Index

Acoustics:

booths/separate studios, 28

directional microphones, 29

microphone distance, 29

and multi-mics, 28

multitrack recording, 28–9

orchestral music, 29

wanted and unwanted sounds, 27–8

see also Sound

‘Actuality’ recording, 25, 26

AES/EBU connectors, 40

Alias frequencies/anti-aliasing filters, 9

Analogue audio, 7

archiving, 204

Analogue recorders, 43–5

Analytical functions:

frequency analysis, 184–5

phase analysis, 185–91

spectral view, 183–4

see also Statistics

Archiving:

CD (compact disc), 203–4

analogue tape, 204

computer backup, 205–6

DAT (Digital Audio Tape), 204

selection of material, 203

Audio see Acoustics; Analogue audio; Digital audio; Sound

Audio CDs:

buffer under run, 194

‘Burnproof’ technology, 195

copying and recording problems, 194

streaming format, 193

see also CD (compact disc)

Audio processing, 17–19

AVC (automatic volume control), 111

see also Compression/limiting

Backtimed and prefaded music, 93

Bass rumble reduction, 132–3

Batch files, 70–4

Binaural/stereo, post-production, 104–5

Block volume/pan setting, 80–1

Booths/separate studios, acoustics of, 28

Brainwave synchronizer, 149–50

Bus mixer window, 165–9

CD (compact disc) applications, types and usage:

CD-RWs (rewritable CDs), 195–6

for archiving, 203–4

audio CDs, 194–5

CDR (recordable CD), 195

ISRC recording code, 202

labelling, 180–1

recording from, 42–3

recording software, 20, 196–202

scratches/cleaning/emergency treatment, 42–3

sixteen and thirty-two bit files, 47

types of, 193

UPC/EAN recording code, 202

CD (compact disc) Cool Edit Pro software:

burning the CD, 201–2

Device tab, 200–1

Disc tab, 198

main features, 197–8

Track defaults tab, 198–200

Chequerboarding, 90–1

Chorus effect, 121, 122

Clocks:

and data transfer, 41

word clock synchronization, 222–3

Compact disc see CD (compact disc)

Compression/limiting, 19, 110–14

attack time/control, 110, 113

AVC (automatic volume control), 111

and background noise, 111

band limiting, 116, 117

compression ratios, 112–13

hard limiting, 113

in/out, bypass, 114

input level adjusting, 113

link/stereo, 114

output level adjusting, 114

overload limiting, 111

recovery time, 110

release/recovery, 113

threshold control/adjustment, 113

see also Expanders and gates; Level setting/matching

Computer backup and archiving, 205–6

passwords, 205

storage systems, 205–6

Computer editing see PC editing

Connectors:

AES/EBU connectors, 40

Firewire, 41

IDE, 41–2

minijacks, 44

optical connectors, 13, 40, 94

professional equipment, 44

RCA phono plug, 39–40

SCSI, 41–2

TOSLINK connectors, 13, 40, 94

USB, 13, 15, 41

XLR, 44

Convolution effects, 150–1

Cool Edit/Cool Edit Pro:

DC Bias, 54–5

analytical functions, 183–92

batch files, 70–4

chequerboarding, 90–1

copy, cut and paste, 67–8

Decibels format option, 55–9

declicking, 143–5

device properties, 215–16

DirectX reverb, 130–1

effects transforms special menu, 149–52

equalization and filters, 131–40

expanders and gates, 114–16

favorites menu, 210–11

file recording, 49–50

filters and equalization, 131–40

FX tracks, 83–4

generate silence/noise/tones, 176–9

hardware controllers, 208

help facilities, 217

icons, 217

keyboard shortcuts, 208–9

level setting, 47–9

loading a file, 52–60

MIDI triggering, 209

mouse options, 207

multi-layer mixing, 107

multitrack effects transforms, 156–73

multitrack loading, 75–6, 78–9

multitrack music, 94–5

navigation keys, 59–60

noise reduction, 141–2, 141–6

Normalization option, 54

phase analysis facilities, 187–91

real time controls and effects, 160–4

reverberation and echo, 116–31

Ripping software, 67

settings, 211–14

special effects transforms, 149–52

standardize format, 69–70

time/pitch, 152–6

track equalizer, 169–73

transitions, 93–4

zooming control, 60

see also CD (compact disc) Cool Edit Pro software

Copy protection, 41

Crossfades, 1, 86–9

post-production, 104

Cubase, multitrack loading, 75–6, 78–9

DAO (Disc At Once) CD software, 20

DAT (Digital Audio Tape):

