 77–102
Leather* 107–127
Wood, typical (longitudinal)* 77–102
Wood, typical (transverse)* 77–102
Polymers    
Elastomer Butyl rubber* −73–−63
EVA* −73–−23
Isoprene (IR)* −83–−78
Natural rubber (NR)* −78–−63
Neoprene (CR)* −48–−43
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU)* −73–−23
Silicone elastomers* −123–−73
Thermoplastic ABS* 88–128
Cellulose polymers (CA)* −9–107
Ionomer (I)* 27–77
Nylons (PA)* 44–56
Polycarbonate (PC)* 142–205
PEEK* 143–199
Polyethylene (PE)* −25–−15
PET* 68–80
Acrylic (PMMA)* 85–165
Acetal (POM)* −18–−8
Polypropylene (PP)* −25–−15
Polystyrene (PS)* 74–110
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU)* 120–160
PVC 75–105
Teflon (PTFE) 107–123
Thermoset Epoxies n/a
Phenolics n/a
Polyester n/a
Polymer Foams    
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD)* 112–177
Flexible polymer foam (LD)* 112–177
Flexible polymer foam (MD)* 112–177
Rigid polymer foam (LD)* 67–171
Rigid polymer foam (MD)* 67–157
Rigid polymer foam (HD)* 67–171

1. The table lists the melting point for crystalline solids and the glass temperature for polymeric and inorganic glasses.

(*) Glass transition temperature.

n/a: not applicable (materials decompose, rather than melt).

A.5 Density, ρ

    ρ(Mg/m3)
Metals    
Ferrous Cast irons 7.05–7.25
High carbon steels 7.8–7.9
Medium carbon steels 7.8–7.9
Low carbon steels 7.8–7.9
Low alloy steels 7.8–7.9
Stainless steels 7.6–8.1
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 2.5–2.9
Copper alloys 8.93–8.94
Lead alloys 10–11.4
Magnesium alloys 1.74–1.95
Nickel alloys 8.83–8.95
Titanium alloys 4.4–4.8
Zinc alloys 4.95–7
Ceramics    
Glasses Borosilicate glass 2.2–2.3
Glass ceramic 2.2–2.8
Silica glass 2.17–2.22
Soda-lime glass 2.44–2.49
Porous Brick 1.9–2.1
Concrete, typical 2.2–2.6
Stone 2.5–3
Technical Alumina 3.5–3.98
Aluminum nitride 3.26–3.33
Boron carbide 2.35–2.55
Silicon 2.3–2.35
Silicon carbide 3–3.21
Silicon nitride 3–3.29
Tungsten carbide 15.3–15.9
Composites    
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 2.66–2.9
Polymer CFRP 1.5–1.6
GFRP 1.75–1.97
Natural    
Bamboo 0.6–0.8
Cork 0.12–0.24
Leather 0.81–1.05
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 0.6–0.8
Wood, typical (transverse) 0.6–0.8
Polymers    
Elastomer Butyl rubber 0.9–0.92
EVA 0.95–0.96
Isoprene (IR) 0.93–0.94
Natural rubber (NR) 0.92–0.93
Neoprene (CR) 1.23–1.25
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) 1.02–1.25
Silicone elastomers 1.3–1.8
Thermoplastic ABS 1.01–1.21
Cellulose polymers (CA) 0.98–1.3
Ionomer (I) 0.93–0.96
Nylons (PA) 1.12–1.14
Polycarbonate (PC) 1.14–1.21
PEEK 1.3–1.32
Polyethylene (PE) 0.94–0.96
PET 1.29–1.4
Acrylic (PMMA) 1.16–1.22
Acetal (POM) 1.39–1.43
Polypropylene (PP) 0.89–0.91
Polystyrene (PS) 1.04–1.05
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) 1.12–1.24
PVC 1.3–1.58
Teflon (PTFE) 2.14–2.2
Thermoset Epoxies 1.11–1.4
Phenolics 1.24–1.32
Polyester 1.04–1.4
Polymer foams    
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 0.016–0.035
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 0.038–0.07
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 0.07–0.115
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 0.036–0.07
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 0.078–0.165
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 0.17–0.47

