In any networking application, it is very common that one end is trying to connect, but the other party is not responding due to networking media failure or any other reason. The Python socket library has an elegant method of handing these errors via the socket.error exceptions. In this recipe, a few examples are presented.
Let us create a few try-except code blocks and put one potential error type in each block. In order to get a user input, the argparse module can be used. This module is more powerful than simply parsing command-line arguments using sys.argv. In the try-except blocks, put typical socket operations, for example, create a socket object, connect to a server, send data, and wait for a reply.
The following recipe illustrates the concepts in a few lines of code.
Listing 1.7 shows socket_errors as follows:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Python Network Programming Cookbook -- Chapter – 1
# This program is optimized for Python 2.7. It may run on any
# other Python version with/without modifications.
import sys
import socket
import argparse
def main():
# setup argument parsing
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Socket Error Examples')
parser.add_argument('--host', action="store", dest="host", required=False)
parser.add_argument('--port', action="store", dest="port", type=int, required=False)
parser.add_argument('--file', action="store", dest="file", required=False)
given_args = parser.parse_args()
host = given_args.host
port = given_args.port
filename = given_args.file
# First try-except block -- create socket
try:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
except socket.error, e:
print "Error creating socket: %s" % e
sys.exit(1)
# Second try-except block -- connect to given host/port
try:
s.connect((host, port))
except socket.gaierror, e:
print "Address-related error connecting to server: %s" % e
sys.exit(1)
except socket.error, e:
print "Connection error: %s" % e
sys.exit(1)
# Third try-except block -- sending data
try:
s.sendall("GET %s HTTP/1.0
" % filename)
except socket.error, e:
print "Error sending data: %s" % e
sys.exit(1)
while 1:
# Fourth tr-except block -- waiting to receive data from remote host
try:
buf = s.recv(2048)
except socket.error, e:
print "Error receiving data: %s" % e
sys.exit(1)
if not len(buf):
break
# write the received data
sys.stdout.write(buf)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()In Python, passing command-line arguments to a script and parsing them in the script can be done using the argparse module. This is available in Python 2.7. For earlier versions of Python, this module is available separately in Python Package Index (PyPI). You can install this via easy_install or pip.
In this recipe, three arguments are set up: a hostname, port number, and filename. The usage of this script is as follows:
$ python 1_7_socket_errors.py –host=<HOST> --port=<PORT> --file=<FILE>
If you try with a non-existent host, this script will print an address error as follows:
$ python 1_7_socket_errors.py --host=www.pytgo.org --port=8080 --file=1_7_socket_errors.py Address-related error connecting to server: [Errno -5] No address associated with hostname
If there is no service on a specific port and if you try to connect to that port, then this will throw a connection timeout error as follows:
$ python 1_7_socket_errors.py --host=www.python.org --port=8080 --file=1_7_socket_errors.py
This will return the following error since the host, www.python.org, is not listening on port 8080:
Connection error: [Errno 110] Connection timed out
However, if you send an arbitrary request to a correct request to a correct port, the error may not be caught in the application level. For example, running the following script returns no error, but the HTML output tells us what's wrong with this script:
$ python 1_7_socket_errors.py --host=www.python.org --port=80 --file=1_7_socket_errors.py HTTP/1.1 404 Not found Server: Varnish Retry-After: 0 content-type: text/html Content-Length: 77 Accept-Ranges: bytes Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2014 12:14:01 GMT Via: 1.1 varnish Age: 0 Connection: close <html> <head> <title> </title> </head> <body> unknown domain: </body></html>
In the preceding example, four try-except blocks have been used. All blocks use socket.error except the second block, which uses socket.gaierror. This is used for address-related errors. There are two other types of exceptions: socket.herror is used for legacy C API, and if you use the settimeout() method in a socket, socket.timeout will be raised when a timeout occurs on that socket.