Abrasive wear, 234, 234f

Absorption, of radiation, 367–368

Absorptivity, 366

Acids, 395, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Activated state, 283–284

Activation, thermal, 302

Activation energy

• for creep, 277–278

• for self-diffusion, 284

Active coatings, 411

Actuation

• ferro-electric, 333–334

• piezo-electric, 332, 332f

• thermal, 259

Adhesive wear, 234, 234f

Ageing, GL2-56–GL2-58

Airframes, 299–300

Alcohols, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Aldehydes, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Alkalis, 395, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Allotropes, 266

Alloy(s)

• ceramic, GL2-3

• components, GL2-3

• concentration, GL2-3–GL2-4

• constitution of, GL2-5–GL2-6

• definition of, 120–121

• ductility of, 134

• equilibrium of, GL2-5–GL2-6

• ferrous, 488–493, 489f–490f

• metallic, GL2-3

• steel, 491

• strength of, 134

• super, 293

Amontons, Guillaume, 228

Amorphous structure, 60, 61f

Ampère, André Marie, 309, 342

Amplifiers, 357t

Anisotropy, 59, 354

Annealing, 132, 482, 483f

Anodizing, 393

Anti-ferro magnetism, 351, 351f

Antioxidants, 389

Archard wear constant, 229

Arrest points, GL2-36

ASM Materials Handbook, 2

Asperities, 233f

Ball-bearing race, 451–453, 452f, 452t–453t

Bar chart, 21–22, 22f

Barrier coatings, thermal, 298–299

Basquin’s law, 191–192

Batch size, economic, 441

Beams

• elastic bending of, 84–87

• minimizing weight of, 91f, 93–96, 94t, 155t

• plastic bending of, 144f

• shape of, 153–155

• vibrating, 89–90, 90f

• yielding of, 142–145, 143f

Bearing pressure, maximum, 230–231

Bearings, 234–237, 236f–237f

Bending of beams, 84–87

Bendy design, 105–106, 106f

Bike frames, 461–463, 462f

Bi-metal corrosion cell, 401f

Blades, turbine, 296–298, 297f

Blend, of polymers, 135, 181

Body-centered cubic atom packing, GL1-3–GL1-4, GL1-4f, GL1-4t, 60, 61f

Body fluids, 396t–397t, 407t–408t

Bohr, Niels Henrik David, 351

Boltzmann, Ludwig, 251

Boltzmann’s constant, 251

Bond coat, 299

Bond stiffnesses, 67t

Boriding, 239

Boundary-layer lubrication, 235–236

Bowden, Philip, 232

Brakes, 237–238, 489–490, 489f

Breakdown, dielectric, 310f, 323–324, 324f

Breakdown potential, dielectric, 308, 312, 324

Brittle fracture, 177, 178f

Bubble chart, 22, 23f

Buckling, 89, 89f

Buffers, thermal, 265–266

Buildings, structural materials for, 102–104, 103f, 103t

Bulk modulus, 54

Cables, electrical, 328

Calorimetry, GL2-35t

Cameras, 380

Capacitance, 311–312

Capacitors, 310–311

Capital cost of equipment, 440

Capital write-off time, 440

Carbon dioxide footprint, GL2-6

Carbon steels, GL2-50, GL2-60–GL2-64

Carburizing, 239

Carnot, Sadi Nicolas, 244

Casting, of metals, 480–481, 480f

Cast iron, 489–490, 489f–490f

Cathodic protection, 410f

CD case, 39–40, 446, 447t

Ceramic(s)

• alloys, GL2-3

• applications of, A-4t–A-5t

• atom packing in, 62, 63f

• corrosion resistance in, 404t–405t

• creep and, 292–293

• crystals, GL1-12–GL1-15, GL1-12f–GL1-13f

• defects in, 120–122

• density of, A-7t–A-8t

• as family, 15f

• fracture in, 177, 178f

• fracture toughness in, A-13t–A-14t

• glass points of, A-5t–A-6t

• historic, 3f

• microstructure of, 464–465, 465f

• phase diagrams, GL2-28–GL2-33, GL2-29f

• prehistoric, 3f

• processing of, 493

• properties of, 16

• stress-strain curve for, 113f

• tensile strength in, A-11t–A-12t

• thermal conductivity of, A-15t–A-16t

• thermal expansion of, A-15t–A-16t

• yield strength in, A-11t–A-12t

• Young’s modulus in, A-9t–A-10t

Ceramic coatings, 412t

Change, phase, 265–266

Chart(s)

• bar, 21–22, 22f

• bubble, 22, 23f

• creep strength-density, 281–282

• electrical properties, 314–316

• embodied energy, GL2-7–GL2-8, GL2-13f–GL2-14f, GL2-17f

• endurance limit, 197–198

• fracture toughness-modulus, 174–175, 175f

• fracture toughness-strength, 175–176, 176f

• magnetic properties, 348–350

• maximum service temperature, 280, 281f

• melting point, 280

• modulus-density, 57, 58f

• modulus-relative cost, 57–59, 58f

• modulus-strength, 118–119

• optical properties, 371–372

• reflectivity-refractive index, 371–372, 373f

• refractive index-dielectric constant, 371, 372f

• remanence-coercive field, 348–349, 348f

• saturation-magnetization-susceptability, 349–350, 349f

• strength-density, 116–118, 117f

• strength-dielectric loss, 316

• strength-electrical resistivity, 315

• thermal conductivity, 248–250, 248f

• thermal conductivity-electrical resistivity, 315

• thermal expansion, 248–250, 248f

• wear rate-hardness, 230–231

Chemical properties, 8, 9f

Chemical segregation, 180, 180f

Classification

• of materials, 14–17, 15f

• of processes, 18–20, 18f

Cleavage fracture, 177, 178f

Climb, dislocation, 288–289, 289f

Close packed hexagonal atom packing, GL1-4–GL1-6, GL1-4t–GL1-5t, GL1-5f, 59–60, 60f