A.6 Young’s modulus, E

    E(GPa)
Metals    
Ferrous Cast irons 165–180
High carbon steels 200–215
Medium carbon steels 200–216
Low carbon steels 200–215
Low alloy steels 201–217
Stainless steels 189–210
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 68–82
Copper alloys 112–148
Lead alloys 12.5–15
Magnesium alloys 42–47
Nickel alloys 190–220
Titanium alloys 90–120
Zinc alloys 68–95
Ceramics    
Glasses Borosilicate glass 61–64
Glass ceramic 64–110
Silica glass 68–74
Soda-lime glass 68–72
Porous Brick 15–30
Concrete, typical 15–25
Stone 20–60
Technical Alumina 215–413
Aluminum nitride 302–348
Boron carbide 400–472
Silicon 140–155
Silicon carbide 300–460
Silicon nitride 280–310
Tungsten carbide 600–720
Composites    
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 81–100
Polymer CFRP 69–150
GFRP 15–28
Natural    
  Bamboo 15–20
Cork 0.013–0.05
Leather 0.1–0.5
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 6–20
Wood, typical (transverse) 0.5–3
Polymers    
Elastomer Butyl rubber 0.001–0.002
EVA 0.01–0.04
Isoprene (IR) 0.0014–0.004
Natural rubber (NR) 0.0015–0.0025
Neoprene (CR) 0.0007–0.002
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) 0.002–0.003
Silicone elastomers 0.005–0.02
Thermoplastic ABS 1.1–2.9
Cellulose polymers (CA) 1.6–2
Ionomer (I) 0.2–0.424
Nylons (PA) 2.62–3.2
Polycarbonate (PC) 2–2.44
PEEK 3.5–4.2
Polyethylene (PE) 0.621–0.896
PET 2.76–4.14
Acrylic (PMMA) 2.24–3.8
Acetal (POM) 2.5–5
Polypropylene (PP) 0.896–1.55
Polystyrene (PS) 2.28–3.34
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) 1.31–2.07
PVC 2.14–4.14
Teflon (PTFE) 0.4–0.552
Thermoset Epoxies 2.35–3.075
Phenolics 2.76–4.83
Polyester 2.07–4.41
Polymer Foams    
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 0.0003–0.001
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 0.001–0.003
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 0.004–0.012
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 0.023–0.08
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 0.08–0.2
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 0.2–0.48

A.7 Yield strength, σy, and tensile strength, σts

    σy(MPa) σts(MPa)
Metals      
Ferrous Cast irons 215–790 350–1000
High carbon steels 400–1155 550–1640
Medium carbon steels 305–900 410–1200
Low carbon steels 250–395 345–580
Low alloy steels 400–1100 460–1200
Stainless steels 170–1000 480–2240
Non-ferrous Aluminum alloys 30–500 58–550
Copper alloys 30–500 100–550
Lead alloys 8–14 12–20
Magnesium alloys 70–400 185–475
Nickel alloys 70–1100 345–1200
Titanium alloys 250–1245 300–1625
Zinc alloys 80–450 135–520
Ceramics      
Glasses Borosilicate glass (*) 264–384 22–32
Glass ceramic (*) 750–2129 62–177
Silica glass (*) 1100–1600 45–155
Soda-lime glass (*) 360–420 31–35
Porous Brick (*) 50–140 7–14
Concrete, typical (*) 32–60 2–6
Stone (*) 34–248 5–17
Technical Alumina (*) 690–5500 350–665
Aluminum nitride (*) 1970–2700 197–270
Boron carbide (*) 2583–5687 350–560
Silicon (*) 3200–3460 160–180
Silicon carbide (*) 1000–5250 370–680
Silicon nitride (*) 524–5500 690–800
Tungsten carbide (*) 3347–6833 370–550
Composites      
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 280–324 290–365
Polymer CFRP 550–1050 550–1050
GFRP 110–192 138–241
Natural      
  Bamboo 35–44 36–45
Cork 0.3–1.5 0.5–2.5
Leather 5–10 20–26
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 30–70 60–100
Wood, typical (transverse) 2–6 4–9
Polymers      
Elastomer Butyl rubber 2–3 5–10
EVA 12–18 16–20
Isoprene (IR) 20–25 20–25
Natural rubber (NR) 20–30 22–32
Neoprene (CR) 3.4–24 3.4–24
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) 25–51 25–51
Silicone elastomers 2.4–5.5 2.4–5.5
Thermoplastic ABS 18.5–51 27.6–55.2
Cellulose polymers (CA) 25–45 25–50
Ionomer (I) 8.3–15.9 17.2–37.2
Nylons (PA) 50–94.8 90–165
Polycarbonate (PC) 59–70 60–72.4
PEEK 65–95 70–103
Polyethylene (PE) 17.9–29 20.7–44.8
PET 56.5–62.3 48.3–72.4
Acrylic (PMMA) 53.8–72.4 48.3–79.6
Acetal (POM) 48.6–72.4 60–89.6
Polypropylene (PP) 20.7–37.2 27.6–41.4
Polystyrene (PS) 28.7–56.2 35.9–56.5
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) 40–53.8 31–62
PVC 35.4–52.1 40.7–65.1
Teflon (PTFE) 15–25 20–30
Thermoset Epoxies 36–71.7 45–89.6
Phenolics 27.6–49.7 34.5–62.1
Polyester 33–40 41.4–89.6
Polymer foams      
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 0.01–0.12 0.24–0.85
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 0.02–0.3 0.24–2.35
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 0.05–0.7 0.43–2.95
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 0.3–1.7 0.45–2.25
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 0.4–3.5 0.65–5.1
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 0.8–12 1.2–12.4