archiving, 204

counter modes, 37

sampling rates, 22

dB (decibel), 5–6

DC bias/offset, 54–6

statistics, 192

Declicking, 19, 141

Delay effect, 121–2

dynamic delay, 123–4

multitap delay, 128

Digital audio:

alias frequencies/anti-aliasing filters, 9

dither, 10

error concealment, 9

error detection/correction, 9–10

Nyquist limit, 8

principle, 7–10

resolution/word length, 8

sampling rate, 8–9

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), 20–1

DirectX plug-ins, 140

DirectX reverb, 130–1

noise reduction, 141–2

reverb, 130–1

Distortion as an effect, 151

Dither, digital audio, 10

Documentaries, recording for, 25

Dolby Stereo systems, 105–7

Doppler shift transform, 152, 153

Drama, production aspects, 100

Drop-frame time code, 220

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), 20–1

Dynamic delay, 123–4

Dynamic EQ, 133

Ears see Hearing

EBU (European Broadcasting Union), 219

see also SMPTE/EBU synchronization/time code

Echo, 124–6

echo chambers, 124–5

see also Reverberation

Edges and fades, 91–2

Editing, linear, 16

Editing, non-linear, 16

accuracy of editing, 1

batch files, 70–4

copy, cut and paste, 67–8

EDLs (Edit Decision Lists), 16

file loading, 52–60

file selection, 64–6

level assessment, 174

missed edit checking, 174

overlaps, 38

quarrying material, 64–8

Ripping software, 67

scrub editing, 61

standardize format, 69–70

visual editing, 2–3, 61–3

see also CD (compact disc) Cool Edit Pro software; Cool Edit/Cool Edit Pro; Multitrack recording/editing/transforms; PC editing

EDLs (Edit Decision Lists), 16

Effects transforms:

brainwave synchronizer, 149–50

convolution, 150–1

distortion, 151

music, 152

Email/World Wide Web, mastering for, 181–3

Envelopes:

envelope follower, 156–8

FX parameter envelopes, 165, 166

Wet/Dry parameter envelope, 165

Equalization (EQ), 19, 131–40

bass rumble reduction, 132–3

DirectX plug-ins, 140

dynamic EQ, 133

FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), 133–5

graphic equalizer, 135, 136

notch filter, 135–8

parametric equalizer, 135, 137

quick filter, 138–9

RIAA equalization, 45–6

scientific filters, 139–40

speech intelligibility improving, 131–3

Error concealment, 9

Error detection/correction, 9–10

Expanders and gates, 114–16

dynamics transform, 115–16

see also Compression/limiting

Fades and edges, 91–2

Features, production, 100

FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), 133–5

Filters see Equalization

Firewire, 13, 15, 41

Flanging, 125–6

Frequency, and sound, 4–5

Frequency analysis facilities, 184–5

Frequency band splitter, 158–9

FX parameter envelopes, 165, 166

FX tracks, 83–4

Generate silence, 176

Generate tones, 178–9

Generate white/pink/brown noise, 178

Gramophone records, 45–6

replay noise reduction, 141

RIAA equalization, 45–6

Graphic equalizer, 135, 136

Graphical displays, PC editing, 2–3

Hard disks, 14–15

audiovisual (AV) quality, 14

hot swapping, 14–15

IDE/EIDE drives, 14

removable cartridges, 14

Hardware controllers, 207–8

Head alignment, 38–9

Headphones:

and binaural recording, 104–5

headphone spill reduction, 142–3

monitoring with, 14

with orchestral music, 29

Hearing:

ear capabilities, 4–6

and loudness, 5–6

safety/hazards, 6

tinnitus, 6

Histogram tab, 192

IDE connections, 41–2

Interviews/interviewing:

actuality recording, 25, 26

emotional interviews, 23

eye contact, 24

hard interviews, 23

informational interviews, 23

level setting, 24

on the move, 26

oral history, 26

personality interviews, 23

pre-recorded interviews, 24–5

preparation, 23

recorders for, 27

technique, 23–4

types of interview, 23

vox pop interviews, 25

see also Recorders/recording

Invert transform, 155

ISRC CD recording code, 202

JUNGLEWE.WAV display, 53–4

Keyboard shortcuts, Cool Edit Pro, 208–9

Level setting/matching, 24, 47–9

level assessment, 174

normalization, 108–10

peak level, 108

post-production, 102–3

take level, 108

see also Compression/limiting; Expanders and gates

Limiting see Compression/limiting

Line-up facilities, 176–9

Linear editing see Editing, linear

Loops, multitrack recording/editing, 96

Loudness, 5–6

Loudspeakers, monitoring with, 13–14, 175

Magazine programmes/items, 99

Mastering:

CD labelling, 180–1

basic principles, 19–20

changeovers, 179–80

Email/World Wide Web, 181–3

generate silence, 176

generate tones, 178–9

generate white/pink/brown noise, 178

line-up formats, 176

process of, 180

transmission formats, 176

see also Analytical functions

Microphones:

barrier mics (PZMs), 30–2

cardioid mics, 30

directional microphones, 29

directivity, 30–3

dynamic/electromagnetic/moving coil mics, 33–4

electret mics, 34

electrostatic/capacitor/condenser mics, 29, 34

figure-of-eight mics, 32

gun mics, 30

hypercardioid mics, 30, 31

microphone distance, 29

multi-mics, 28

omnidirectional mics, 30, 31

power requirements, 35

quality, 30

reliability/consistency/pedigree, 36

RF capacitor mics, 34–5

ribbon mics, 34

robustness and quality, 29, 35

size/weight considerations, 35

variable pattern mics, 32–3

visibility, 35

wind shielding, 30

see also Acoustics

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 21, 75

multitrack working, 95

operational principles, 224–5

socket connections, 224

time codes, 219–20

triggering with Cool Edit Pro, 209

Minidisc recorders:

counter information, 37

recording times, 47

Mobile phone problems, 50–1

Morse code, 7

Mouse options, Cool Edit, 207

Multi-layer mixing, post-production, 107

Multitrack recording/editing/transforms:

basic principles, 17–18, 36

chequerboarding, 90–1

crossfades, 86–9

envelopes, 156–8, 165

fades and edges, 91–2

frequency band splitter, 158–9

FX tracks, 83–4

loading, 75–80

loops, 96

MIDI and video, 95

music transfers, 94–6

pan and volume, 80–3

prefaded and backtimed music, 93

real-time controls and effects, 160–4

shelf equalization, 169

a simple mix, 84–90

track bounce, 87, 90

track equalizer, 169–73

tracks mixer window, 165

transitions, 93–4

vocoder, 159–60

Music:

with documentaries, 25

production aspects, 101

simple sampler for, 152

NICAM stereo, 5, 8

Noise generation, white/pink/brown noise, 178

Noise reduction (NR), 19, 140–6

Cool Edit, 141–6

declicking, 141

Dolby noise reduction system, 140

headphone spill, 142–3

old 78 rpm recordings, 141

Sound Forge, 143

Non-linear editing see Editing, non-linear

Normalization, 17, 54, 108–10

see also Level setting/matching

Notch filter, 135–8

Nyquist limit, 8

Optical TOSLINK connector, 13, 40, 94

Oral history interviews, 26

Orchestral music, acoustics of, 29

Overlaps, recording, 38

Overload limiting, 111

Pan and volume:

block adjusting, 80–1

envelope adjusting, 81–2

multitrack recording/editing, 80–3

post-production, 103

Parametric equalizer, 135, 137

PC editing: advantages, 1–3

basic requirements, 12

graphical displays, 2–3

space available, 50

visual editing, 2–3, 61–3

zooming, 3

see also Editing, non-linear; Hard disks; Sound cards

Phase analysis facilities, 185–91

Pitch blender transform, 152–4

Pitch transforms see Time/pitch transforms

Post-production:

crossfading, 104

level matching, 102–3

multi-layer mixing, 107

panning, 103

stereo/binaural, 104–5

surround sound, 105–7

timing, 102

Prefaded and backtimed music, 93

Pro Tools, multitrack loading, 75, 77

Production, 97–101

drama, 100

features, 100

magazine programmes, 99

music, 101

talks, 98–9

Programme trails, 16

Quadrophonic speaker systems, 105–7

Quarrying material, 64–8

Quarter-inch tape editing, 1

Quick filter, 138–9

Quickverb, 128, 129

RCA phono plug, 39–40

Real-time controls and effects, 160–4

Recorders/recording: analogue recorders, 43–5

data transfer from, 39

file recording, 49–50

head alignment, 38–9

level setting, 24, 47–9

material reviewing, 37–8

mobile phone problems, 50–1

multitrack recording, 28–9, 36

overlaps, 38

recorder types and usage, 27

sampling rates, 46

topping and tailing, 50

see also Connectors; DAT (Digital Audio Tape); Interviews/interviewing; Minidisc recorders

Resolution/word length, digital audio, 8

Reverberation, 17

mix, 121

decay, 121

devices for, 117–18

digitally produced, 118–21

DirectX reverb, 130–1

and echo, 116

echo plate method, 117

full reverb, 126–7

HF rolloff, 121

predelay, 120

quickverb, 128, 129

reverb effects transform, 128–30

reverberation time, 117

smoothness of, 120

sweeping phaser, 131

thunder sheet method, 118

see also Delay effect; Echo

Reverse transform, 155–6

Reviewing material, 174–5

RIAA equalization, 45–6

Ripping software, Cool Edit Pro, 67

Sampling rate, 8–9

with DAT, 22

Sampling rates:

digital audio, 8–9

and transfers for editing, 46

Scientific filters, 139–40

SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), 41

Scrub editing, 1, 61

SCSI Connectors, 41–2

Shelf equalization, 169

SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture Television Engineers), 11, 219

SMPTE/EBU synchronization/time code, 210, 219, 221

Sound: frequency, 4–5

loudness, 5–6

timbre, 5

Sound cards:

analogue inputs, 12–13

basic requirements, 12

high quality and game types, 12

optical connectors, 13

Sound Forge, noise reduction, 143

Spatial effects, 146–9

M&S (Middle & Side) stereo, 148

Dolby stereo techniques, 147

faking stereo, 148–9

invert transform, 155

reverse transform, 155–6

silence, 155

Special transforms see Effects transforms

Spectral view, 183–4

Speech, intelligibility improving, 131–3

Statistics:

DC offset, 192

histogram tab, 192

minimum/maximum sample value, 191

possible clipped samples, 192

Stereo/binaural:

post-production, 104–5

see also Spatial effects

Stretch time/pitch transform, 154

Surround sound, post-production, 105–7

Sweeping phaser, 131

Talks, production aspects, 98–9

TAO (Track At Once) CD software, 20

Timbre, sound, 5

Time codes, 11, 219–21

drop-frame time code, 220

MIDI, 219–20

SMPTE/EBU time code, 210, 219, 221

Time/pitch transforms, 152–6

applications, 154–5

Doppler shifts, 152, 153

pitch blender, 152–4

stretch transform, 154

Timing, post-production, 102

Tinnitus, 6

Tone generation, 178–9

TOSLINK connectors, 13, 40, 94

Track bounce, 17, 87, 90

Track equalizer, 169–73

Tracks mixer window, 165

Transducers see Microphones Transitions, multitrack recording/editing, 93–4

Transmission formats, 176

UPC/EAN CD recording code, 202

USB (Universal Serial Bus), 13, 15, 41

Video, multitrack working, 95

Visual editing, 2–3, 61–3

see also Editing, non-linear; PC editing

Vocoder, 159–60

Volume and pan see Pan and volume

Vox pop interviews, 25

and background noise, 111

Word clocks, 222–3

World Wide Web/Email, mastering for, 181–3

Wow and flutter, 7