Clutches, 237–238

Coarsening, precipitate, 474–475

Coat, bond, 299

Coatings

• active, 411

• application of, 413f

• ceramic, 412t

• metallic, 411–412, 412t

• polymeric, 411–412, 412t

• protective, 403, 411–414

• self-generated, 411

• thermal barrier, 298–299

Coefficient of friction, 228, 230

Coercive field, 327, 346

Coffin, Lou, 193–194

Cohesive energy, 65–66

Cold drawing, 112–114

Color, 378–379, 379f

Columns

• buckling of, 89, 89f

• yielding of, 142

Compatibility, material, 424–426, 435

Composites, A-4t–A-5t, 70, 498–499

Composition gradient, GL2-45–GL2-48

Compression, 83–84

Compressive crushing strength, 115

Compressive surface stress, 200–201, 201f

Computer-aided information management, 23

Computer-aided material selection, 99–100

Computer-aided process selection, 442–443, 443f

Concentrations

• alloy, GL2-3–GL2-4

• stress, 149–151, 150f

Condensers, 310–311

Conduction

• electrons, 319

• ionic, 317–318

Conductivity

• electrical, 309–310, 316–318

• thermal, A-15t–A-16t, 247–250, 247f–249f, 254–257, 315

Connecting rod, 215–216, 216f, 447–450, 448f–449f, 448t–449t

Constitution point, GL2-12, GL2-12f

Consumption

• growth of, GL2-3–GL2-4, GL2-8f

• of materials, GL2-3

Contact stresses, 148–149, 149f

Cooling rate, critical, 477–478

Corkscrew case study, 101, 101f, 156

Corrosion, 395

• configuration and, 406–411

• fatigue, 403

• fighting, 403–416

• geometry and, 406–411

• inhibitors, 403, 414, 415t

• intergranular, 402–403

• monitoring, 403, 416

• pitting, 402–403

• resistance rankings, 404t–405t

• selective, 402–403

Corundum structure, GL1-14–GL1-15, GL1-14f, GL1-15t

Cost

• dedicated, 439–440

• equipment, 440

• minimization of, 97, 155

• model, 438–441, 439t

• of shaping processes, 438–441

Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 310

Crack tip plastic zone, 172–174, 172f

Crash barriers, GL2-18–GL2-19, GL2-25f

Crazing, 126f, 127

Creep, 276

Creep activation energy, 277–278

Creep curves, 276–278, 277f

Creep damage, 278–279

Creep exponent, 276–277

Creep fracture, 278–279, 289–290, 291f

Creep mechanism, in polymers, 290–292

Creep modulus, 302

Creep relaxation, 301–302, 301f

Creep resistance, 292–294

Creep-rupture diagrams, 278–279, 279f

Creep strength, 281–282

Creep testing, 276–278, 277f

Crevices, corrosion and, 410f

Critical configuration, 130

Critical cooling rate, 477–478

Critical strain energy release rate, 171

Cross-linking, 135

Crystalline imperfection, 120–122, 121f

Crystallography, 59

Crystal structures, GL1-2–GL1-6

Cumulative damage, 194–195

Curie, Pierre, 326

Curie temperature, 326–327

Cushions, 104–105

Damage tolerance, 174, 174t

Damping coefficient, 188–189

Data, 23

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 228

Debye, Peter, 251

Dedicated cost, 439–440

Deformation mechanism diagrams, 289, 290f

Deformation processing, 482–484

Density, 4, 5f, 49f

• atomic structure and, 59

• creep strength and, 281–282

• dislocation, 131

• flux, 343

• manipulation of, 70–73

• relative, 73

• of selected materials, A-7t–A-8t

• units of, 48

Dependence, temperature, 274, 275f

Design

• corrosion and, 403–406

• creep and, 295–302

• displacement-limited, 209–210, 209f

• documentation and, 38–39

• eco-design, GL2-10–GL2-14

• energy-limited, 208–209, 209f

• fail-safe, 212–215

• for fracture, 220–222

• fracture-safe, 207–211

• judicious, 403

• leak-before-break, 213

• load-limited, 207–208, 209f

• magnetic, 355–360, 357t–358t

• materials and, 33–35

• optical, 380

• original, 30–31

• process and, 33–35

• process selection in, 422–424

• ranking and, 37–38

• redesign, 31–32

• screening and, 37

• for thermal stress management, 257–259

• translation and, 36–37, 39–41

Design-limiting properties, 8

Design process, 30–33

Diamond cubic structure, GL1-12–GL1-13, GL1-12f

Dielectric

• permittivity of, 311

• properties, 310–314

Dielectric, definition of, 308

Dielectric behavior, 321–322

Dielectric breakdown, 310f, 323–324, 324f

Dielectric breakdown potential, 308, 312, 324

Dielectric constant, 7–8, 7f, A-17t–A-18t, 308, 310f, 311, 371

Dielectric loss, 322–323, 331–332

Dielectric loss factor, 308, 312–313, 313f, 316

Dielectric strength, 312

Diesel engines, injectors for, 333–334, 334f