(*) NB: For ceramics, yield strength is replaced by compressive strength, which is more relevant in ceramic design. Note that ceramics are of the order of 10 times stronger in compression than in tension.

A.8 Fracture toughness (plane-strain), KIC

    KIC(MPa√m)
Metals    
Ferrous Cast irons 22–54
High carbon steels 27–92
Medium carbon steels 12–92
Low carbon steels 41–82
Low alloy steels 14–200
Stainless steels 62–280
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 22–35
Copper alloys 30–90
Lead alloys 5–15
Magnesium alloys 12–18
Nickel alloys 80–110
Titanium alloys 14–120
Zinc alloys 10–100
Ceramics    
Glasses Borosilicate glass 0.5–0.7
Glass ceramic 1.4–1.7
Silica glass 0.6–0.8
Soda-lime glass 0.55–0.7
Porous Brick 1–2
Concrete, typical 0.35–0.45
Stone 0.7–1.5
Technical Alumina 3.3–4.8
Aluminum nitride 2.5–3.4
Boron carbide 2.5–3.5
Silicon 0.83–0.94
Silicon carbide 2.5–5
Silicon nitride 4–6
Tungsten carbide 2–3.8
Composites    
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 15–24
Polymer CFRP 6.1–88
GFRP 7–23
Natural    
Bamboo 5–7
Cork 0.05–0.1
Leather 3–5
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 5–9
Wood, typical (transverse) 0.5–0.8
Polymers    
Elastomer Butyl rubber 0.07–0.1
EVA 0.5–0.7
Isoprene (IR) 0.07–0.1
Natural rubber (NR) 0.15–0.25
Neoprene (CR) 0.1–0.3
Polyurethane elastomers (elPU) 0.2–0.4
Silicone elastomers 0.03–0.5
Thermoplastic ABS 1.19–4.30
Cellulose polymers (CA) 1–2.5
Ionomer (I) 1.14–3.43
Nylons (PA) 2.22–5.62
Polycarbonate (PC) 2.1–4.60
PEEK 2.73–4.30
Polyethylene (PE) 1.44–1.72
PET 4.5–5.5
Acrylic (PMMA) 0.7–1.6
Acetal (POM) 1.71–4.2
Polypropylene (PP) 3–4.5
Polystyrene (PS) 0.7–1.1
Polyurethane thermoplastics (tpPU) 1.84–4.97
PVC 1.46–5.12
Teflon (PTFE) 1.32–1.8
Thermoset Epoxies 0.4–2.22
Phenolics 0.79–1.21
Polyester 1.09–1.70
Polymer foams    
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 0.005–0.02
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 0.015–0.05
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 0.03–0.09
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 0.002–0.02
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 0.007–0.049
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 0.024–0.091

Note: KIC is valid only for conditions under which linear elastic fracture mechanics apply (see Chapter 8). The plane-strain toughness, GIC, may be estimated from image = EGIC/(1−v2) ≈ EGIC (as v2 ≈ 0.1).

