- Cover
- About The Authors
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. Introduction to Electronics
- Chapter 2. Theory
- 2.1 Theory of Electronics
- 2.2 Electric Current
- 2.3 Voltage
- 2.4 A Microscopic View of Conduction (For Those Who Are Interested)
- 2.5 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity
- 2.6 Insulators, Conductors, and Semiconductors
- 2.7 Heat and Power
- 2.8 Thermal Heat Conduction and Thermal Resistance
- 2.9 Wire Gauges
- 2.10 Grounds
- 2.11 Electric Circuits
- 2.12 Ohm’s Law and Resistors
- 2.13 Voltage and Current Sources
- 2.14 Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance
- 2.15 Combining Batteries
- 2.16 Open and Short Circuits
- 2.17 Kirchhoff’s Laws
- 2.18 Superposition Theorem
- 2.19 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems
- 2.20 AC Circuits
- 2.21 AC and Resistors, RMS Voltage, and Current
- 2.22 Mains Power
- 2.23 Capacitors
- 2.23.1 Determining Capacitance
- 2.23.2 Commercial Capacitors
- 2.23.3 Voltage Rating and Dielectric Breakdown
- 2.23.4 Maxwell’s Displacement Current
- 2.23.5 Charge-Based Model of Current Through a Capacitor
- 2.23.6 Capacitor Water Analogy
- 2.23.7 Energy in a Capacitor
- 2.23.8 RC Time Constant
- 2.23.9 Stray Capacitance
- 2.23.10 Capacitors in Parallel
- 2.23.11 Capacitors in Series
- 2.23.12 Alternating Current in a Capacitor
- 2.23.13 Capacitive Reactance
- 2.23.14 Capacitive Divider
- 2.23.15 Quality Factor
- 2.24 Inductors
- 2.24.1 Electromagnetism
- 2.24.2 Magnetic Fields and Their Influence
- 2.24.3 Self-Inductance
- 2.24.4 Inductors
- 2.24.5 Inductor Water Analogy
- 2.24.6 Inductor Equations
- 2.24.7 Energy Within an Inductor
- 2.24.8 Inductor Cores
- 2.24.9 Understanding the Inductor Equations
- 2.24.10 Energizing LR Circuit
- 2.24.11 Deenergizing LR Circuit
- 2.24.12 Voltage Spikes Due to Switching
- 2.24.13 Straight-Wire Inductance
- 2.24.14 Mutual Inductance and Magnetic Coupling
- 2.24.15 Unwanted Coupling: Spikes, Lightning, and Other Pulses
- 2.24.16 Inductors in Series and Parallel
- 2.24.17 Alternating Current and Inductors
- 2.24.18 Inductive Reactance
- 2.24.19 Nonideal Inductor Model
- 2.24.20 Quality Factor
- 2.24.21 Inductor Applications
- 2.25 Modeling Complex Circuits
- 2.26 Complex Numbers
- 2.27 Circuit with Sinusoidal Sources
- 2.28 Power in AC Circuits (Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power)
- 2.29 Thevenin’s Theorem in AC Form
- 2.30 Resonant Circuits
- 2.31 Lecture on Decibels
- 2.32 Input and Output Impedance
- 2.33 Two-Port Networks and Filters
- 2.34 Transient Circuits
- 2.35 Circuits with Periodic Nonsinusoidal Sources
- 2.36 Nonperiodic Sources
- 2.37 SPICE
- Chapter 3. Basic Electronic Circuit Components
- 3.1 Wires, Cables, and Connectors
- 3.2 Batteries
- 3.3 Switches
- 3.4 Relays
- 3.5 Resistors
- 3.6 Capacitors
- 3.6.1 Capacitance
- 3.6.2 Capacitors in Parallel
- 3.6.3 Capacitors in Series
- 3.6.4 RC Time Constant
- 3.6.5 Capacitive Reactance
- 3.6.6 Real Capacitors
- 3.6.7 Capacitor Specifications
- 3.6.8 Types of Capacitors
- 3.6.9 Capacitor Applications
- 3.6.10 Timing and Sample and Hold
- 3.6.11 RC Ripple Filter
- 3.6.12 Arc Suppression
- 3.6.13 Supercapacitor Applications
- 3.6.14 Problems
- 3.7 Inductors
- 3.8 Transformers
- 3.9 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- Chapter 4. Semiconductors
- 4.1 Semiconductor Technology
- 4.2 Diodes
- 4.2.1 How p-n Junction Diodes Work
- 4.2.2 Diode Water Analogy
- 4.2.3 Kinds of Rectifiers/Diodes
- 4.2.4 Practical Considerations
- 4.2.5 Diode/Rectifier Applications
- 4.2.6 Zener Diodes
- 4.2.7 Zener Diode Applications
- 4.2.8 Varactor Diodes (Variable Capacitance Diodes)
- 4.2.9 PIN Diodes
- 4.2.10 Microwave Diodes (IMPATT, Gunn, Tunnel, etc.)