Differential thermal expansion, 257

Diffuse reflection, 367

Diffusion, 282–287

Diffusion activation energy, 284

Diffusional flow, 287–288, 288f

Diffusive jump, 283f

Diffusivity, thermal, 6, 247–250, 249f, 261

Dilatation, 52

Dilatometry, GL2-35t

Dipole, magnetic, 350f

Dipole moment, 322–323, 323f

Direction, in crystal geometry, GL1-10–GL1-11, GL1-11f

Dislocation, 121–124, 121f–122f

Dislocation climb, 288–289, 289f

Dislocation density, 131

Dislocation line, 122–123

Dislocation strength, 133–134

Dispersion, 130–131

Displacement-limited design, 209–210, 209f

Displacive transformation, GL2-60

Dissipation factor, 313

Documentation, 35, 38–39, 424

Domains, 326–327, 327f, 352–354, 353f

Domain walls, 326–327, 352, 354f

Drawing, 126–127, 126f, 135

Driving force, 474

Ductile fracture, 177–179, 178f

Ductile-to-brittle transition, 179–180

Ductility, 4, 114, 134

Durability

• factors affecting, 386f

Eco-design, GL2-10–GL2-14

Economic batch size, 441

Eddy currents, 355–356

Edge dislocation, 122–123

Einstein, Albert, 251

Elastic bending, 84–87

Elastic energy, 55

Elastic extension, 83–84

Elastic hinges, 156–157

Elastic modulus, 5f

• cohesive energy and, 65–66

• definition of, 4

• in elastomers, 17, 68

• manipulation of, 70–73

• in metals, 16

• in polymers, 17

Elastic selection modulus, 143–144

Elastomers

• applications of, A-3t–A-4t

• elastic moduli of, 68

• as family, 15f

• microstructure of, 465–466, 466f

• processing of, 494–495

• properties of, 17

Electrical conductivity, 309–310, 316–318

Electrical insulation, 329–330

Electrical power transmission, 328

Electrical properties, 7–8, 314–316

Electrical resistance, 318–321

Electrical resistivity, GL2-35t, 309–310, 309f, 315

Electric capacitors, 310–311

Electric field, 310–311

Electro luminescence, 379–380

Electromagnetic radiation, 366–371

Electromagnetic spectrum, 367f

Electromagnetic wave, 373f

Electromagnets, 355–356, 357t

Electron lenses, 355–356

Electroplating, 413f

Electrostriction, 313–314

Elongation, 114

Embodied energy, GL2-6, GL2-35t

Embodied energy charts, GL2-7–GL2-8, GL2-13f–GL2-14f, GL2-17f

Embrittlement, 180, 180f

Enameling, 413f

End-of-life potential, GL2-3

Endurance limit, 191, 193f, 197–198

Energy

• cohesive, 65–66

• creep activation, 277–278

• demands of products, GL2-7–GL2-21

• elastic, 55

• embodied, GL2-6–GL2-8, GL2-35t

• exchange, 351

• Gibbs free, 468

• internal, 468

• life-cycle and, GL2-5

• processing, GL2-3

• product, 354

• release in fracture, 170–172, 171f

• self-diffusion, 284

• surface, 170–172, 176–177, 177f

Energy-limited design, 208–209, 209f

Engines

• con-rods in, 215–216, 216f

• fuel injectors in, 333–334, 334f

Entropy, 469

Equilibrium

• in alloys, GL2-5–GL2-6

• solidification, GL2-36–GL2-48

• thermodynamic, 469

Equipment, capital cost of, 440

Eutectic point, GL2-9–GL2-10, GL2-25f, GL2-28f

Eutectic reaction, GL2-41

Eutectic solidification, GL2-41–GL2-43

Eutectoid point, GL2-23, GL2-25f, GL2-28f

Eutectoid reaction, GL2-50–GL2-52

Exchange energy, 351

Exchangers, heat, 262–263

Face-centered cubic atom packing, GL1-2–GL1-3, GL1-3f, GL1-3t, 59–60, 60f

Fail-safe design, 212–215

Faraday, Michael, 310

Fatigue

• compressive stress and, 200–201

• conditions for, 189–190

• corrosion, 403

• in cracked components, 195–196

• crack growth and, 195–196, 196f, 199–200, 219–220

• damage, 199–200

• displacement-limited design and, 209–210, 209f

• energy-limited design and, 208–209, 209f

• high-cycle, 190–192

• initiation-controlled, 190

• limit, 191, 193f, 197–198

• load-limited design and, 207–208, 209f

• low-cycle, 190, 193

• material choice and, 200–201

• propagation-controlled, 190

• repetition and, 188

• resistance to, 200–201, 215–216

• strength and, 200

Fermi, Enrico, 318, 374

Fermi level, 318, 374

Ferri-magnetism, 351–352, 351f

Ferrites, 342, 345

Ferro-electric actuation, 333–334

Ferro-electric coefficient, 333

Ferro-electric materials, 314, 326–327, 326f

Ferro-magnetic materials, 345

Ferro-magnetism, 351, 351f

Ferrous alloys, 488–493, 489f–490f

Ferrous metals, A-2t

Fibers, optical, 380

Field

• coercive, 327, 346

• electric, 310–311

• magnetic, 342–345

Field-emission electron gun, 318