A.9 Thermal conductivity, λ and thermal expansion, α

    λ(W/m.K) α(10−6/C)
Metals      
Ferrous Cast irons 29–44 10–12.5
High carbon steels 47–53 11–13.5
Medium carbon steels 45–55 10–14
Low carbon steels 49–54 11.5–13
Low alloy steels 34–55 10.5–13.5
Stainless steels 11–19 13–20
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 76–235 21–24
Copper alloys 160–390 16.9–18
Lead alloys 22–36 18–32
Magnesium alloys 50–156 24.6–28
Nickel alloys 67–91 12–13.5
Titanium alloys 5–12 7.9–11
Tungsten alloys 100–142 4–5.6
Zinc alloys 100–135 23–28
Ceramics      
Glasses Borosilicate glass 1–1.3 3.2–4.0
Glass ceramic 1.3–2.5 1–5
Silica glass 1.4–1.5 0.55–0.75
Soda-lime glass 0.7–1.3 9.1–9.5
Porous Brick 0.46–0.73 5–8
Concrete, typical 0.8–2.4 6–13
Stone 5.4–6.0 3.7–6.3
Technical Alumina 30–38.5 7–10.9
Aluminum nitride 80–200 4.9–6.2
Boron carbide 40–90 3.2–3.4
Silicon 140–150 2.2–2.7
Silicon carbide 115–200 4.0–5.1
Silicon nitride 22–30 3.2–3.6
Tungsten carbide 55–88 5.2–7.1
Composites      
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 180–160 15–23
Polymer CFRP 1.28–2.6 1–4
GFRP 0.4–0.55 8.6–33
Natural      
Bamboo 0.1–0.18 2.6–10
Cork 0.035–0.048 130–230
Leather 0.15–0.17 40–50
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 0.31–0.38 2–11
Wood, typical (transverse) 0.15–0.19 32–42
Polymers      
Elastomer Butyl rubber 0.08–0.1 120–300
EVA 0.3–0.4 160–190
Isoprene (IR) 0.08–0.14 150–450
Natural rubber (NR) 0.1–0.14 150–450
Neoprene (CR) 0.08–0.14 575–610
Polyurethane elastomers 0.28–0.3 150–165
Silicone elastomers 0.3–1.0 250–300
Thermoplastic ABS 0.19–0.34 84.6–234
Cellulose polymers (ca) 0.13–0.3 150–300
Ionomer (I) 0.24–0.28 180–306
Nylons (PA) 0.23–0.25 144–150
Polycarbonate (PC) 0.19–0.22 120–137
PEEK 0.24–0.26 72–194
Polyethylene (PE) 0.40–0.44 126–198
PET 0.14–0.15 114–120
Acrylic (PMMA) 0.08–0.25 72–162
Acetal (POM) 0.22–0.35 76–201
Polypropylene (PP) 0.11–0.17 122–180
Polystyrene (PS) 0.12–0.12 90–153
Polyurethane thermoplastics 0.23–0.24 90–144
PVC 0.15–0.29 100–150
Teflon (PTFE) 0.24–0.26 126–216
Thermoset Epoxies 0.18–0.5 58–117
Phenolics 0.14–0.15 120–125
Polyester 0.28–0.3 99–180
Polymer foams      
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 0.036–0.048 120–220
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 0.04–0.06 115–220
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 0.04–0.08 115–220
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 0.023–0.04 20–80
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 0.027–0.038 20–75
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 0.034–0.06 22–70