- 4.2.11 Problems
- 4.3 Transistors
- 4.4 Thyristors
- 4.5 Transient Voltage Suppressors
- 4.6 Integrated Circuits
- Chapter 5. Optoelectronics
- Chapter 6. Sensors
- Chapter 7. Hands-on Electronics
- 7.1 Safety
- 7.2 Constructing Circuits
- 7.2.1 Drawing a Circuit Schematic
- 7.2.2 A Note on Circuit Simulator Programs
- 7.2.3 Making a Prototype of Your Circuit
- 7.2.4 The Final Circuit
- 7.2.5 Making a PCB
- 7.2.6 Special Pieces of Hardware Used in Circuit Construction
- 7.2.7 Soldering
- 7.2.8 Desoldering
- 7.2.9 Enclosing the Circuit
- 7.2.10 Useful Items to Keep Handy
- 7.2.11 Troubleshooting the Circuits You Build
- 7.3 Multimeters
- 7.4 Oscilloscopes
- 7.5 The Electronics Laboratory
- 7.5.1 Work Area
- 7.5.2 Test Equipment
- 7.5.3 Multimeters
- 7.5.4 DC Power Supplies
- 7.5.5 Oscilloscope
- 7.5.6 Oscilloscope Probes
- 7.5.7 General-Purpose Function Generator
- 7.5.8 Frequency Counter
- 7.5.9 Computer
- 7.5.10 Miscellaneous Test Equipment
- 7.5.11 Multifunction PC Instruments
- 7.5.12 Isolation Transformers
- 7.5.13 Variable Transformers, or Variacs
- 7.5.14 Substitution Boxes
- 7.5.15 Test Cables, Connectors, and Adapters
- 7.5.16 Soldering Equipment
- 7.5.17 Prototyping Boards
- 7.5.18 Hand Tools
- 7.5.19 Wires, Cables, Hardware, and Chemicals
- 7.5.20 Electronics Catalogs
- 7.5.21 Recommended Electronics Parts
- 7.5.22 Electronic CAD Programs
- 7.5.23 Building Your Own Workbench
- Chapter 8. Operational Amplifiers
- 8.1 Operational Amplifier Water Analogy
- 8.2 How Op Amps Work (The “Cop-Out” Explanation)
- 8.3 Theory
- 8.4 Negative Feedback
- 8.5 Positive Feedback
- 8.6 Real Kinds of Op Amps
- 8.7 Op Amp Specifications
- 8.8 Powering Op Amps
- 8.9 Some Practical Notes
- 8.10 Voltage and Current Offset Compensation
- 8.11 Frequency Compensation
- 8.12 Comparators
- 8.13 Comparators with Hysteresis
- 8.14 Using Single-Supply Comparators
- 8.15 Window Comparator
- 8.16 Voltage-Level Indicator
- 8.17 Applications
- Chapter 9. Filters
- Chapter 10. Oscillators and Timers
- Chapter 11. Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies
- 11.1 Voltage-Regulator ICs
- 11.2 A Quick Look at a Few Regulator Applications
- 11.3 The Transformer
- 11.4 Rectifier Packages
- 11.5 A Few Simple Power Supplies
- 11.6 Technical Points About Ripple Reduction
- 11.7 Loose Ends
- 11.8 Switching Regulator Supplies (Switchers)
- 11.9 Switch-Mode Power Supplies
- 11.10 Kinds of Commercial Power Supply Packages
- 11.11 Power Supply Construction
- Chapter 12. Digital Electronics
- 12.1 The Basics of Digital Electronics
- 12.2 Logic Gates
- 12.3 Combinational Devices
- 12.3.1 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) and Bilateral Switches
- 12.3.2 Demultiplexers (Data Distributors) and Decoders
- 12.3.3 Encoders and Code Converters
- 12.3.4 Binary Adders
- 12.3.5 Binary Adder/Subtractor
- 12.3.6 Arithmetic Logic Units
- 12.3.7 Comparators and Magnitude Comparator ICs
- 12.3.8 Parity Generator/Checker
- 12.3.9 A Note on Obsolescence and the Trend Toward Microcontroller Control
- 12.4 Logic Families
- 12.4.1 TTL Family of ICs
- 12.4.2 CMOS Family of ICs
- 12.4.3 I/O Voltages and Noise Margins
- 12.4.4 Current Ratings, Fanout, and Propagation Delays
- 12.4.5 A Detailed Look at the TTL and CMOS Subfamilies