Field quantity, 287

Flame retardants, 394

Flame spraying, 413f

Flammability, 387–388, 393–394

Flashover, 393–394

Flexural hinges, 156–157

Flexural rigidity, 85, 86f

Fluid trapping, 406–411, 409f

Fluorescence, 379–380

Fluorescent whitening agents, 389

Fluorite structure, GL1-15, GL1-15f, GL1-15t

Flux density, 343

Flux lines, 343f–344f

Flywheels, 147–148, 147f

Foams, 72, 498

Forensic fracture mechanics, 211–212

Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph, 247

Fracture-enabling design, 220–222

Fracture mechanics, 167–174, 211–212

Fracture-safe design, 207–211

Fracture toughness, 5f, A-13t–A-14t, 167–170 See also toughness

• of ceramics, 16

• definition of, 4

• measurement of, 169f

Fracture toughness-modulus chart, 174–175, 175f

Fracture toughness-strength chart, 175–176, 176f

Free energy of oxidation, 389

Free-radicals, 394

Free volume, 287

Fresh water, 399–402

Fresnel, Augustin Jean, 370

Fresnel’s construction, 370–371, 371f

Friction

• bearings and, 234–235

• in brakes, 237–238

• coefficient of, 228, 230

• lubrication and, 235–236, 235f

• materials for managing, 234–239

• physics of, 232–233

Fuel injectors, 333–334, 334f

Fuels, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Fusion welding, GL2-46–GL2-48

Galvanic attack, 402–403, 406–411, 409f

Galvanizing, hot dip, 413f

Gas phase reaction, 393

Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 468

Gibbs free energy, 468

Glasses

• applications of, A-4t–A-5t

• atom packing in, 62–63, 63f

• corrosion resistance in, 404t–405t

• as family, 15f

• fracture in, 177, 178f

• microstructure of, 464–465, 465f

• processing of, 493

• properties of, 16–17

Glass temperature, A-5t–A-6t, 244

Goodman’s rule, 193–194

Graded joint, 258, 259f

Gradients, thermal, 259–262

Grain boundaries, 121–122

Grain boundary hardening, 132–133

Grain refinement, GL2-52

Grains, 121–122

Grain-size hardening, 126

Green design, GL2-10–GL2-14

Ground state, 283–284

Growth, in phase transformation, 476–477, 476f, 480f

Halite structure, GL1-13–GL1-14, GL1-14f

Hardening

• grain boundary, 132–133

• grain-size, 126

• laser, 488f

• precipitation, 126, 134t, 484–485

• solid solution, 126

• solution, 128–130, 129f, 134t

• transformation, 488, 488f

• work, 112, 126, 131–132, 134t, 321

Hard magnetic devices, 357–358, 358t

Hard magnets, 347–348, 347f

Hardness scales, 116f

Hardness test, 115, 115f

Headlights, 380

Heat, specific, 245

Heat capacity, 5–6, 245, 245f, 251, 256–257, 264–265

Heaters, 264–265, 265f

Heat exchangers, 262–263

Heating, microwave, 330–331

Heat sinks, 40–41, 330f

Heat treatment

• of carbon steels, GL2-60–GL2-64

• of metals, 484–485, 484f

Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph, 148

HF transformer cores, 41

High-cycle fatigue, 190–192

High-temperature pipework, 295–296

Hindered amine stabilisers, 394–395

Hinge

• flexural, 156–157

• plastic, 141f, 143–144

• torsional, 156–157

Homgenisation, 481

Hooke, Robert, 52

Hooke’s law, 52

Hot dip galvanizing, 413f

Hot tearing, 428

Hybrids

• classes of, 498f

• as family, 15f

• historic, 3f

• making, 496–499

• prehistoric, 3f

• properties of, 17

Hydrodynamic lubrication, 235–236

Hydrogen standard, 400

Hydrolysis reaction, 401

Hydrostatic pressure, 51

Hypo-eutectoid steels, GL2-4–GL2-5

Ideal strength, 119–120, 119f–120f

Imaging, pyro-electric, 332–333, 333f

Impact test, 168f

Impure water, 399–402

Index of refraction, 369–370

Induction, magnetic, 342–343, 344f

Information storage, 358t, 359–360, 359f

Initial elastic creep, 276–277

Initial magnetization curve, 346

Initiation-controlled fatigue, 190

Injection molding, 25f

Ink-jet printers, 332, 332f

Inoculants, 481

Insulation, 263–264

• electrical, 329–330

• thermal, 264f

Intensity, stress, 167–170

Intergranular corrosion, 402–403

Intermediate phases, GL2-16–GL2-21, GL2-17f

Internal energy, 468

Internal reflection, 369f, 370, 380

Interstitial solid solution, 120–121

Interstitial space, GL1-6–GL1-7

Ionic conduction, 317–318

Ionization, 399f

Ions, in solution, 398–399

Iron, cast, 489–490, 489f–490f

Iron-carbon diagram, GL2-23–GL2-26, GL2-24f

Joining

• of metals, 485–488, 487f

• physical limits in, 436–437

• as process, 19f

Joint(s)