A.10 Electrical resistivity and Dielectric constant

    Resistivity (µohm.cm) Dielectric constant
Metals      
Ferrous Cast irons 49–56 —
High carbon steels 17–20 —
Medium carbon steels 15–22 —
Low carbon steels 15–20 —
Low alloy steels 15–35 —
Stainless steels 64–107 —
Nonferrous Aluminum alloys 2.5–5.0 —
Copper alloys 1.7–24 —
Lead alloys 15–22 —
Magnesium alloys 4.2–15 —
Nickel alloys 6–114 —
Titanium alloys 100–170 —
Tungsten alloys 10.2–14 —
Zinc alloys 5.4–7.2 —
Ceramics      
Glasses Borosilicate glass 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 4.6–6.0
Glass ceramic 2 × 1019–1 × 1021 5.3–6.2
Silica glass 1 × 1023–1 × 1027 3.7–3.9
Soda-lime glass 8 × 1017–8 × 1018 7.0–7.6
Porous Brick 1 × 1014–3 × 1016 7.0–10
Concrete, typical 1.8 × 1012–1.8 × 1013 8.0–12
Stone 1 × 108–1 × 1014 6.0–18
Technical Alumina 1 × 1020–1 × 1022 6.5–6.8
Aluminum nitride 1 × 1019–1 × 1021 8.3–9.3
Boron carbide 1 × 105–1 × 107 4.8–8.0
Silicon 1 × 106–1 × 1012 11–12
Silicon carbide 1 × 109–1 × 1012 6.3–9.0
Silicon nitride 1 × 1020–1 × 1021 7.9–8.1
Tungsten carbide 20–100 —
Composites      
Metal Aluminum/silicon carbide 5–12 —
Polymer CFRP 1.7 × 105–1 × 106 —
GFRP 1 × 1016–2 × 1022 4.2–5.2
Natural      
  Bamboo 6 × 1013–7 × 1014 5–7
Cork 1 × 109–1 × 1011 6–8
Leather 1 × 108–1 × 1010 5–10
Wood, typical (longitudinal) 6 × 1013–2 × 1014 5–6
Wood, typical (transverse) 2 × 1014–7 × 1014 5–6
Polymers      
Elastomer Butyl rubber 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 2.8–3.2
EVA 3.2 × 1021–1 × 1022 2.9–3.0
Isoprene (IR) 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 2.5–3.0
Natural rubber (NR) 1 × 1015–1 × 1016 3.0–4.5
Neoprene (CR) 1 × 1019–1 × 1023 6.7–8.0
Polyurethane elastomers 1 × 1018–1 × 1022 5.0–9.0
Silicone elastomers 3 × 1019–1 × 1022 2.9–4.0
Thermoplastic ABS 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 2.8–3.2
Cellulose polymers (ca) 1 × 1017–4 × 1020 3.0–5.0
Ionomer (I) 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 2.2–2.4
Nylons (PA) 1.5 × 1019–1.1 × 1020 3.7–3.9
Polycarbonate (PC) 1 × 1020–1 × 1021 3.1–3.3
PEEK 3 × 1021–3 × 1022 3.1–3.3
Polyethylene (PE) 3 × 1022–3 × 1024 2.2–2.4
PET 3 × 1020–3 × 1021 3.5–3.7
Acrylic (PMMA) 3 × 1023–3 × 1024 3.2–3.4
Acetal (POM) 3 × 1020–3 × 1021 3.6–4.0
Polypropylene (PP) 3 × 1022–3 × 1023 2.1–2.3
Polystyrene (PS) 1 × 1025–1 × 1027 3.0–3.3
Polyurethane thermoplastics 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 6.6–7.1
PVC 1 × 1020–1 × 1022 3.1–4.4
Teflon (PTFE) 3 × 1023–3 × 1024 2.1–2.2
Thermoset Epoxies 1 × 1020–6 × 1021 3.4–5.7
Phenolics 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 4.0–6.0
Polyester 3 × 1018–3 × 1019 2.8–3.3
Polymer foams      
  Flexible polymer foam (VLD) 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 1.1–1.15
Flexible polymer foam (LD) 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 1.15–1.2
Flexible polymer foam (MD) 1 × 1020–1 × 1023 1.2–1.3
Rigid polymer foam (LD) 1 × 1017–1 × 1021 1.04–1.1
Rigid polymer foam (MD) 3 × 1016–3 × 1020 1.1–1.19
Rigid polymer foam (HD) 1 × 1016–1 × 1020 1.2–1.45
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