- 12.4.6 A Look at a Few Other Logic Series
- 12.4.7 Logic Gates with Open-Collector Outputs
- 12.4.8 Schmitt-Triggered Gates
- 12.4.9 Interfacing Logic Families
- 12.5 Powering and Testing Logic ICs
- 12.6 Sequential Logic
- 12.6.1 SR Flip-Flops
- 12.6.2 SR Flip-Flop ICs
- 12.6.3 D-Type Flip-Flops
- 12.6.4 Quad and Octal D Flip-Flops
- 12.6.5 JK Flip-Flops
- 12.6.6 Practical Timing Considerations with Flip-Flops
- 12.6.7 Digital Clock Generators and Single-Pulse Generators
- 12.6.8 Automatic Power-Up Clear (Reset) Circuits
- 12.6.9 More on Switch Debouncers
- 12.6.10 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors
- 12.7 Counter ICs
- 12.8 Shift Registers
- 12.9 Three-State Buffers, Latches, and Transceivers
- 12.10 Analog/Digital Interfacing
- 12.11 Displays
- 12.12 Memory Devices
- Chapter 13. Microcontrollers
- Chapter 14. Motors
- Chapter 15. Audio Electronics
- 15.1 A Little Lecture on Sound
- 15.2 Microphones
- 15.3 Microphone Specifications
- 15.4 Audio Amplifiers
- 15.5 Preamplifiers
- 15.6 Mixer Circuits
- 15.7 A Note on Impedance Matching
- 15.8 Speakers
- 15.9 Crossover Networks
- 15.10 Simple ICs Used to Drive Speakers
- 15.11 Audible-Signal Devices
- 15.12 Miscellaneous Audio Circuits
- Chapter 16. Modular Electronics
- Appendix A: Power Distribution and Home Wiring
- Appendix B: Error Analysis
- Appendix C: Useful Facts and Formulas
- Index
PREFACE
Inventors in the field of electronics are individuals who possess the knowledge, intuition, creativity, and technical know-how to turn their ideas into real-life electrical gadgets. It is my hope that this book will provide you with an intuitive understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of electronics in a way that fuels your creativity.
This book is designed to help beginning inventors invent. It assumes little to no prior knowledge of electronics. Therefore, educators, students, and aspiring hobbyists will find this book a good initial text. At the same time, technicians and more advanced hobbyists may find this book a useful resource.
Notes About the Third Edition
The third edition of Practical Electronics for Inventors includes the following new chapters:
• Chapter 6, “Sensors,” covers a wide range of discrete and IC sensors, such as temperature sensors, accelerometers, rotary encoders, and Geiger–Müller tubes.
• Chapter 13, “Microcontrollers,” includes in-depth details of Atmel and Microchip microcontrollers, as well as the popular Arduino and BASIC Stamp prototyping platforms. There is also a comprehensive section on interfacing with microcontrollers and serial communications, including I2C, SPI, and 1-Wire.
• Chapter 16, “Modular Electronics,” covers the wide range of prebuilt electronic modules as useful prototyping tools. This chapter lists some of the most useful modules available, and also provides details of useful special-purpose ICs and an introduction to the plug-together approach of .NET Gadgeteer.
Throughout the book, there have been numerous changes, bringing the material up to date and including new topics such as GPS modules, digital amplification, LED Charlieplexing, and introductions to the use of modern software tools like EAGLE PCB Design and CircuitLab’s online simulation software.
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