• geometry of, 435–436, 435f

• graded, 258, 259f

• manufacturing constraints and, 436

• mode of loading for, 435–436, 436f

• secondary functionalities and, 436

Joule, James, 170, 245

Judicious design, 403

Kelvin, Lord, 244

Ketones, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Kinetic constant

• linear, 390

• parabolic, 390

Laminates, 499

Laminating, 355–356

Laser hardening, 488f

Latent heat, solidification and, GL2-36

Lattice resistance, 126

Leak-before-break criterion, 213

Lenses

• electron, 355–356

• optical, 380

Life-cycle, material, GL2-5, GL2-9f

Light stabilizers, 389

Limiting oxygen index, 388, 389t

Limits, to size, 427–429

Linear kinetic constant, 390

Linear temperature dependence, 274

Linear thermal expansion coefficient, 245–246, 246f

Line tension, 125–126

Liquid(s)

• diffusion in, 287

• environments, 396t–397t

Load-limited design, 207–208, 209f

Lord Kelvin, 244

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 352

Lorentz force, 352–353

Loss, dielectric, 322–323

Loss coefficient, 188–189

Loss factor, dielectric, 308, 312–313, 313f, 316

Loss tangent, 312–313

Loudspeakers, 357t

Low-cycle fatigue, 190, 193

Lubrication, 235–236, 235f

Luminescence, electro, 379–380

Magnetic anisotropy, 354

Magnetic dipole, 350f

Magnetic fields, 342–345

Magnetic induction, 342–343, 344f

Magnetic measurement, 345–348

Magnetic moment, 343f

Magnetic properties, 7–8, 342–350

Magnetic susceptibility, 344–345

Magnetization, 344–345

Magnetization curve, initial, 346

Magnets

• hard, 347–348, 347f

• soft, 347–348, 347f

Maintenance, corrosion and, 416

Manhattan Project, 318

Martensite, GL2-60

Material cost, minimization of, 97, 155

Material damping, 198–199

Materials

• classifying, 14–17, 15f–16f

• compatibility of, 435

• computer-aided information management for, 23

• consumption of, GL2-3–GL2-6, GL2-7f

• for creep resistance, 293–294

• design and, 33–35

• ferro-electric, 314, 326–327, 326f

• ferro-magnetic, 345

• historical development of, 3f

• life-cycle of, GL2-5, GL2-9f

• magnetic fields in, 344–345

• for managing friction, 234–239

• microstructure of, 463–466

• piezo-electric, 314, 324–325, 325f

• process and, 17

• properties of, 4–8

• property charts of, 14, 21–22, 57–59

• pyro-electric, 314, 325–326

• radiation and, 366–371

• shape-memory, 266

• super-elastic, 266

Maximum bearing pressure, 230–231

Maximum local stress, 150

Maximum service temperature, 4, 6f, 244, 274

Maximum service temperature chart, 280, 281f

Mean free path, 254–255

Mechanical loss coefficient, 188–189, 198–199

Mechanical properties, 4, 5f

Melting point chart, 280

Melting temperature, A-5t–A-6t, GL2-7, 244

Memory, shape, 266

Metal(s)

• atom packing in, 59

• casting of, 480–481, 480f

• corrosion resistance in, 404t–405t

• creep and, 292–293

• defects in, 120–122

• deformation processing of, 482–484

• density of, A-7t–A-8t

• dielectric constant in, A-17t–A-18t

• as family, 15f

• ferrous, A-2t

• fracture toughness in, A-13t–A-14t

• heat treatment of, 484–485, 484f

• historic, 3f

• joining of, 485–488, 487f

• melting points of, A-5t–A-6t

• microstructure of, 463–464, 464f

• nonferrous, A-2t

• opacity of, 374–375, 375f

• prehistoric, 3f

• processing of, 479–493

• properties of, 16

• reduction potentials of, 400, 400f

• resistivity in, A-17t–A-18t

• rolling of, 159–160, 159f

• strengthening of, 127–128, 127f

• strength-toughness tradeoff in, 180–181

• stress-strain curve for, 113f

• tensile strength in, A-11t–A-12t

• thermal conductivity of, A-15t–A-16t

• thermal expansion of, A-15t–A-16t

• yield strength in, A-11t–A-12t

• Young’s modulus in, A-9t–A-10t

Metal flame spraying, 413f

Metallic coatings, 411–412, 412t

Michelson, Albert A, 366

Microchip heat sinks, 40–41

Microchips, 330

Microphones, 357t

Microscopes, 380

Microstructure, 460

• of ceramics, 464–465, 465f

• of elastomers, 465–466, 466f

• evolution, GL2-34–GL2-35, 466–469

• of glasses, 464–465, 465f

• of materials, 463–466

• of metals, 463–464, 464f

• phase and, 467–468

• of polymers, 465–466, 466f

Microwave heating, 330–331

Miller indices, GL1-8, GL1-9f, GL1-10–GL1-11, GL1-11f

Miner’s rule, 194–195

Minimum service temperature, 244, 274

Mode of loading, 48–50, 49f, 82

Mode 1 stress intensity factor, 169

Modulus-density chart, 57, 58f

Modulus-relative cost chart, 57–59, 58f

Modulus-strength chart, 118–119

Moment, magnetic, 343f

Moment-field interaction, 343f

Monkman-Grant constant, 279

Monkman-Grant law, 279

Net flux model, 254–255

Neutral axis, 84–87

Nitriding, 239

Nominal stress, 150

Nonferrous metals, A-2t

Nonlinear temperature dependence, 274

Nucleation, 476–477, 476f, 480–481, 480f

Ohm, George Simon, 309

Oils, 395, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Opacity, 366–367

Optical design, 380

Optical fibers, 380

Optical microscopy, GL2-35t

Optical profilometry, 432–433

Optical properties, 7–8, 371–372

Organic solvents, 395, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Original design, 30–31

Orowan, Egon, 122

Oven, microwave, 330–331

Oxidation

• definition of, 387

• flammability and, 387–388

• free energy of, 389

• measurement of, 387, 388f

• mechanisms, 389–392

• resistance to, 393–395

Oxygen index, 388, 389t

Padding, 104–105

Paint spraying, 413f

Panel

• design of, 91f, 92–93, 93t, 152–153, 153t

• sandwich, 499

• yielding of, 142–145

Parabolic kinetic constant, 390

Paramagnetism, 351, 351f

Pauli, Wolfgang Joseph, 317

Pauli exclusion principle, 317–318

Pearlite, GL2-51–GL2-52

Peritectic point, GL2-24–GL2-25, GL2-28f

Peritectoid point, GL2-27–GL2-28, GL2-28f

Permeability of vacuum, 343

Permittivity of dielectric, 311

PH, 398–399, 399f

Phase boundary, GL2-7

Phase change, 265–266

Phase compositions, GL2-10–GL2-14

Phase diagrams, GL2-6–GL2-21, 467–473, 470f–471f

Phase intermediates, GL2-16–GL2-21, GL2-17f

Phase proportions, GL2-14–GL2-16

Phase quantification, GL2-35t

Phase reaction, GL2-39

Phases, GL2-4–GL2-5

Phase thermodynamics, 468–469

Phase transformations, GL2-34–GL2-35, 467–468, 473–476, 473f

Phonons, 254–255, 254f

Phosphorescence, 379–380

Photo-conductivity, 380

Photodegradation, 389, 394–395

Photons, 373–374

Piezo-electric actuation, 332, 332f

Piezo-electric materials, 314, 324–325, 325f

Pinning force, 128

Pipework, high-temperature, 295–296

Pitting corrosion, 402–403

Planck, Max Karl Ernst, 374

Planck’s constant, 374

Plane bearings, 236–237

Planes, in crystal geometry, GL1-8–GL1-9

Plastic flow, 122–124, 126–127

Plastic hinge, 141f, 143–144

Plastic section modulus, 145f

Plastic strain, 114

Plastic zone, crack tip, 172–174, 172f

Plate

• buckling of, 89, 89f

• vibrating, 89–90, 90f

POH, 399f

Point defects, 120–121

Poisson, Siméon Denis, 54

Poisson’s ratio, 54

Polarization, 311, 326

Polar second moment of area, 145–147

Polycrystallinity, 287–288

Polymer(s)

• applications of, A-3t–A-4t

• atom packing in, 63–64, 64f–65f

• blending of, 135, 181

• burning of, 393–394

• corrosion resistance in, 404t–405t

• creep in, 290–292

• for creep resistance, 293

• cross-linking of, 135

• crystals, GL1-16–GL1-19, GL1-16f–GL1-17f, GL1-16t

• density of, A-7t–A-8t

• dielectric constant in, A-17t–A-18t

• drawing of, 135

• as family, 15f

• fibers, 495–496

• fracture toughness in, A-13t–A-14t

• historic, 3f

• microstructure of, 465–466, 466f

• molding of, 495, 496f

• plastic flow in, 126–127

• prehistoric, 3f

• processing of, 494–495, 496f

• properties of, 17

• reinforcement of, 181

• resistivity in, A-17t–A-18t

• rheology, 292

• strengthening of, 134–135

• strength-toughness tradeoff in, 181–182

• stress-strain curve for, 113f

• tensile strength in, A-11t–A-12t

• thermal conductivity of, A-15t–A-16t

• thermal expansion of, A-15t–A-16t

• thermoplastic, A-3t–A-4t

• thermoset, A-4t–A-5t

• yield strength in, A-11t–A-12t, 112–114

• Young’s modulus in, A-9t–A-10t

Polymeric coatings, 411–412, 412t

Polymer powder spraying, 413f

Powder processing, 494, 494f

Powder spraying, 413f

Power factor, 313

Power-law creep, 276–277, 288–289, 296–298

Power transmission, electrical, 328

Precipitate coarsening, 474–475

Precipitate strengthening, 130–131

Precipitation hardening, 126, 134t, 484–485

Precipitation reactions, GL2-48–GL2-55

Preferred material choices, 387, 407t–408t

Prehistoric materials, 3f

Pressure vessels, 211–212

Primary creep, 276–277

Printers, ink-jet, 332, 332f

Process(es)

• with ceramics, 493

• classification of, 18–20, 18f

• computer-aided information management, 23

• cost estimates in, 438–441

• definition of, 17

• design and, 33–35

• documentation and, 424

• with elastomers, 494–495

• with glasses, 493

• joining and, 434–437

• joining as, 19f

• material compatibility and, 424–426

• materials and, 17

• with metals, 479–493

• with polymers, 494–495, 496f

• properties and, 20–21, 461–463

• screening and, 424

• selection of, in design, 422–424

• shape and, 430–432

• shaping as, 19f

• surface treatment as, 19f, 437–438

• translation and, 422–423

• tree, 17–20

Processing energy, GL2-3

Product, energy, 354

Profile of properties, 14

Proof stress, 112

Propagation-controlled fatigue, 190

Properties

• of ceramics, 16

• chemical, 8, 9f

• in classification, 16

• design-limiting, 8

• dielectric, 310–314

• of elastomers, 17

• electrical, 7–8, 314–316

• of glasses, 16–17

• of hybrids, 17

• magnetic, 7–8, 342–350

• of materials, 4–8

• mechanical, 4

• of metals, 16

• optical, 7–8, 371–372

• of polymers, 17

• processes and, 20–21, 461–463

• profile of, 14

• thermal, 4–7, 244–248

• transport, 302

• tribological, 228–229

Protective coatings, 403, 411–414

Pyro-electric materials, 314, 325–326

Pyro-electric thermal imaging, 332–333, 333f

Pyrolyzation, 393

Quench cracking, GL2-61–GL2-62

Quenching, GL2-56

Radiation, electromagnetic, 366–371

Radiator, 450–451, 450f, 451t

Radomes, 331–332, 331f

Rails, 218–219, 218f

Random substitutional solid solution, 128

Ranking, 35, 37–38, 98–99, 98f, 424

Read/write head, 359f

Recovery, in annealing, 482, 483f

Recrystallization, in annealing, 482, 483f

Recycling, GL2-6, GL2-11f, GL2-35t

Redesign, 31–32

Reduction potential, 400, 400f

Redundant work, 159–160

Reflection, 367, 368f–369f, 380

Reflectivity, 366

Reflectivity-refractive index chart, 371–372, 373f

Refraction, 369f, 380

Refractive index-dielectric constant chart, 371, 372f

Reinforcement, 135, 181

Relative density, 73

Relative permittivity, 308

Relaxation, creep, 301–302, 301f

Remanence, 8, 346

Remanence-coercive field chart, 348–349, 348f

Remanent polarization, 327

Repetition, fatigue and, 188

Replacement, corrosion and, 416

Residual stress, 260–261

Resistance, electrical, 318–321

Resistivity, A-17t–A-18t

Resistivity, electrical, 309–310, 309f, 315

Resonance, 105, 188–189

Reynolds, Osborne, 235

Rheology, polymer, 292

Rigidity

• flexural, 85, 86f

• torsional, 88–89

Rocksalt structure, GL1-13–GL1-14, GL1-14f

Rolling, 159–160, 159f, 429–430

Rolling bearings, 237, 237f

Roughness, 432–434, 432t

Rule of cumulative damage, 194–195

Rule of mixtures, 69

Salt water, 415t

Sandwich panels, 499

Saturation magnetization, 8, 345f, 346

Saturation magnetization-susceptability chart, 349–350, 349f

Saturation polarization, 326, 327f

Scanning electron microscopy, GL2-35t

Scattering, of light, 377–378, 378f

Scattering centers, 319

Screening, 35, 37, 97, 424

Screw dislocation, 123, 124f

Secondary creep, 276–277

Section thickness, 426–429

Segregation, chemical, GL2-45–GL2-48, 180, 180f

Selective corrosion, 402–403

Self-diffusion, 284

Self-generated coatings, 411

Sensing, thermal, 259

Service temperature

• maximum, 4, 6f, 244, 274

• minimum, 244, 274

Shafts

• torsion of, 88–89, 88f, 146f

• yielding of, 145–147

Shape factor, 95, 96t, 430–432

Shape-memory, 266

Shaping

• costs, 438–441

• as process, 19f

Shear banding, 126f, 127

Shear modulus, 54

Shock resistance, thermal, 262

Shot peening, 200–201, 201f

Size, limits to, 427–429

Sliding bearings, 235–236, 236f

Slip directions, 124

Slip planes, 124, 125f

S-N curve, 190–192

Snell, Willebrord, 369

Snell’s law, 369–370

Soft magnetic devices, 355–356, 357t

Soft magnets, 347–348, 347f

Soils, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Solenoid, 343f

Solidification

• equilibrium, GL2-36–GL2-48

• eutectic, GL2-41–GL2-43

• latent heat release on, GL2-36

Solid lubricants, 236

Solid solution, GL2-4, 69

Solid solution hardening, 126

Solubility limits, GL2-8–GL2-9, GL2-9f, GL2-11f

Solution hardening, 128–130, 129f, 134t

Solvents, organic, 395, 396t–397t, 407t–408t, 415t

Space, interstitial, GL1-6–GL1-7

Spark plug insulator, 445–446, 445f, 446t

Specific heat, 245

Specific stiffness, 92

Specific strength, 152

Specific wear rate, 229

Spectrum, electromagnetic, 367f

Specular reflection, 367, 368f

Spinning disks, 147–148, 147f

Springs, 158–159, 158f, 158t

Stainless steel, 491–492

Standard reduction potential, 400, 400f

Steady-state creep, 276–277

Stealth technology, 331

Steel, GL2-50, 490–492

Storage heaters, 264–265, 265f

Strain, 52

Strength

• ideal, 119–120, 119f–120f

• manipulation of, 127–135

• specific, 152

• toughness tradeoff, 180–182

Strength-density chart, 116–118, 117f, 153f

Stress, 50

• concentration factor, 150

• concentrations, 149–151, 150f

• contact, 148–149, 149f

• corrosion cracking, 403

• intensity, 167–170, 208f

• intensity factor, 206–207

• maximum local, 150

• nominal, 150

• residual, 260–261

• thermal, 257–259, 258f

Stress relaxation, 301f

Stress-strain curves, 52, 53f, 119f

Structural materials cost, 102–104, 103f, 103t

Structured data, 23

Stuart, James, 1f, 2

Substitutional solid solution, 120–121

Super-alloys, 293

Supercapacitor, 312

Super-elastic materials, 266

Surface energy, 170–172, 176–177, 177f

Surfaces

• diffuse, 367

• at magnification, 233f

• in physics of friction, 232–234

• specular, 367, 368f

• treatment processes for, 437–438

• tribological properties of, 228–229

Surface stress, compressive, 200–201, 201f

Surface treatment, as process, 19f

Susceptibility, magnetic, 344–345

Tabor, David, 232

Taylor, G.I, 122

Tear test, 168f

Telescopes, 380

Temperature

• creep and, 276

• Curie, 326–327

• dependence, 274, 275f

• glass, A-5t–A-6t, 244

• gradient, 262

• maximum service, 4, 6f, 244, 274

• melting, A-5t–A-6t, GL2-7, 244

• minimum service, 244, 274

Tensile strength, 4, A-11t–A-12t

Tensile stress intensity, 206

Tesla, 343

Texture, crystal, 484

Theophrastus, 325

Thermal activation, 302

Thermal actuation, 259

Thermal barrier coatings, 298–299

Thermal buffers, 265–266

Thermal conductivity, 5–6, 6f, A-15t–A-16t, 247–250, 247f–249f, 254–257, 315

Thermal diffusivity, 6, 247–250, 249f, 261

Thermal exchange, 262–263

Thermal expansion, 5, 6f, A-15t–A-16t, 248–257, 248f, 253f

Thermal expansion coefficient, 245–246, 246f, 258f

Thermal gradients, 259–262

Thermal history, 461–463

Thermal imaging, 332–333, 333f

Thermal insulation, 263–264, 264f

Thermal properties, 4–7, 244–248

Thermal property manipulation, 255–257

Thermal sensing, 259

Thermal shock resistance, 262

Thermal stress management, 257–259, 258f

Thermal walls, 263–264, 264f

Thermoplastic polymers, A-3t–A-4t

Thermoset polymers, A-4t–A-5t

Thompson, Benjamin, 244

Thompson, William, 244

Tie-rod, 91–92, 91f, 91t, 151–152, 152t

Ties, yielding of, 142

Time-temparature-transformation diagrams, 477–478, 478f–479f

Tolerance

• for cracks, 219–220

• damage, 174, 174t

• process and, 432–434

Torsion, of shafts, 88–89, 88f, 146f

Torsional hinge, 156–157

Torsional rigidity, 88–89

Total internal reflection, 369f, 370, 380

Tough fracture, 177–179, 178f

Toughness See also fracture toughness

• definition of, 166

• material property charts for, 174–176

• origins of, 176–180

• strength tradeoff, 180–182

• tests for, 167, 168f

Trains, 218–219, 218f

Transformation hardening, 488, 488f

Transformer cores, 41

Transformers, 355–356, 357t

Transient heat flow, 261–262

Translation, 35–37, 39–41, 422–423

Translucence, 366–367

Transmission

• of electrical power, 328

• of light, 368

Transmission electron microscopy, GL2-35t

Transmittability, 366

Transparency, 367

Transport properties, 302

Trapped fluids, 406–411, 409f

Tribological properties, 228–229

Turbine blades, 296–298, 297f

Ultraviolet absorbers, 394–395

Uniform attack, 406–411

Unit cell, 60–62, 61f

Unstructured data, 23

Vacuum, permeability of, 343

Vibrating beams and plates, 89–90, 90f

Vibration, resonance and, 105, 188–189

Vickers test, 115, 115f

Visco-elastic solids, 291

Viscous flow, 274–276

Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio, 309

Volume

• free, 287

• minimization of, 155

Walls

• domain, 326–327, 352

• thermal, 263–264, 264f

Water

• corrosion and, 395

• environments, 396t–397t

• fresh, 399–402, 415t

• impure, 399–402

• preferred materials in, 407t–408t

• salt, 415t

Watt, James, 247

Wear

• abrasive, 234, 234f

• adhesive, 234, 234f

• bearings and, 234–235

• materials for managing, 234–239

• physics of, 232–233

• reduction of, 238–239

Wear constant, 229

Wear rate, 229

Wear rate-hardness chart, 230–231

Welding, fusion, GL2-46–GL2-48

Wöhler, August, 188

Work, redundant, 159–160

Work function, 318

Work hardening, 112, 126, 131–132, 134t, 321

X-ray diffraction, GL2-35t

Yielding

• of beams, 142–145, 143f

• of columns, 142

• of panels, 142–145

• of shafts, 145–147

• of ties, 142

Yield strain, 118–119

Yield strength, 4, 5f, A-11t–A-12t, 112, 133–134

York Minster, 308

Young, Thomas, 52

Young’s modulus, A-9t–A-10t, 52, 56